Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:36:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4622_.pdf: 6668789 bytes, checksum: 1ca726dc0629b652d840df99eae1ebc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / SAITO, Nathalia Suemi. Modelos digitais de elevação na sub-bacia hidrográfica do córrego Horizonte, Alegre Espírito Santo. 2011. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Florestais) Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre-ES. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexandre Rosa dos Santos. Coorientador: Profª. Drª. Maristela de Oliveira Bauer. Esta pesquisa objetivou utilizar a geotecnologia para a obtenção de informações da superfície terrestre, por meio de diferentes interpoladores e base de dados para a geração do Modelo Digital de Elevação, na sub-bacia hidrográfica do córrego Horizonte, Alegre - ES. Foram utilizadas as curvas de nível do IBGE e a imagem do SRTM como dados altimétricos. Testaram-se os interpoladores Inverso do quadrado da distância, Krigagem 1 e 2, Spline 1, 2 e B, TIN 1 e 2, Topo to Raster 1 e Topo to Raster 2. Coletaram-se em campo pontos de referência. Além disso, pontos subtraídos das curvas de nível foram utilizados como pontos de teste. Após a geração dos modelos aplicaram-se as técnicas de stream burnning e avaliaram-se os modelos por meio de análise de discrepâncias entre as altitudes dos modelos e dos pontos de referências, avaliaram-se, também, as coincidências das hidrografias e a performance dos modelos por meio de índices estatísticos. Após a aplicação das tecnincas de pós-processamento verificou-se que os métodos TIN 1 e 2 e Topo to Raster 1 e 2 apresentaram os menores números de depressões espúrias, sendo que todos os modelos foram semelhantes na coincidência com a hidrografia mapeada. Sem a técnica houve um grande número de inconsistências. O interpolador Topo to Raster 2 foi superior em todos os índices calculados e em todas as análises realizadas. Observou-se que é essencial a aplicação das técnicas de stream burnning para melhoria da coincidência espacial das hidrografias (numérica e mapeada), já que os modelos gerados sem as técnicas de pós-processamento são inadequados para análises hidrológicas, porém as análises com os MDE gerados com os dados SRTM indicaram melhores resultados para extração de valores altimétricos. Constatou-se pelas diversas análises que o MDEHC (IBGE) pelo Topo to Raster 2 é o indicado para a geração de MDE na sub-bacia hidrográfica do córrego Horizonte, Alegre ES. PalavrasChave: Sensoriamento Remoto, Interpolação, Modelagem, Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, Horizonte, Córrego, Sub-bacia (Alegre, ES).

Background  In the past, consumers would go to physical stores to gather information and end their shopping there, with physical stores being one of the few sources of product information. Today, with the coming of the digital age, there are gradually more and more channels to gather information. The development of e-commerce, social media, and entertainment type of Internet has diversified the ways of consumption, thus triggering a change in retail channels. By integrating multiple channels and enhancing the consumer's sense of consumer experience, the retail industry is gradually moving toward omnichannel. Consumers tend to combine information from physical stores with information from multiple data sources to search, compare and buy, which gives rise to omnichannel shopping behaviour.  To provide consumers with a smoother shopping experience, omnichannel improves the functional limitations of cross-channel in multi-channel retail, allowing consumers to choose the channel and method they prefer and are accustomed to. This process breaks down the constraints of time and space and provides consumers with a more comfortable shopping experience. Therefore, this paper will focus on what affected consumers’ acceptance and use of omnichannel system.  Purpose  The purpose of this study is to consider omnichannel retail as a complete commercial system, and study what are key drivers for consumers to accept and use this system. Method  This thesis takes a qualitative research analysis by conducting 10 semi-structured interview of respondents who live in Sweden. 237 initial codes were used to analyse the data by using template analysis, and thematic coding was performed through categorization and structured layer-by-layer coding.  Conclusion  The determinants of customer behaviour in omnichannel retailing in the Swedish clothing industry are: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived safety, perceived enjoyment, social influence, price value, and personal choice, and interaction was observed between these factors. These factors act synergistically on consumers' shopping intention and then influence consumer behaviour.

Tlhotlhomisi e e ikaegile ka lemorago la botshelo jwa ga mokwadi Melato Recias Malope, modibelapuo yo o itsegeng wa puo ya Setswana, morutabana le mokwadi yo o manontlhotlho wa ditlhangwa le dibuka tsa thutapuo. O kwadile buka ya thutapuo ya motlhakanelwa le Moporofesara Setshedi, e e bidiwang ‘Thutamedumopuo ya Setswana’ e e phasaladitsweng ka 1978. Maiteko a gagwe mo bokwading ke a padi ya Matlhoko, Matlhoko, e e phasaladitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ngatana ya dikgankhutshwe tsa Mmualebe, e e phasaladitsweng ka 1982. Mooko wa tlhotlhomisi e o thaetswe mo ntlhakemong ya batlhotlhomsi ba tshwana le Welleck et al (1961:90) le Rosenburg (1982:91) e e reng ditiragalo tse di anelwang ke mokwadi mo setlhangweng sa gagwe, di tletse tshusumetso e e maatla ya maitemogelo a lemorago la botshelo jo a bo tshetseng. Bakwadi ba, ba dumela gore mokwadi o anela ka ga se a se itemogetseng mo botshelong jwa nnete, jaaka ditiragalo mo loagong; tse a di buisitseng; tse a di boneng ka matlho; jalo le jalo. Ditlhangwa tsa ga Malope tse di kaetsweng fa godimo, ke tsona metswedimegolo e e tlhotlhomisiwang le go sekasekwa go sedisisa seabe se lemorago la ga Malope le nnileng naso mo tlhagisong ya maitshetlego a ditlhangwa tse. Matshego a tlhotlhomisi e ke botshelo jwa nnete jwa ga Malope, ka maitlhomo a go leka go tlhotlhomisa gore maitemogelo a gagwe a nnile le seabe sefe mo bokwading jwa ditlhangwa tse di tlhotlhomisiwang tse. Maitlhomo a, a rotloeditswe ke bakwadi jaaka ga Allen (1963:27), Moleleki (1988:13) le Mothiba (2014:92), ba ba dumelang gore bokwadi bo tlholega mo lemoragong la mokwadi, le go tlhotlheletswa ke botshelo jo mokwadi a bo tshetseng. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / NRF / African Languages / PhD / Unrestricted

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No description available.

Mo-nitrogenase consists of two component proteins, the Fe protein and the MoFe protein. The site of substrate binding and reduction within the Mo-nitrogenase is provided by a metallocluster, the FeMo cofactor, located in the a-subunit of the MoFe protein. The FeMo cofactor's polypeptide environment appears to be intimately involved in the delicate control of the MoFe protein's interactions with its substrates and inhibitors (Fisher K et al., 2000c). In this work, the a-subunit 278-serine residue of the MoFe protein was targeted because (i) a serine residue at this position is conserved both in the Mo-nitrogenase from all organisms examined and in the alternative nitrogenases (Dean, DR and Jacobson MR, 1992); (ii) its hydroxyl group hydrogen bonds to the Sg of the a-subunit 275-cysteine residue that directly ligates the FeMo cofactor; and (iii) its proximity to the a-subunit 277-arginine residue, which may be involved in providing the entry/exit route for substrates and products (Shen J et al., 1997). Altered MoFe proteins of A. vinelandii nitrogenase, with the a278Thr, a278Cys, a278Ala and a278Leu substitutions, were used to study the interactions of H+, C2H2, N2 and CO with the enzyme. All strains, except the a278Leu mutant strain, were Nif+. From measurement of the Km for C2H2 (C2H4 formation) for the altered MoFe proteins, the a278Ala and a278Cys MoFe proteins apparently bind C2H2 similarly to the wild type, whereas the a278Thr and the a278Leu MoFe proteins both have a Km ten-times higher than that of the wild type. Unlike wild type, these last two altered MoFe proteins both produce C2H6. These results suggest that C2H2 binding is affected by substitution at the a-278 position. Moreover, when reducing C2H2, the a278Ala and a278Cys MoFe proteins respond to the inhibitor CO similarly to the wild type, whereas C2H2 reduction catalyzed by the a278Thr MoFe protein is much more sensitive to CO. Under nonsaturating concentrations of CO, the a278Leu MoFe protein catalyzes the reduction of C2H2 with sigmoidal kinetics, which is consistent with inhibitor-induced cooperativity between at least two C2H4-evolving sites. This phenomenon was previously observed with the a277His MoFe protein, in which the a-subunit 277-arginine residue had been substituted (Shen J et al., 1997). Together, these data suggest that the MoFe protein has at least two C2H2-binding sites, one of which may be located near the a277-278 residues and, therefore, most likely on the Fe4S3 sub-cluster of the FeMo cofactor. Like the wild type, N2 is a competitive inhibitor of the reduction of C2H2 by the a278Thr, a278Cys and a278Ala MoFe proteins. Apparently, the binding of N2 in these altered MoFe proteins is similar to that with the wild type MoFe protein, suggesting that the aSer278 residue is not directly involved in N2 binding and reduction. Previous work suggested that both a high-affinity and low-affinity C2H2-binding site were present on the MoFe protein (Davis LC et al., 1979; Christiansen J et al., 2000). Our results are generally consistent with this suggestion. Currently, there is not much information about the proton donors and how the protons necessary to complete all substrate-to-product transformations are transferred. The dependence of activity on pH (activity-pH profiles) has provided useful information about the nature of the groups involved in proton transfer to the FeMo cofactor and the bound substrate. Approximately bell-shaped activity-pH profiles were seen for all products from catalysis by all the MoFe proteins tested whether under Ar, in the presence of C2H2 as a substrate, or with CO as an inhibitor. The profiles suggested that at least two acid-base groups were required for catalytic activity. The pKa values of the deprotonated group and protonated group were determined from the pH that gave 50% maximum specific activity. These pKa values for the altered a278-substituted MoFe proteins and the a195Gln MoFe protein under various assay atmospheres were compared to those determined for the wild type. It was found that the pKa value of the deprotonated group was not affected by either substitution or changing the assay atmosphere. The wild type MoFe protein has a pKa (about 8.3) for the protonated group under 100% argon that was not affected very much by the substitution by Cys, Ala and Leu, whereas the Thr substitution shifted the pKa to about 8, which was the same as that of the wild type MoFe protein in the presence 10% CO. The pKa values for the protonated group for all the altered MoFe proteins were not changed with the addition of 10% CO. These results suggest that the aSer278 residue, through hydrogen bonding to a direct ligand of the FeMo cofactor, is not one of the acid-base groups required for activity. However, this residue may "fine-tune" the pKa of the responsible acid-base group(s) through interaction with the aHis195 residue, which has been suggested (Dilworth MJ et al., 1998; Fisher K et al., 2000b) to be involved in proton transfer to substrates, especially for N2 reduction. The activity-pH profiles under different atmospheres also support the idea that more than one proton pathway appears to be involved in catalysis, and specific pathway(s) may be used by individual substrates. / Ph. D.

No / In this paper, hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of crude oil in the three-phase slurry reactor over cobalt – molybdenum catalyst (CoMo / ɣ- AL2O3) is studied. Effects of space velocity and length of reactor on the conversion rate and catalyst effectiveness for HDS process have been investigated. Kinetics of the reaction rate for this process is primarily and Arrhenius equation for the rate constant is used. The results show that the effectiveness factor for catalyst along the length of reactor is decreased about 83%. By increasing liquid velocity from 4 to 10 1/s, the conversion of sulfur components is decreased about 22% at the temperature of 523 K. At the same temperature, by increasing liquid velocity from 36 to 84 1/s conversion is reduced to 25%. The results of the variation of the dimensionless reaction rate against conversion show that with increasing conversion, the reaction rate decreases and the reaction is stopped when the conversion is 100%.

Arbetet som utförts är en material studie som inriktar sig på nickel-krom-molybdenbaserade legeringar som används i dagens våt skrubber. Eftersom kraven på mängden utsläpp av svaveldioxid är en viktig miljöfråga, skapar detta ett behov för användandet av en våt skrubber. Den här produkten befinner sig i anläggningar där förbränningsmotorer finns och förekommer i princip i alla större fartyg. Rökgasen som motorerna släpper ifrån sig är skadlig för miljön och därför absorberas flödet in till en våt skrubber där en förbränning sker. Rökgasen separeras med hjälp av ett antal sprinklers som är placerade ovanpå gas ingången i en skrubber. Med hjälp av havsvatten som samlas upp och sluts till skrubbern injiceras detta genom sprinklers sen vidare nedåt på rökgasen som separerar föroreningar ifrån den gasen som är tänkt ska kondensera genom och ut i atmosfären. Havsvatten tillsammans med föroreningarna samlas på botten av skrubbern och samlas i tankar. Denna miljö är väldigt skadlig för materialet som produkten består av, framför allt på botten där materialet riskerar att korrodera som mest. Arbetet beskriver ett antal typer av korrosion och förklarar innebörden av de olika typerna så att det enklare går att förstå sammanhanget med miljön och omständigheternas påverkan på legeringarna. Syftet i arbetet är att studera de olika legeringarna och beskriva de med hjälp av den litteraturstudie som gjorts. Med hjälp av insamlad data av tester som tidigare utförts enligt standard, har detta tolkats och bidragit till evalueringen av de olika legeringarna. De grundläggande tester som används vid evaluering av legeringarnas karaktär är tester där en bit av materialet doppas ned i en specifik lösning med olika omständigheter och villkor. Detta räcker inte för att säkerställa en hållbar livscykel för en våt skrubber och därför evalueras legeringarna även med hjälp av olika fälttester. Teoretiska studier på tester i aggressiva miljöer används för att resultera rangordningen av de olika materialen och även ett nytt material undersöks vid namnet alloy 2120. / This thesis work is a study of materials which focus on nickel-chromium-molybdenum-based alloys used in today’s wet scrubbers. Since the requirements for emissions of sulfur dioxide is a major environmental issue, this creates a need for the use of a wet scrubber. This product is in installations where combustion engines are available and are basically in all larger vessels. The flue gas that engines emit are harmful to the environment and for that reason, the flow is absorbed into a wet scrubber where combustion takes place. The flue gas is separated by a number of sprinklers placed above of the gas in a scrubber. Collected seawater is used to separate the gas through the sprinklers that injects the water on top of the flue gas where impurities is separated from the gas that will condense out to the atmosphere. The water fluid together with the contaminants is collected on the bottom of the scrubber and into the tanks. This environment is very harmful to the material that the product is made of, in particular on the bottom where the material is more susceptible for corrosion. The work describes several types of corrosion and the meaning of the different types so that the reader easily can understand the impact of the environment on the alloys. The type of corrosion that occurs primarily in scrubbers is pitting corrosion and is considerate to be a highly local type of corrosion, and the most dangerous type. Pitting occurs when the protective oxide layer does not have time to repassivate and can also lead to other types of corrosion. Due to the dangerous work environment, the risk for corrosion to occur is high and therefore, focus is put on this specific material group. The purpose of this work was to study the alloys and describe them with the help of a literature study. Using data collected from tests previously performed in accordance with standards, the collected data has been interpreted and contributing to the evaluation of the various alloys. The basic tests used in the evaluation of the nature of the alloy are tests in which a piece of material immersed in a specific solution with different circumstances and conditions. This is not enough to ensure a sustainable life cycle for a wet scrubber and therefore, alloys is evaluated using various field tests as well. Theoretical studies on tests in aggressive environments is used to result the ranking of the various materials and also a new material is examined by the name alloy 2120.

Uma média de 80 % dos radiofármacos usados nas clínicas são marcados com 99mTc por suas propriedades físicas adequadas e fácil obtenção através de geradores de 99Mo/99mTc. A Diretoria de Radiofarmácia (DIRF) do IPEN-CNEN/SP desenvolveu um gerador cromatográfico tipo gel de MoZr com 99Mo produzido pela da reação 98Mo(n,)99Mo que ocorre no reator Nuclear IEA-R1 do IPEN-CNEN/SP. O gel é composto de molibdato de zircônio com volume de eluição de 12 mL com uma atividade de 11100 MBq (300 mCi) produzindo uma concentração radioativa de 925 MBq (25 mCi)/mL. O gerador de fissão produz uma concentração radioativa maior, de 1850 MBq (50 mCi)/mL. Pretende-se com esse trabalho desenvolver um gerador 99 Mo/99mTc tipo gel com a qual se possa eluir 99mTc obtendo-se uma concentração radioativa adequada para atender a demanda de mercado sem perder a qualidade. Foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de sistemas de concentração o único e o em série. O sistema mais adequado para o gerador de 99Mo/99mTc do tipo gel de MoZr estéril e automatizado à vácuo foi o sistema de concentração em série utilizando o cartucho Dionex 2,5 cc/QMA. O gerador de gel é eluído com 10 mL de solução de NaCl 0,1 % sendo o pertecnetato retido no cartucho aniônico QMA e eluído com 4 mL de solução de NaCl de 0,9 %. O processo dura no máximo 30 minutos. A eficiência de eluição do sistema de concentração foi de 90 %. No início de 2009 aconteceu uma crise mundial do abastecimento de 99Mo fazendo com que surgisse a necessidade do desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas para a produção de geradores de 99Mo/99mTc utilizando 99Mo produzido por fissão ou o desenvolvimento de um método adequado para estender a vida útil deste gerador. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que é possível utilizar o mesmo sistema de concentração desenvolvido para o gerador de gel, o que levará a um fator de concentração de 3 para o 99mTc eluído. / On average 80% of the radiopharmaceuticals used in Nuclear Medicine are labeled with 99mTc due to its physical properties and easy attainment through of 99Mo/99mTc generators. The Directory of Radiopharmacy (DIRF) of IPEN-CNEN/SP developed a gel type chromatographic generator of MoZr with 99Mo produced by 98Mo(n,)99Mo reaction that occurs at the IEA-R1 Nuclear Reactor. The gel is composed of zirconium molibdate with elution volume of 12 mL with an activity of 11100 MBq (300 mCi) producing a radioactive concentration of 925 MBq (25 mCi)/mL. The fission generator gives a higher radioactive concentration around 1850 MBq (50 mCi)/mL. The aim of this work is to study a system of post-elution concentration of 99mTc for the attainment of a high enough radioactive concentration to meet the demands of the market, with a proved quality. Two types of systems of post-elution concentration were developed: the single and the tandem. The most appropriate system for the gel generator of 99Mo/99mTc, being at the same time sterile and vacuum automated, was the tandem system using Dionex 2.5 cc/QMA cartridges. The gel generator is eluted with 10 mL of solution of 0.1% NaCl and the pertechnetate anion is retained in the QMA cartridge and further eluted with 4 mL of saline. The process takes no more than 30 minutes. The elution efficiency of the system of concentration was 90 %. At the beginning of 2009 a global crisis in the supply of 99Mo took place making it necessary the development of alternative technologies for the production of 99Mo/99mTc generators using fission produced 99Mo and the development of an appropriate method to extend the useful life of this generator. The results of this study showed that the same system developed for the post- concentration of the gel generator can be employed for the fission generator, using the tandem system, giving a concentration factor of 3 for the elution of 99mTc.

Objetiva-se, com a pesquisa da liga U-Mo, a obtenção de material nuclear para confecção de elementos combustíveis de alta densidade de urânio para reatores de pesquisa de alto desempenho. A política internacional de não proliferação de armas nucleares limita o nível de enriquecimento para reatores de pesquisa em 20% U235. Ligas de U-Mo com 6-10 % peso de Mo podem levar a uma densidade de até 9 gU/cm3, no núcleo da placa combustível. As placas do elemento combustível MTR (Materials Testing Reactor), são fabricadas a partir de briquetes (U-Mo + pó Al) encapsulados em placas de Al, soldadas e laminadas. No entanto, a liga U-Mo é muito reativa na presença de Al. Os produtos dessa reação são indesejáveis, do ponto de vista nuclear, pois geram uma camada de interação química (IL) formada durante ciclagens térmicas e exposição a fissões nucleares. Como a IL tem baixa condutividade térmica, falhas estruturais no elemento combustível, em operação, podem ser causadas. O presente estudo oferece uma nova técnica de formação de pares de interdifusão que promove os contatos da liga U-Mo, na forma de tabletes, envolvidos em matriz de A1 (placas), selada por laminação. Criam-se, assim, condições ideais para a investigação da difusão, com reduzida possibilidade de oxidação nas interfaces de contato, simulando-se, ainda, as condições de laminação a quente no primeiro passe de redução, durante a fabricação da placa combustível MTR. Optou-se por trabalhar com um teor de Mo de 10% em peso na liga U-Mo, para se garantir uma maior formação da fase , uma vez que esse teor favorece uma maior estabilidade química dessa fase. A liga de Al utilizada como matriz dos pares de interdifusão foi a AA1050, por apresentar menores teores de impureza. Os pares de interdifusão U-10Mo/AA1050 foram tratados, termicamente, em duas faixas de temperaturas (1500C e 5500C) e em três tempos de aquecimento (5h, 40h e 80h), visando-se simular o processo de interdifusão e formação da camada de interação química. As análises da camada de interação U-10Mo/AA1050, feitas por MEV/EDS e por difração de Raios X, revelaram uma interdifusão de baixa evolução em Al (cerca de 8% atômico), na região U-Mo. Não houve a formação dos produtos típicos esperados, como (U,Mo)Alx=2,3,4. Associou-se esse fato, provavelmente, à presença do silício na liga AA1050 que, potencialmente, criou uma barreira de poucos micrômetros, impedindo o Al de se difundir de forma mais efetiva para o interior da liga U-10Mo. Sugeriu-se a possível formação de um produto intermetálico de Al com Si, U e Mo. Em especial, foi citada a possibilidade da ocorrência do intermetálico Al3.21 Si0.47, causando esse efeito de bloqueio. / This research refers to the study of U-Mo alloy as an alternative material for producing nuclear fuel elements with high density of uranium, for research reactors of high perfor-mance. The international non-proliferation of nuclear weapons has enrichment level li-mited to 20% U235. U-Mo alloys with 6-10 wt% Mo can lead to a density up to 9 gU/cm3, inside the fuel core. The MTR fuel element plates are made from briquettes (U-Mo powder + Al) encapsulated in Al plates, then welded and rolled However, the U-Mo alloy is very reactive in the presence of Al. The reaction products of this interaction are undesirable from the standpoint of nuclear usage, since they cause a chemical interaction layer (IL) formed during thermal cycling and exposure to nuclear fission neutrons. As the IL has low thermal conductivity, they may cause structural failure in the fuel element during opera-tion. The present study provides a new preparation technique for interdiffusion pairs made by hot rolling. The U-Mo alloy, in tablet format, is involved by matrix Al-plates, which is sealed and then hot rolled. This way to prepare the diffusion couples is an ideal condition to avoid the oxidation at the contact interface at U-Mo/Al. The hot rolling preparation also simulates the first reduction pass during MTR fuel plate manufacture. We chose to work with a Mo content of 10 wt% in U-Mo alloy to ensure greater phase formation, since this level favors a greater chemical stability in this phase. The Al alloy matrix was used as the AA1050 since it contains small impurity amounts. The interdiffusion couples U-10Mo/AA1050 were thermally treated in two temperature ranges (1500C and 5500C) and three soaking times (5h, 40h and 80h) to simulate the interdiffusion process and formation of chemical interaction layer. The analysis of the interaction layer U-10Mo/AA1050 was made by SEM/EDS and X-ray diffraction. It revealed a general trend of low interdiffusion of Al (about 8 atomic %) inside U-Mo. There was no formation of typical products as ex-pected (U, Mo)Alx= 2,3,4. This fact is probably linked to the silicon presence, co-diffusing in the system. Connected with this fact, there was the presence of silicon in the alloy AA1050, which potentially created a barrier that prevented Al to diffuse more effectively, beyond few micrometers into the U-10Mo bulk. A possible formation of intermetallic Al with Si, U and Mo was suggested. In particular, the occurrence of the intermetallic Al3.21Si0.47, causing this blocking effect, was mentioned.