O controle da contaminação de alimentos por Listeria monocytogenes é um desafio para a indústria, pois a bactéria é tolerante a muitas condições adversas que são empregadas para conservação de alimentos. L. monocytogenes é uma bactéria patogênica e pode causar doença de natureza não entérica grave, em pessoas imunocomprometidas, idosas e durante a gestação. No presente estudo foi avaliada a expressão gênica de duas linhagens L. monocytogenes IAL 633 sorotipo 1/2a mais comumente isoladas de alimentos e L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 sorotipo 4b mais comumente encontradas em surtos hospitalares, utilizando caldos modelos formulados a partir de extratos de carne e peptona de peixe, suplementados ou não com glicose, cloreto de sódio, orégano, pimenta do reino e uma mistura desses ingredientes. Os caldos modelos formulados e suplementados ou não com os ingredientes foram incubados por 1 hora a 25ºC e em seguida, foi realizada extração de RNA e síntese de DNA complementar (cDNA). O cDNA foi amplificado e quantificado por PCR em tempo real, com primers para os genes alvos prfA, inlA, actA e hly, que codificam respectivamente o fator regulador positivo, internalina A, actina e hemolisina, relacionados à virulência desta bactéria. L. monocytogenes IAL 633 sorotipo 1/2a cultivada em caldo de carne acrescido de glicose diminuiu a expressão de prfA, actA e hly, enquanto que em caldo de peixe acrescido do mesmo ingrediente, foi observada maior expressão para os genes inlA, actA e hly. Nos caldos de carne acrescidos de cloreto de sódio houve aumento da expressão de hly em L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 sorotipo 4b, mas o mesmo ingrediente causou redução da expressão dos genes inlA, actA e hly em L. monocytogenes IAL 633. Em caldo de peixe adicionado de cloreto de sódio, houve concordância no efeito observado para as duas culturas de L. monocytogenes avaliadas, com menor expressão dos genes inlA e prfA. Com pimenta do reino em caldo carne foi observado aumento da expressão de actA para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 e redução dos genes prfA, inlA, actA e hly para L. monocytogenes IAL 633. Já em caldo de peixe acrescido de pimenta do reino, a modulação gênica ocorreu somente para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, com redução do gene prfA e aumento inlA e actA. O orégano foi o ingrediente que mais afetou a expressão gênica de L. monocytogenes nas condições estudadas, com aumento da expressão de actA em caldo de carne e redução de hly, para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Em contrapartida, para L. monocytogenes IAL 633 ocorreu a repressão dos mesmos genes e também de inlA e prfA, enquanto que em caldo de peixe ocorreu redução somente para o gene prfA. Ainda, em caldo de peixe acrescido de orégano foi observado redução da expressão dos genes prfA e inlA, porém aumento na expressão de actA e hly para L. monocytogenes ATC 19115. A combinação de todos os condimentos também afetou a expressão gênica, sendo que em caldo de carne houve aumento da expressão dos genes prfA e inlA, porém foi reduzida a expressão de actA para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Para a mesma linhagem (ATCC 19115), em caldo de peixe ocorreu a redução da expressão dos genes prfA, inlA e actA. L. monocytogenes IAL 633 em caldo de carne com a mistura de ingredientes teve reduzida a expressão dos genes inlA e actA, essa redução também foi detectada em caldo de peixe para o gene prfA. No presente estudo foi possível observar uma repressão de todos os genes alvos estudados para L. monocytogenes IAL 633 sorotipo 1/2a quando incubada em caldo de carne suplementado com os diferentes ingredientes, mas o mesmo padrão não foi observado para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 sorotipo 4b, indicando a complexidade da expressão gênica em função dos componentes de alimentos. / The control of food contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is a challenge for the industry because the bacterium is tolerant to many adverse conditions applied in food preservation. L. monocytogenes can cause serious non-enteric disease in immunocompromised persons, in the elderly and during pregnancy. In the present study it was evaluated the gene expression of two strains, L. monocytogenes IAL 633 serotype 1/2a (most commonly isolated from food) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 serotype 4b (more common in clinical cases). Model broths were prepared with meat extract and fish peptone, supplemented or not with glucose, sodium chloride, oregano, black pepper and a mixture of these ingredients. The formulated model broths supplemented or not with the ingredients were incubated for 1 hour at 25° C and next, RNA extraction was performed and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. The cDNA was amplified and quantified by Real Time PCR with primers for the target genes: positive regulatory factor (prfA), internalin A (inlA), actin (actA) and hemolysin (hly). L. monocytogenes IAL 633 serotype 1/2a grown in meat broth plus glucose decreased expression prfA, actA and hly, while in fish broth, increased expression was observed for inlA, hly, and actA genes. In meat broth added sodium chloride, increased hly expression was observed for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 serotype 4b but the same ingredient caused a decrease of the expression of genes inlA and hly in L. monocytogenes IAL 633. In fish broth added sodium chloride, for the two cultures of L. monocytogenes evaluated there was a lower expression of inlA and prfA gene in comparison with the control. With meat broth containing black pepper, it was observed an increased actA expression for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and lower expression of prfA, inlA, actA gene; for L. monocytogenes IAL 633 lower expression of hly was observed in this broth formulation. In fish gravy plus black pepper, modulation of gene expression occurred only in L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 that showed decrease for prfA and increase for inlA and actA. Oregano was the ingredient that affected most the gene expression of L. monocytogenes under the conditions studied, with increased actA expression in broth and hly reduction for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. However, for L. monocytogenes IAL 633 there was repression of the inlA and prfA genes, in fish stock was reduced only for prfA gene. Also in fish stock plus oregano was observed reduction of prfA and inlA genes, but increased expression of the actA and hly for L. monocytogenes ATC 19115. The combination of all the condiments also caused different effects on gene expression, and in broth increased the expression of genes prfA and inlA, but reduced the actA expression for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, for the same strain (ATCC 19115) broth fish was a reduction of prfA, inlA and actA genes. L. monocytogenes IAL 633 in broth with the mixture of ingredients reduced the expression of inlA and actA genes, this reduction were also seen in fish broth for the prfA gene. L. monocytogenes has complexity of the modulation of the expression of virulence factors in food, but in the present study it was possible to observe a repression in the modulation pattern of all target genes studied L. monocytogenes IAL 633 serotype 1/2a when incubated in broth supplemented with different ingredients, which did not occur for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 serotype 4b.

O controle da contaminação de alimentos por Listeria monocytogenes é um desafio para a indústria, pois a bactéria é tolerante a muitas condições adversas que são empregadas para conservação de alimentos. L. monocytogenes é uma bactéria patogênica e pode causar doença de natureza não entérica grave, em pessoas imunocomprometidas, idosas e durante a gestação. No presente estudo foi avaliada a expressão gênica de duas linhagens L. monocytogenes IAL 633 sorotipo 1/2a mais comumente isoladas de alimentos e L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 sorotipo 4b mais comumente encontradas em surtos hospitalares, utilizando caldos modelos formulados a partir de extratos de carne e peptona de peixe, suplementados ou não com glicose, cloreto de sódio, orégano, pimenta do reino e uma mistura desses ingredientes. Os caldos modelos formulados e suplementados ou não com os ingredientes foram incubados por 1 hora a 25ºC e em seguida, foi realizada extração de RNA e síntese de DNA complementar (cDNA). O cDNA foi amplificado e quantificado por PCR em tempo real, com primers para os genes alvos prfA, inlA, actA e hly, que codificam respectivamente o fator regulador positivo, internalina A, actina e hemolisina, relacionados à virulência desta bactéria. L. monocytogenes IAL 633 sorotipo 1/2a cultivada em caldo de carne acrescido de glicose diminuiu a expressão de prfA, actA e hly, enquanto que em caldo de peixe acrescido do mesmo ingrediente, foi observada maior expressão para os genes inlA, actA e hly. Nos caldos de carne acrescidos de cloreto de sódio houve aumento da expressão de hly em L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 sorotipo 4b, mas o mesmo ingrediente causou redução da expressão dos genes inlA, actA e hly em L. monocytogenes IAL 633. Em caldo de peixe adicionado de cloreto de sódio, houve concordância no efeito observado para as duas culturas de L. monocytogenes avaliadas, com menor expressão dos genes inlA e prfA. Com pimenta do reino em caldo carne foi observado aumento da expressão de actA para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 e redução dos genes prfA, inlA, actA e hly para L. monocytogenes IAL 633. Já em caldo de peixe acrescido de pimenta do reino, a modulação gênica ocorreu somente para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, com redução do gene prfA e aumento inlA e actA. O orégano foi o ingrediente que mais afetou a expressão gênica de L. monocytogenes nas condições estudadas, com aumento da expressão de actA em caldo de carne e redução de hly, para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Em contrapartida, para L. monocytogenes IAL 633 ocorreu a repressão dos mesmos genes e também de inlA e prfA, enquanto que em caldo de peixe ocorreu redução somente para o gene prfA. Ainda, em caldo de peixe acrescido de orégano foi observado redução da expressão dos genes prfA e inlA, porém aumento na expressão de actA e hly para L. monocytogenes ATC 19115. A combinação de todos os condimentos também afetou a expressão gênica, sendo que em caldo de carne houve aumento da expressão dos genes prfA e inlA, porém foi reduzida a expressão de actA para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Para a mesma linhagem (ATCC 19115), em caldo de peixe ocorreu a redução da expressão dos genes prfA, inlA e actA. L. monocytogenes IAL 633 em caldo de carne com a mistura de ingredientes teve reduzida a expressão dos genes inlA e actA, essa redução também foi detectada em caldo de peixe para o gene prfA. No presente estudo foi possível observar uma repressão de todos os genes alvos estudados para L. monocytogenes IAL 633 sorotipo 1/2a quando incubada em caldo de carne suplementado com os diferentes ingredientes, mas o mesmo padrão não foi observado para L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 sorotipo 4b, indicando a complexidade da expressão gênica em função dos componentes de alimentos. / The control of food contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is a challenge for the industry because the bacterium is tolerant to many adverse conditions applied in food preservation. L. monocytogenes can cause serious non-enteric disease in immunocompromised persons, in the elderly and during pregnancy. In the present study it was evaluated the gene expression of two strains, L. monocytogenes IAL 633 serotype 1/2a (most commonly isolated from food) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 serotype 4b (more common in clinical cases). Model broths were prepared with meat extract and fish peptone, supplemented or not with glucose, sodium chloride, oregano, black pepper and a mixture of these ingredients. The formulated model broths supplemented or not with the ingredients were incubated for 1 hour at 25° C and next, RNA extraction was performed and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. The cDNA was amplified and quantified by Real Time PCR with primers for the target genes: positive regulatory factor (prfA), internalin A (inlA), actin (actA) and hemolysin (hly). L. monocytogenes IAL 633 serotype 1/2a grown in meat broth plus glucose decreased expression prfA, actA and hly, while in fish broth, increased expression was observed for inlA, hly, and actA genes. In meat broth added sodium chloride, increased hly expression was observed for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 serotype 4b but the same ingredient caused a decrease of the expression of genes inlA and hly in L. monocytogenes IAL 633. In fish broth added sodium chloride, for the two cultures of L. monocytogenes evaluated there was a lower expression of inlA and prfA gene in comparison with the control. With meat broth containing black pepper, it was observed an increased actA expression for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and lower expression of prfA, inlA, actA gene; for L. monocytogenes IAL 633 lower expression of hly was observed in this broth formulation. In fish gravy plus black pepper, modulation of gene expression occurred only in L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 that showed decrease for prfA and increase for inlA and actA. Oregano was the ingredient that affected most the gene expression of L. monocytogenes under the conditions studied, with increased actA expression in broth and hly reduction for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. However, for L. monocytogenes IAL 633 there was repression of the inlA and prfA genes, in fish stock was reduced only for prfA gene. Also in fish stock plus oregano was observed reduction of prfA and inlA genes, but increased expression of the actA and hly for L. monocytogenes ATC 19115. The combination of all the condiments also caused different effects on gene expression, and in broth increased the expression of genes prfA and inlA, but reduced the actA expression for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115, for the same strain (ATCC 19115) broth fish was a reduction of prfA, inlA and actA genes. L. monocytogenes IAL 633 in broth with the mixture of ingredients reduced the expression of inlA and actA genes, this reduction were also seen in fish broth for the prfA gene. L. monocytogenes has complexity of the modulation of the expression of virulence factors in food, but in the present study it was possible to observe a repression in the modulation pattern of all target genes studied L. monocytogenes IAL 633 serotype 1/2a when incubated in broth supplemented with different ingredients, which did not occur for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 serotype 4b.

The goal of the following paper is to analyse the trade potential for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and China in the trade of food products. Even though the trade in food products is comparably low, there are several reasons why it is worth a deeper analysis. Food security is having an important role in the Chinese domestic politics. Due to environmental, socio- economic and demographic changes, China cannot be self-sufficient and is therefore dependent on food imports. Since the introduction of the One Belt One Road Initiative and the 16+1 framework, China aims to improve the cooperation and trade in food commodities with participating countries. CEE can be a reliable partner because it produces high quality products with comparative advantages. With the help of the Gravity Model, the effects of the 16+1 framework was estimated, as well as the trade potential. Following the results, the introduction of the 16+1 framework has a positive and significant effect on agricultural trade between CEE and China. However, only five countries have potential to increase their food exports to China, while the remaining eleven already exceed their food exports. China on the other hand, is exporting below its potential in most of the cases.

Předložená diplomová práce byla zpracována s cílem vytvořit přehled poznatků v oblasti akvaponické potravinové produkce. Informace získané během tvorby tohoto přehledu pak měly vést, v kombinaci s daty získanými z funkčního provozu, k vytvoření matematického modelu akvaponického cyklu. Na akvaponické farmě provozované společností Flenexa plus s.r.o., která byla zdrojem potřebných procesních dat, měla být dále zpracována a vyhodnocena bilance energie a vody. Nakonec měla být v průběhu práce posouzena možnost implementace mikrořasového fotobioreaktoru do akvaponického cyklu. Úvod práce představuje motivaci vedoucí k potřebě inovovat dnešní potravinovou produkci. Kriticky jsou zhodnoceny predikce vývoje lidské populace, a to pak hlavně z pohledu dopadu, který by tento růst měl na zemědělskou produkci. Současná situace se na základě získaných poznatků ukazuje jako neudržitelná, primárně pak v oblastech vodohospodářství a energetické spotřeby. Následně je jako možné řešení vedoucí ke zlepšení udržitelnosti potravinové produkce zkoumána akvaponie. Akvaponie je definována a její jednotlivé komponenty jsou představeny z hlediska mechanismu jejich fungování a z pohledu jejich návrhu. Mezi popsané oblasti patří například principy tzv. coupled a decoupled akvaponie a popis možných typů hydroponického komponentu. V této části práce je pozornost věnována také představení cyklů jednotlivých živin v rámci akvaponie. Následující a poslední teoretická část práce je pak věnována mikrořasovému fotobioreaktoru. Jsou zde popsány mechanismy, jak motivující, tak odrazující od zakomponování bioreaktoru do akvaponie. V oblasti výhod se jedná hlavně o jeho roli ve stabilizaci pH a spotřebě toxikého amoniaku. Na druhou stranu jeho ekonomické dopady na profitabilitu akvaponie jsou velmi proměnlivé v závislosti na způsobu implementace. Samotný mikrořasový fotobioreaktor je pak v práci detailněji představen. Jednotlivé procesní ukazatele ovlivňující růst řas jsou rozebrány, a to společně s jednotlivými typy fotobioreaktoru, metodami sklizně a využitími pro vyprodukované mikrořasy. Na základě poznatků schromážděných v této práci pak lze jako nejvhodnější k implementaci do akvaponie doporučit hybridní fotobioreaktory, u kterých je většina osvětlení zajištěna v podobě slunečního svitu. Samotná experimentální část práce pak začíná popisem zkoumaného provozu společnosti Flenexa plus s.r.o. z pohledu aplikovaného akvaponického procesu. Jednotka podrobená měření byla provozně stabilní a využívala implementace hydroponického komponentu typu Deep Water Culture (DWC). Spolu s detailním popisem celého provozu jsou poskytnuty a vyhodnoceny vypracované bilance vody a energií. Pozornost je pak přesunuta k matematickým modelům vypracovaným a ověřeným na základě dat a poznatků shromážděných z provozu společnosti Felenexa plus s.r.o. Logika a algoritmy, na kterých jsou oba modely postaveny, jsou v této části vysvětleny a diskutovány společně s hlavními funkcemi a schopnostmi obou modelů. První, primárně statistický model je představen jako nástroj pro použití při uvádění akvaponie do provozu. Druhý, fyzikální model pak v uživatelsky přívětivém formátu představuje základ pro model řízení akvaponické farmy s mikrořasovým fotobioreaktorem. V neposlední řadě jsou nastíněny také cesty možného budoucího vývoje pro oba vytvořené modely. Práce je následně završena shrnutím a diskusí nad poznatky a výstupy získanými během celého tvůrčího procesu.

Complexity science has come into the limelight in recent years as the scientific community begins to grapple with higher-order natural phenomena that cannot be fully explained via the behaviour of components at lower levels of organization. Network modeling and analysis, being a powerful tool that can capture the interconnections that embody complex behaviour, has therefore been at the forefront of complexity science. In ecology, the network paradigm is relatively young and there remain limitations in many ecological network studies, such as modeling only one type of species interaction at a time, lack of realistic network structure, or non-inclusion of community dynamics and environmental stochasticity. I introduce bioenergetic network models that bring together for the first time many of the fundamental structures and mechanisms of species interactions present in real ecological communities. I then use these models to address some outstanding questions that are relevant to understanding ecological networks at the systems level rather than at the level of subsets of interactions. Firstly, I find that realistic red-shifted environmental noise, and synchrony of species responses to noise, are associated with increased variability in ecosystem properties, with implications for predictive ecological modeling which usually assumes white noise. Next, I look at simultaneous species extinction and invasion, finding that as their individual impacts increase, their combined impact becomes decreasingly additive. In addition, the greater the impact of extinction or invasion, the lesser their reversibility via reintroduction or eradication of the species in question. For modifications of pairwise species interactions by third-party species, a phenomenon that has so far been studied one interaction at a time, I find that the many interaction modifications that occur concurrently in a community can collectively have systematic effects on total biomass and species evenness. Finally, examining a higher level of organization in the form of compartmentalized networks, I find that the relationship between intercompartment connectivity and the impacts of species decline depends considerably on network topology and whether the consumer-resource functional response is prey- or ratio-dependent. Overall, the results vary considerably across model communities with different parameterizations, underscoring the contingency and context dependence of nature that scientists and policy makers alike should no longer ignore. This work hopes to contribute to a growing multidisciplinary understanding, appreciation and management of complex systems that is fundamentally transforming the modern world and giving us insights on how to live more harmoniously within our environment.