Hydroxymethyl resorcinol (HMR) is an effective adhesion promoter (primer) for wood bonding; it dramatically improves adhesion and enhances bond durability against moisture exposure. In an effort to improve understanding of the HMR mechanism of action, this work compared HMR with two other chemical treatments investigated as wood primers: alkyl-HMR (a-HMR), an HMR variant having reduced crosslink density, and a 5% solution of polymeric methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) in N-methylpyrrolidone (solution referred to as "pMDI"). The experimental system was red oak (Quercus rubra) bonded with a moisture-cure polyurethane adhesive (PUR). The objective was to document wood rheological changes induced by the three primers, and determine if these changes correlated to primer efficacy in PUR-bonded red oak. Adhesion was tested in mode-I (opening) fracture using dual cantilever beam specimens. HMR and a-HMR proved to be highly effective primers for PUR-bonded red oak; both primers dramatically improved bondline toughness and durability. Relative to HMR, the reduced crosslink density in a-HMR did not impair primer efficacy. In contrast, the pMDI primer was ineffective; it reduced bondline toughness and durability. Solvent-submersion, torsional dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was conducted on primer-treated red oak (with specimens immersed in dimethylformamide). Using all three grain orientations, the lignin glass/rubber transition was carefully studied with attention directed towards primer-induced changes in stiffness (storage modulus), the glass transition temperature (Tg), the associated damping (tan ° maximum intensity), and the breadth of tan ° transition. It was found that primer effectiveness correlated with a reduction in damping intensity, and also with a Tg increase greater than 5°C. Determination of these correlations was complicated by grain dependency, and also by rheological changes caused by solvent treatments that were used as primer control treatments. / Master of Science

Two commercial carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) polymers, high and low molecular weight (MW) forms, were analyzed in this study. High-solids water-borne dispersions of these polymers were studied as renewable wood adhesives. Neat polymer analyses revealed that the apart from MW, the CMCAB systems had different acid values, and that the high MW system was compromised with gel particle contaminants. Formulation of the polymer into water-dispersions was optimized for this study, and proved the "direct method", in which all formulation components were mixed at once in a sealed vessel, was the most efficient preparation technique. Applying this method, 4 high-solids water dispersions were prepared and evaluated with viscometry, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, light and fluorescence microscopy, and mode I fracture testing. Thermal analyses showed that the polymer glass transition temperature significantly increased when bonded to wood. CMCAB dispersions produced fairly brittle adhesive-joints; however, it is believed toughness can likely be improved with further formulation optimization. Lastly, dispersion viscosity, film formation, adhesive penetration and joint-performance were all dependent on the formulation solvents, and moreover, these properties appeared to correlate with each other. / Master of Science

Modified Ring specimens are of the shape of discs having a hole inside and flattened ends. These specimens are used for determination of Mode I fracture toughness. Finite element program, named ABAQUS, is used for numerical modeling for finding stress intensity factors. Varying disc geometries were used for the experiments and numerical modeling in which size of the flat ends, radius of the hole inside, and external radius of the specimen were varied. Experiments were done by using pink Ankara andesite. Effects of internal hole radius, external disc radius and size of the flat ends on both stress intensity factor and fracture toughness were studied. In order to compare the results, fracture tests with semi-circular specimens under three point bending (SCB) were also performed. From a similar previous study, fracture toughness values of gray andesite were recalculated and compared to the fracture toughness values of pink andesite for varying geometrical factors. Size effect studies were performed as well for varying diameter of core specimens.Fracture toughness values of andesite were found to increase with increasing specimen size. Fracture toughness of 100 mm specimens was determined as 1.11&plusmn / 0.07 MPa&amp / #8730 / m, whereas fracture toughness of 75 mm specimens was 0.96&plusmn / 0.08 MPa&amp / #8730 / m. 100 mm or larger diameter specimens were suggested for the fracture toughness determination with the modified ring tests.

A new testing method was introduced and developed to determine Mode I fracture toughness of disc type rock specimens. The new method was named as Straight Notched Disc Bending and it uses disc specimens under three-point bending. 3D Numerical modeling was carried out with a finite element program ABAQUS to find stress intensity factors for both well-known Semi-circular Bending specimen models and Straight Notched Disc Bending specimen models for varying disc geometries. Both specimen types included notches where a crack front is introduced at the tip of the notch to compute the stress intensity factors. For stress intensity analysis, crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed. Fracture toughness testing was carried on Ankara G&ouml / lbaSi pink colored andesite for both specimen types / crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed during the tests. For both specimen geometries, notch lengths changing from 5 mm to 20 mm were used. For each notch length, two different roller supports with span lengths 60 mm and 70 mm were used. For both methods, fracture toughness values determined by using numerically computed stress intensity factors and failure loads obtained from the experiments were very close / the new method was verified by comparing the results. The new method had advantages of lower confining pressure at the crack front and lower stress intensities with a possible smaller crack tip plasticity region.

Dans la conception et la fabrication des structures, l'assemblage des composants est une étape cruciale en termes de durabilité et de fiabilité. Les techniques l'assemblage dites mécaniques telles que le boulonnage, le rivetage et le soudage entre autres, ont longtemps été celles traditionnelles. Toutefois, les avancées dans l'étude et l'analyse de la fissuration au sein des matériaux ont permis de mettre en évidence certains de leurs inconvénients en tant que cause de rupture de ces structures à travers les concentrations de contraintes localisées et/ou l'altération mécanique ou thermique des propriétés locales des pièces assemblées. Ainsi, des techniques alternatives tel que le collage structural ont été développées permettant de s'affranchir ou plutôt de réduire ces effets indésirables lors de l'assemblage, pour le peu que le processus soit bien maîtrisé. Parmi les avantages les plus connus, le collage permet d'une part une meilleure transmission et répartition des efforts à l'interface réduisant ainsi l'endommagement en fatigue et augmentant la durée de vie de l'assemblage, et d'autre part, de conserver l'intégrité des pièces à assembler. D'autres avantages proviennent également de la conception des adhésifs structuraux qui, après l'application de traitements physico-chimiques permettent d'ajouter des propriétés thermiques, acoustiques et d'étanchéité.Malgré ces avantages, le collage souffre d'une réputation de non fiabilité due aux manques d'outils de prédiction du comportement des joints collés. En effet, les paramètres qui influent sur le comportement de l'interface sont nombreux et sont souvent sources de variabilité sur la résistance du joint de colle. L'étude de cette ténacité des joints d'adhésif s'effectue grâce à des essais de fissuration selon différents modes de rupture qui cherchent à mesurer l'énergie de fissuration de l'assemblage. La connaissance de cette énergie permet d'être prédictif dans la plupart des cas sur la propagation des fissures pour le peu que nous soyons en mesure de décrire et de prédire le comportement de l'interface.D'un point de vue numérique, de nombreuses techniques et formulations de loi de comportement ont été proposées dans un souci de reproduire le comportement de l'interface au sein des assemblages. Parmi ces dernières, celle des lois de zone cohésive semble être une voie des plus prometteuses en terme de modélisation et de simulation des interfaces par son caractère local et discret. Parmi les avantages qu'elles procurent demeurent la prise en compte intrinsèque de l'endommagement et des phénoménologies du comportement du joint collé. En outre, de nombreuses études ont été entreprises pour identifier ces lois de zone cohésive en comparant des observations issues d'essais de fissuration et des sorties de modèle où elles sont utilisées. Cette identification se fait au moyen d'algorithmes itératifs de minimisation d'une fonction coût qui mesure la métrique entre observations et sorties de modèles. Toutefois, peu d'importance est attachée d'une part, aux sensibilités des techniques de mesure employées par rapport aux paramètres de loi de zone cohésive, et d'autre part, sur les incertitudes associées aux paramètres de loi de zone cohésive identifiés. À notre connaissance, aucun travail sur ces deux derniers aspects n'a été mené et constitue ainsi le principal propos de ce mémoire de thèse. [...] / In the design and manufacture of structures, assembly of components is a crucial step in terms of durability and reliability. Mechanical assembly techniques such as bolting, riveting and welding, among others, have long been traditional. However, advances in the study and analysis of cracks within materials have made it possible to highlight some of their disadvantages as a cause of rupture of these structures through localized stress concentrations and / Mechanical or thermal alteration of the local properties of the assembled parts. Thus, alternative techniques such as structural bonding have been developed which make it possible to eliminate or rather reduce these undesirable effects during assembly, for the little that the process is well controlled. Among the best known advantages, bonding allows, on the one hand, a better transmission and distribution of forces at the interface, thus reducing fatigue damage and increasing the service life of the assembly and, on the other hand, maintain the integrity of the parts to be assembled. Other advantages also arise from the design of structural adhesives which, after the application of physicochemical treatments, make it possible to add thermal, acoustic and sealing properties.Despite these advantages, bonding suffers from a reputation for unreliability due to the lack of tools for predicting the behavior of bonded joints. Indeed, the parameters which influence the interface behavior are numerous and are often sources of variability on the strength of the bonded joint. The study of this toughness of the adhesive joints is carried out by means of crack tests according to different modes of fracture which seek to measure the assembly crack energy. The knowledge of this energy makes it possible to be predictive in most cases on cracks propagation for the little that we are able to describe and predict the interface behavior.From a numerical point of view, numerous techniques and formulations of interface law have been proposed in order to reproduce the interface behavior within the assemblies. Among the latter, that of the cohesive zone laws seems to be one of the most promising ways in terms of modeling and simulation of the interfaces by its local and discrete character. Among the advantages that they provide are the intrinsic consideration of damage and behavior phenomenologies of bonded joint. In addition, numerous studies have been undertaken to identify these cohesive zone laws by comparing observations from crack tests and model outputs where they are used. This identification is done by means of iterative minimization algorithms of a cost function which measures the metric between observations and models outputs. However, little importance is attached, on the one hand, to the sensitivities of the measurement techniques used in relation to the cohesive zone law parameters and, on the other hand, to the uncertainties associated with the identified cohesive zone law parameters. To our knowledge, no work on these two aspects has been conducted and is thus the main purpose of this thesis. [...]

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’envisager les apports de l’Emission Acoustique (EA) en tant qu’outil de diagnostic et de surveillance des structures et ouvrages en bois. Nous avons appliqué cet outil et développé des méthodes de suivi de la fissuration. Si l’objectif affiché est l’utilisation de l’EA pour de la surveillance in-situ, un passage par des manipulations en laboratoire a été nécessaire pour valider les méthodes mises en œuvre. Des essais de chargement à déplacement imposé ont été réalisés sur des éprouvettes de Douglas (DCB à inertie constante) soumises à un chargement en mode I, pour deux teneurs en eaux distinctes. En parallèle du système d’acquisition acoustique, un système d’acquisition d’images a été utilisé pour suivre l’évolution de la fissuration sur les faces principales des éprouvettes.Dans un premier temps, nous avons constaté que la cinétique de fissuration était corrélée à l’énergie acoustique des signaux enregistrés. Une écoute globale, sans filtration des données, fournit une indication sur l’évolution de l’endommagement d’une structure.En effectuant un premier traitement des données, en considérant les évènements acoustiques et en utilisant des courbes de correction de localisation et d’amplitude des signaux, nous avons pu déterminer la position d’un (ou plusieurs) pic(s) d’activité acoustique. La courbe d’évolution de la position de ce(s) pic(s) d’activité donne un résultat similaire à celle de la pointe de fissure obtenue avec le système d’imagerie. Nous avons ainsi pu estimer un taux de restitution d’énergie moyen Gc. Dans le but de passer à des applications in situ, nous avons mis en œuvre cette méthode lors d’un essai de fluage sur une éprouvette à inertie variable. L’EA a su prendre le relais lorsque les relevés visuels étaient absents. L’EA a aussi pu fournir des informations complémentaires sur l’initiation et la propagation de la fissuration et ce, sur une durée surveillance longue.La méthode de détection des pics d’activités par EA montre que les évènements acoustiques de forte amplitude sont localisés de part et d’autre de la pointe de fissure obtenue par imagerie. Dans un deuxième temps, en effectuant un parallèle avec les méthodes développées dans les matériaux composites, le bois pouvant y être assimilé par certains aspects, nous avons pu, par une utilisation conjointe des outils statistiques, de l’imagerie électronique (MEB) et de l’analyse des formes d’ondes, identifier les mécanismes de ruine présents lors des essais.Après un travail de filtration des données obtenues sur des essais à mode de ruine choisi (traction, flexion et cisaillement), quatre familles d’évènements ont pu être mis en évidence. Par l’étude de leurs formes d’ondes respectives, ces familles ont pu être associées à de la rupture de fibre, de la fissuration de matrice, de la décohésion et du délaminage telles qu’on les retrouve dans les matériaux composites. L’étude au MEB a confirmé qu’une multitude de mécanismes étaient présents sur les plans de fissuration des éprouvettes et la vraisemblance des résultats obtenus.D’un point de vue quantitatif, deux mécanismes de ruine principaux ressortent : la rupture de fibres et la fissuration matricielle. Il s’agit là d’indicateurs dont l’évolution peut constituer un indicateur, précurseur à la ruine d’un ouvrage. Le travail effectué dans cette thèse constitue un pas dans l’emploi de l’EA dans la surveillance des structures et des ouvrages en bois et laisse entrevoir d’autres emplois notamment en mécanique de la rupture et dans l’étude des zones d’élaboration. / The aim of this thesis is to consider what Acoustic Emission (AE) can provide as a tool for diagnosis and assessment of wood structures and works. We applied this tool and developed methods for tracking crack propagation. If our intention is using AE for the in-situ monitoring, we have to do experiments in laboratory to validate the methods developped. Loading tests under imposed displacement were conducted on Douglas samples (DCB constant inertia) subjected to a loading in mode I, for two levels of moisture content. In tandem of the acoustic emission emission system, an image acquisition system was used to record crack propagation on the main faces of the samples.First, we showed that the cracking kinetics correlates with the acoustic energy of the recorded signals. A global analysis, with unfiltered data, provides a good indication of the evolution of the damage within a structure. Then by performing a first data processing, by taking into account the acoustic events and by using correction curves of localization and amplitude, we were able to determine the position of one (or more) peak(s) of acoustic activity. The evolution curve of the position of this (these) peak(s) of activity gives a result similar of the crack tip evolution obtained with the digital image acquisition system. By this way we were able to estimate an average restoration level of critical energy Gc. In the purpose of making in situ applications, we have implemented this method during a creep test on a specimen with variable inertia. A previously loaded sample was placed to a relative humidity variation - from a humid atmosphere to a dry atmosphere. Only spot measurements of the crack tip position has been made. AE was able to take over when visual statements were absent. AE was also able to provide additional information on the initiation and propagation of cracks over a long term monitoring. The method for detecting peaks of activities by AE shows that acoustic events with high amplitude are located on both side of the crack tip obtained by imaging.Secondly, by comparing with the methods developed in composite materials, wood could be considered as such, we were able, by joint use of statistical tools, electronic imaging (SEM) and analysis of waveforms, to identify failure mechanisms which were present during testing. After processing data obtained on failure specific mode test (tensile, bending and shear), four clusters of events have been highlighted. By studying their respective waveforms and signal caracteristics, these families have been associated with the rupture of fiber, matrix cracking, debonding and delamination such as those found in composites. The study of SEM images made from owr samples has confirmed the presence of a multitude of mechanisms on the cracking path of the wood samples. This confirms the reasonableness of results obtained. From a quantitative perspective, two major failure mechanisms stand out: the breaking of fibers and matrix cracking. The evolution of these indicators may be a precursor to the ruin of a structure.The work undertaken in this thesis is a step in the use of AE in monitoring structures and wooden structures. It suggests other purposes for the use of AE in wood. We could imaging using AE in order to study the process zones by using mTDCB samples.

La transition entre le comportement effusif et explosif des volcans de magma riche en silice est en partie contrôlée par la capacité des surpressions gazeuses à se dissiper hors du magma. La libération efficace des gaz est associée aux éruptions effusives tandis que la rétention de ces gaz contribue aux processus explosifs. L’une des approches pour évaluer la facilité d’échappement des gaz est de considérer l’évolution et le développement de la perméabilité dans la colonne magmatique et dans l'édifice. J'évalue dans ce travail de thèse le rôle des changements post-mise en place sur la microstructure dans des andésites basaltiques du Merapi (Indonésie). La perméabilité de ces roches est principalement contrôlée par des fissures liées à leur mise en place. Malgré l’influence importante de ces fissures post-mise en place pour dégazer à travers l'édifice, elles ne contribuent pas au dégazage intrinsique du magma en cours d’ascension. Pour s’affranchir de l'influence des microstructures post-mise en place du magma, j'étudie le développement et l'évolution in situ des réseaux perméables en déformant des magmas à deux phases (bulles de gaz et liquide silicaté) en cisaillement simple dans une presse Paterson selon des viscosités et des vitesses de déformation réalistes pour la partie haute des conduits des strato-volcans. Le développement de la perméabilité est confirmé in situ et se développe à des vitesses de déformation supérieures à 4,5 x 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. À des vitesses de déformation élevées (> 5 x 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) le magma est fragile et l’échappement du gaz est lente, facilitée par l'interconnexion de courtes fractures de Mode I. À des vitesses de déformation < 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹, le magma se comporte à la fois de manière fragile et visqueuse et la perméabilité se développe lorsque la déformation est importante; le gaz s’échappe rapidement par de longues fractures de Mode I bien développées. Les fractures de Mode I sont idéalement orientées pour le dégazage du conduit central et sont, surtout, soumises à peu de déformation jusqu'à ce qu'elles soient réorientées dans la direction de cisaillement. Ces caractéristiques de dégazage peuvent, à long terme, favoriser un dynamisme éruptif effussif. / The transition from effusive to explosive behaviour at silicic volcanoes is, in part, governed by how efficiently gas overpressures are dissipated from the volcanic plumbing. Efficient gas release is associated with effusive eruptions while inadequate outgassing contributes to explosive processes. One approach to assessing the facility of gas escape is by considering how permeability develops and evolves in the magma column and surrounding edifice. Here, I appraise the role of post-emplacement changes to microstructure in edifice-forming basaltic andesites from Merapi (Indonesia). The permeability of these rocks is dominantly crack-controlled and while these features exert important controls on gas escape through the edifice, they do not represent the escape pathways available to gas within ascending magma. To avoid the influence of postemplacement microstructure, I investigate the development and evolution of permeable networks in magmas by deforming initially impermeable two-phase magmas in simple shear. This is done in a Paterson apparatus at viscosities and shear strain rates appropriate to upper conduits in stratovolcanoes. Permeability development is confirmed in situ and develops at moderate to high shear strain rates (> 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹). At very high strain rates (> 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) the magma behaves in a brittle manner and gas egress is slow, facilitated by the interconnection of short, Mode I fractures. At moderate shear strain rates (< 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹), the magma displays both brittle and viscous behaviour and permeability develops at high strain; gas escape is rapid owing to long, well-developed, sample-length Mode I fractures. Mode I fractures are ideally oriented for outgassing of the central conduit and, critically, accommodate little deformation until they are rotated into the direction of shear, making them long-lived outgassing features that may favour volcanic effusion.