Notwithstanding challenges facing systems of higher education world-wide, higher education in South Africa has been fundamentally re-engineered since the achievement of democracy in 1994. The University of South Africa (Unisa) emerged as the only dedicated distance education institution and the biggest provider of higher education. Against the background of transformation in higher education policy and practice in South Africa, this study aimed to address the implementation of higher education policy in relation to the provision of distance education in South Africa, with special reference to Unisa. To address the research problem, a literature study investigated theoretical perspectives, recent policy trends in higher education globally and their influence on distance education and the impact of higher education policy development and implementation in South Africa on Open Distance Learning (ODL) provision. A mixed method empirical research design was used to explore how the academic and administrative cohort of top and middle and extended management at Unisa perceive the implementation of higher education policy at their institution in relation to distance education provision. The inquiry comprised two phases: Phase 1, a quantitative component entailed a survey using a self-designed questionnaire. A non-probability purposive sampling strategy was used to select respondents for the survey, and the entire target population (Unisa employees at middle to executive management level) participated. Phase 2, a qualitative component, entailed semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample: members of top management and two council members. The survey results indicated strong agreement on the need for strategy and planning, more funding and improved levels of service. There was disagreement or ambivalence around sufficient human and infrastructural capacity, the cost of ODL, quality and the efficiency of ICT systems and processes. Four major areas of concern emerged from the interviews: Transformation (the national transformation agenda and mindset change); funding (enrolment planning and capping, the unfunded student issue and salaries); institutional efficiency (strategy, planning, capacity and quality); and the cost of ODL and the need for a dedicated ODL Policy. The study concluded with recommendations to facilitate the enhanced practice and delivery of ODL in South Africa. / Educational Studies

Notwithstanding challenges facing systems of higher education world-wide, higher education in South Africa has been fundamentally re-engineered since the achievement of democracy in 1994. The University of South Africa (Unisa) emerged as the only dedicated distance education institution and the biggest provider of higher education. Against the background of transformation in higher education policy and practice in South Africa, this study aimed to address the implementation of higher education policy in relation to the provision of distance education in South Africa, with special reference to Unisa. To address the research problem, a literature study investigated theoretical perspectives, recent policy trends in higher education globally and their influence on distance education and the impact of higher education policy development and implementation in South Africa on Open Distance Learning (ODL) provision. A mixed method empirical research design was used to explore how the academic and administrative cohort of top and middle and extended management at Unisa perceive the implementation of higher education policy at their institution in relation to distance education provision. The inquiry comprised two phases: Phase 1, a quantitative component entailed a survey using a self-designed questionnaire. A non-probability purposive sampling strategy was used to select respondents for the survey, and the entire target population (Unisa employees at middle to executive management level) participated. Phase 2, a qualitative component, entailed semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample: members of top management and two council members. The survey results indicated strong agreement on the need for strategy and planning, more funding and improved levels of service. There was disagreement or ambivalence around sufficient human and infrastructural capacity, the cost of ODL, quality and the efficiency of ICT systems and processes. Four major areas of concern emerged from the interviews: Transformation (the national transformation agenda and mindset change); funding (enrolment planning and capping, the unfunded student issue and salaries); institutional efficiency (strategy, planning, capacity and quality); and the cost of ODL and the need for a dedicated ODL Policy. The study concluded with recommendations to facilitate the enhanced practice and delivery of ODL in South Africa. / Educational Studies

This dissertation investigates how very recent, recent, and established immigrants who use e-government service platforms in Canada experience and circumvent digital inequalities. Employing a Capabilities Approach perspective, this study focuses specifically on the challenges encountered by very recent, recent, and established Nepali immigrants to Canada in using federal-, provincial-, and municipal-level e-government service platforms. To meet this objective, an explanatory sequential design mixed-methods approach involving a survey with 261 respondents and five focus group meetings with 25 Nepali immigrants to Canada was used to gather the requisite data. In contrast with dominant narratives in much digital divide literature, the findings revealed no statistically significant differences in the use of e-government service platforms by very recent, recent, and established Nepali immigrants other than very recent immigrants were found to be using the federal-level e-government service platform more frequently than their recent and established immigrant counterparts. The lack of observable differences between the two groups was found to be linked to the participants' reliance on their social support networks of family and friends who provide the material and immaterial resources needed to mitigate the effects of digital inequalities. The implications of these unexpected findings are important for understanding the evolving on-the-ground dynamics with which immigrants must contend and, specifically, how their lived experiences contrast with stereotypical perceptions and understandings of their encounters with digital inequalities. The findings also contribute to advancing the knowledge both in terms of theory and practice. At the level of theory, the findings suggest the presence of two conversion factors — social support networks, and perceptions of convenience — that up to now have not received much attention in the Capabilities Approach literature. At the level of practice, the findings suggest a need to reconsider the ways in which the ubiquity of ICT devices and the pervasiveness of Internet connections along with changing immigration criteria are contributing to a transformation in how very recent, recent, and established immigrants experience digital inequalities.

Misogyny remains a persistent problem in online gaming communities, particularly on platforms such as Twitch, where female streamers are frequently subjected to explicit and implicit sexism. This study takes a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative text analysis and quantitative sentiment analysis, to investigate the nature and frequency of sexist comments addressed against female streamers. Chat logs from four popular games were examined to detect both blatant disparaging remarks and more subtle signs of gender bias. The statistics show a prevalence of negative emotion against female gamers, with many comments including sexist language, despite Twitch's efforts to regulate such conduct. The findings revealed that explicit misogynistic comments, although less common, were frequently harsh and demeaning but implicit comments subtly objectified and sexualized female streamers. These findings are consistent with previous research emphasizing the prevalence of gender-based harassment in online gaming environments and the systemic nature of misogyny. The study also found that misogyny in gaming is amplified by the anonymity and competitive nature of online platforms, in addition to reflecting social values.

Abstract Background: We developed and validated clinical vignettes to assess decision-making preferences (DMP) among adults with cancer across the cancer care continuum. We aimed to adapt the Autonomy Preferences Index (API) to better reflect the complexities of cancer care, incorporating scenarios that span from prevention to end-of-life care. Existing tools often focus on acute conditions and short-term decisions, leaving a gap in addressing long-term cancer-related decision-making. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach and following COSMIN methodology, we designed clinical vignettes around the cancer care continuum (CV-Ca) to represent real-life cancer care decisions. We then evaluated their content validity by having ten experts rate their relevance and clarity to obtain a Content Validity Index (CVI). Additionally, we conducted semi-structured interviews to gather qualitative insights. Based on this expert feedback, we revised the CV-Ca to ensure they aligned with current clinical practice and effectively captured the complexities of cancer decision-making. Results: The final CV-Ca demonstrated strong content validity, with improved CVI ratings after revisions. By using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we comprehensively assessed the vignettes and ensured their relevance and clarity. This study is the first to create vignettes that measure DMP across the entire cancer continuum, addressing a significant gap in existing tools. Conclusions: The validated CV-Ca can potentially provide healthcare providers with a reliable instrument to assess DMP in patients with cancer throughout their care journey. This tool supports shared decision-making, helping clinicians ensure that care aligns with patients' values and preferences. It has significant implications for improving patient-centered care in oncology, potentially enhancing treatment adherence, satisfaction, and outcomes. Future steps will involve piloting the tool in clinical settings and further assessing its reliability and construct validity. / Thesis / Master of Health Sciences (MSc) / Lay Abstract We developed and tested clinical vignettes to better understand how involved adult patients with cancer want to be when making decisions about their care. These vignettes cover different stages of cancer care, from prevention to end-of-life, addressing gaps in existing instruments that mainly focus on acute conditions and short-term decisions. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we asked ten experts, including healthcare providers and patients, to assess the relevance and clarity of the vignettes. Based on their feedback, we revised the vignettes to ensure they accurately represent real-life cancer care decisions. The final set of vignettes demonstrated strong content validity, meaning they effectively capture patient decision-making preferences throughout the cancer journey. This instrument can help healthcare providers engage in shared decision-making, ensuring care aligns with patients’ values and preferences. Next step is to pilot the instrument in clinical settings to test its effectiveness in improving cancer care.

<p>Research examining the relationships between religious indicators and the cardiovascular health of individuals and populations has been relatively understudied in the Canadian context. This thesis contains three main studies, developed from a sequential explanatory mixed method research design.</p> <p>The first study examined the association between the frequency of religious service attendance (RSA) and prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes and high blood pressure in Canada. The Saskatchewan sample of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS-4.1) was used to build multivariable logistic regression models. The analysis revealed participants who attended religious services more than once a week had lower prevalent odds of CHD (OR= 0.82, 95% CI 0.61-1.11, p>0.05), diabetes (OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.45-0.80, p</p> <p>The second study was qualitative and undertaken to help interpret and explain the quantitative results from the CCHS. Twelve semi-structured interviews with ordained pastors and three focus groups with parishioners in Catholic, Anglican and United churches were conducted in Canada. The findings suggest that attending religious services: (1) promotes mental health; (2) provides social support and activities; and (3) promotes health and lifestyle behaviours to lower CHD risk.</p> <p>Qualitative data from the second study was used for the third study, which identified relevant factors associated with the implementation of heart health promotion programs in churches. Among the various factors identified, pastor leadership, funding for a parish nurse, community-focused interventions, secured infrastructure and social support were important to facilitate health promotion programs in churches.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)