This thesis develops and tests a two-dimensional discrete dynamic model for the simulation of granular flows in silos and hoppers. The granular material considered is assumed to be an assembly of viscoelastic discs and the motion of such a particle system is shown to be governed by a set of nonlinear first order ordinary differential equations. This system of equations is then solved numerically using the centered finite difference scheme. Based on the model presented, a computer program has been developed and used to analyse the flow behaviour of granular materials during filling and emptying of a silo. The results show that the discrete dynamic model developed is capable of modelling granular flows in silos, particularly predicting wall pressures and analysing flow blockage.

No description available.

Este trabalho visa avaliar a recarga e o sistema de fluxo do aqüífero Guarani com o auxílio de um modelo numérico, aplicado à área delimitada pelas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Jacaré-Guaçú e Jacaré-Pepira (sub-bacias do rio Tietê, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Com este fim, foi estabelecido um modelo conceitual para o sistema de escoamento subterrâneo. Técnicas em SIG foram utilizadas no armazenamento, processamento e análise de dados levantados em intensa revisão bibliográfica, bem como, gerados mapas com as características dimensionais e hidrogeológicas. Os fenômenos hidrológicos mais significativos foram selecionados, resultando na construção do modelo conceitual para estimativa de fluxo e recarga do aqüífero, que possui na área de estudo significativa extensão de afloramento. Foram atribuídas seis zonas de recarga correspondentes a formações e estruturas geológicas que compõem o aqüífero semiconfinado e livre. O modelo foi calibrado pelas vazões de base, obtidas de hidrogramas diários, e pelos níveis estáticos de poços. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada envolvendo os parâmetros de ajuste da calibração. Os resultados mostram existir interação entre as recargas do aqüífero, provenientes das duas bacias, e indicam que o aqüífero essencialmente drena a sua recarga através dos rios. Os fluxos laterais (fluxo subterrâneo entre bacias), a descarga profunda e a explotação por poços representam pequenas saídas em comparação à recarga total, contudo, a ação dos poços apresenta efeitos com alguma tendência regional no entorno dos maiores centros urbanos da área de estudo. A determinação das vazões de base identificou os trechos ao longo dos rios nos quais o aqüífero os carrega e é carregado. Apesar do aqüífero essencialmente abastecer os rios, os trechos nos quais os rios o carregam são significativos e importantes por serem trechos nas quais o aqüífero é potencialmente mais vulnerável. / This work aims to assess the recharge and flow system of the Guarani aquifer with the aid of a numeric model, applied to the area delimited for the hydrographic basins of the rivers Jacaré-Guaçú and Jacaré-Pepira (sub-basin of the Tietê river, in the central region of São Paulo State, Brazil). Thus, a conceptual model for groundwater flow system was established. GIS based tools was used in the storage, processing and analysis of data raised in intense bibliographical revision as well as generated maps with the dimensional and hydrogeologic characteristics. Main hydrologic phenomena were selected, leading to a groundwater conceptual model for evaluation of recharge and groundwater flow, taking into account the significant outcrop region in the study area. The geologic formations and structures were attributed to six corresponding zones of recharge that compose the semi-confined and free aquifer. The model was calibrated by the baseflow from daily hydrograms and by the static level from wells. It was carried out a sensitivity analysis including the calibration parameter set. The results show that there is interaction between aquifer recharge from the two basins and that the aquifer mainly drain its recharge into the rivers. The lateral flows (groundwater flows between basins), the deep discharge and the groundwater exploitation from wells represent small exits in comparison to the total recharge; however, the action of the wells presents effect with some regional trend in the vicinity of the biggest urban centers of the study area. The determination of the baseflows identified the stretches to long of the rivers in which the aquifer loads and is loaded. Despite the aquifer essentially supplying the rivers, the stretches in which the rivers load it are significant and important for being stretches in which the aquifer is potentially more vulnerable.

Este trabalho visa avaliar a recarga e o sistema de fluxo do aqüífero Guarani com o auxílio de um modelo numérico, aplicado à área delimitada pelas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Jacaré-Guaçú e Jacaré-Pepira (sub-bacias do rio Tietê, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Com este fim, foi estabelecido um modelo conceitual para o sistema de escoamento subterrâneo. Técnicas em SIG foram utilizadas no armazenamento, processamento e análise de dados levantados em intensa revisão bibliográfica, bem como, gerados mapas com as características dimensionais e hidrogeológicas. Os fenômenos hidrológicos mais significativos foram selecionados, resultando na construção do modelo conceitual para estimativa de fluxo e recarga do aqüífero, que possui na área de estudo significativa extensão de afloramento. Foram atribuídas seis zonas de recarga correspondentes a formações e estruturas geológicas que compõem o aqüífero semiconfinado e livre. O modelo foi calibrado pelas vazões de base, obtidas de hidrogramas diários, e pelos níveis estáticos de poços. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada envolvendo os parâmetros de ajuste da calibração. Os resultados mostram existir interação entre as recargas do aqüífero, provenientes das duas bacias, e indicam que o aqüífero essencialmente drena a sua recarga através dos rios. Os fluxos laterais (fluxo subterrâneo entre bacias), a descarga profunda e a explotação por poços representam pequenas saídas em comparação à recarga total, contudo, a ação dos poços apresenta efeitos com alguma tendência regional no entorno dos maiores centros urbanos da área de estudo. A determinação das vazões de base identificou os trechos ao longo dos rios nos quais o aqüífero os carrega e é carregado. Apesar do aqüífero essencialmente abastecer os rios, os trechos nos quais os rios o carregam são significativos e importantes por serem trechos nas quais o aqüífero é potencialmente mais vulnerável. / This work aims to assess the recharge and flow system of the Guarani aquifer with the aid of a numeric model, applied to the area delimited for the hydrographic basins of the rivers Jacaré-Guaçú and Jacaré-Pepira (sub-basin of the Tietê river, in the central region of São Paulo State, Brazil). Thus, a conceptual model for groundwater flow system was established. GIS based tools was used in the storage, processing and analysis of data raised in intense bibliographical revision as well as generated maps with the dimensional and hydrogeologic characteristics. Main hydrologic phenomena were selected, leading to a groundwater conceptual model for evaluation of recharge and groundwater flow, taking into account the significant outcrop region in the study area. The geologic formations and structures were attributed to six corresponding zones of recharge that compose the semi-confined and free aquifer. The model was calibrated by the baseflow from daily hydrograms and by the static level from wells. It was carried out a sensitivity analysis including the calibration parameter set. The results show that there is interaction between aquifer recharge from the two basins and that the aquifer mainly drain its recharge into the rivers. The lateral flows (groundwater flows between basins), the deep discharge and the groundwater exploitation from wells represent small exits in comparison to the total recharge; however, the action of the wells presents effect with some regional trend in the vicinity of the biggest urban centers of the study area. The determination of the baseflows identified the stretches to long of the rivers in which the aquifer loads and is loaded. Despite the aquifer essentially supplying the rivers, the stretches in which the rivers load it are significant and important for being stretches in which the aquifer is potentially more vulnerable.

Simulation of viscoelastic fluid flows in complex geometry at high Weissenburg (Wi) number is still a challenging problem in computational rheology. In this thesis, parallel computing toolbox available in OpenFOAM has been analysed in details. The scalability of parallel viscoelastic flow solver has been critically evaluated under benchmark flow problems, including 2D and 3D 4:1 contraction flow, 2D flow past a cylinder with 50% blockage, using up to 4096 CPU cores and 55 million computational grids. Areas for further improvements in parallel computational rheology are discussed. A new monitoring and preserving molecular conformation method is proposed to overcome the unphysical artefact problem in simulation of the FENE-CD-JS model under benchmark flow problems. It greatly enhances the stability of parallel viscoelastic flow solver in simulation of high Wi number flows and, for the first time, successfully captures elastic turbulence in flow past a cylinder problem. A new constitutive model, named as FENE-CD2-JS model, is proposed to overcome the existing shortcomings of the original FENE dumbbell model. The model accounts for high order interactions between non-equilibrium polymer chain molecules and could reproduce the asymmetric oscillatory vortex dynamics in the 16:1 contraction flow geometry at high Wi number (up to 48) flow observed in the experiments. For the first time, the analysis of the spatial distribution of non-equilibrium polymer conformation, through the conformational tensor, in strong complex flow and the results of their power-law scaling are also presented.

In this work, a new method is proposed that can be used for area tracking. This method is based on the Complex Discrete Wavelet Transform (CDWT) developed by Magarey and Kingsbury. The CDWT has its advantages over the traditional Discrete Wavelet Transform such as approximate shift invariance, improved directional selectivity, and robustness to noise and illumination changes. The proposed method is a generalization of the CDWT based motion estimation method developed by Magarey and Kingsbury. The Complex Wavelet Tracker extends the original method to estimate the true motion of regions according to a parametric motion model. In this way, rotation, scaling, and shear type of motions can be handled in addition to pure translation. Simulations have been performed on the proposed method including both quantitative and qualitative tests. Quantitative tests are performed on synthetically created test sequences and results have been compared to true data. The performance is compared with intensity-based methods. Qualitative tests are performed on real sequences and evaluations are presented empirically. The results are compared with intensity-based methods. It is observed that the proposed method is very accurate in handling affine deformations for long term sequences and is robust to different target signatures and illumination changes. The accuracy of the proposed method is compatible with intensity-based methods. In addition to this, it can handle a wider range of cases and is robust to illuminaton changes compared to intensity-based methods. The method can be implemented in real-time and could be a powerful replacement of current area trackers.

No description available.

Thesis is bend on design of intake manifold for car Formula SAE. For driving of this car is used engine Yamaha YZF R6 (2005). Design of intake tract is processed so that agrees with rules and specifications for cars Formula SAE. For restriction of engine performance is in intake tract installed restrictor. For filling efficiency uplift of engine is used the resonance effect in intake pipes. Analysis of flow is carry out on simulation software for analyses of one dimensional flow.

With the increased frequency of accidental and deliberate explosions, the response of civil infrastructure systems to blast loading has become a research topic of great interest. However, with the high cost and complex safety and logistical issues associated with live explosives testing, North American blast resistant construction standards (e.g. ASCE 59-11 & CSA S850-12) recommend the use of shock tubes to simulate blast loads and evaluate relevant structural response. This study aims first at developing a 2D axisymmetric shock tube model, implemented in ANSYS Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, and then validating the model using the classical Sod’s shock tube problem solution, as well as available shock tube experimental test results. Subsequently, the developed model is compared to a more complex 3D model in terms of the pressure, velocity and gas density. The analysis results show that there is negligible difference between the two models for axisymmetric shock tube performance simulation. However, the 3D model is necessary to simulate non-axisymmetric shock tubes. The design of a shock tube depends on the intended application. As such, extensive analyses are performed in this study, using the developed 2D axisymmetric model, to evaluate the relationships between the blast wave characteristics and the shock tube design parameters. More specifically, the blast wave characteristics (e.g. peak reflected pressure, positive phase duration and the reflected impulse), were compared to the shock tube design parameters (e.g. the driver section pressure and length, the driven v section length, and perforation diameter and their locations). The results show that the peak reflected pressure increases as the driver pressure increases, while a decrease of the driven length increases the peak reflected pressure. In addition, the positive phase duration increases as both the driver length and driven length are increased. Finally, although shock tubes generally generate long positive phase durations, perforations located along the expansion section showed promising results in this study to generate short positive durations. Finally, the developed 2D axisymmetric model is used to optimize the dimensions of a proposed large-scale conical shock tube system developed for civil infrastructure blast response evaluation applications. The capabilities of this proposed shock tube system are further investigated by correlating its design parameters to a range of explosion threats identified by different hemispherical TNT charge weight and distance scenarios. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

It is well understood that multiple video cameras and computer vision (CV) technology can be used in sport for match officiating, statistics and player performance analysis. A review of the literature reveals a number of existing solutions, both commercial and theoretical, within this domain. However, these solutions are expensive and often complex in their installation. The hypothesis for this research states that by considering only changes in ball motion, automatic event classification is achievable with low-cost monocular video recording devices, without the need for 3-dimensional (3D) positional ball data and representation. The focus of this research is a rigorous empirical study of low cost single consumer-grade video camera solutions applied to table tennis, confirming that monocular CV based detected ball location data contains sufficient information to enable key match-play events to be recognised and measured. In total a library of 276 event-based video sequences, using a range of recording hardware, were produced for this research. The research has four key considerations: i) an investigation into an effective recording environment with minimum configuration and calibration, ii) the selection and optimisation of a CV algorithm to detect the ball from the resulting single source video data, iii) validation of the accuracy of the 2-dimensional (2D) CV data for motion change detection, and iv) the data requirements and processing techniques necessary to automatically detect changes in ball motion and match those to match-play events. Throughout the thesis, table tennis has been chosen as the example sport for observational and experimental analysis since it offers a number of specific CV challenges due to the relatively high ball speed (in excess of 100kph) and small ball size (40mm in diameter). Furthermore, the inherent rules of table tennis show potential for a monocular based event classification vision system. As the initial stage, a proposed optimum location and configuration of the single camera is defined. Next, the selection of a CV algorithm is critical in obtaining usable ball motion data. It is shown in this research that segmentation processes vary in their ball detection capabilities and location out-puts, which ultimately affects the ability of automated event detection and decision making solutions. Therefore, a comparison of CV algorithms is necessary to establish confidence in the accuracy of the derived location of the ball. As part of the research, a CV software environment has been developed to allow robust, repeatable and direct comparisons between different CV algorithms. An event based method of evaluating the success of a CV algorithm is proposed. Comparison of CV algorithms is made against the novel Efficacy Metric Set (EMS), producing a measurable Relative Efficacy Index (REI). Within the context of this low cost, single camera ball trajectory and event investigation, experimental results provided show that the Horn-Schunck Optical Flow algorithm, with a REI of 163.5 is the most successful method when compared to a discrete selection of CV detection and extraction techniques gathered from the literature review. Furthermore, evidence based data from the REI also suggests switching to the Canny edge detector (a REI of 186.4) for segmentation of the ball when in close proximity to the net. In addition to and in support of the data generated from the CV software environment, a novel method is presented for producing simultaneous data from 3D marker based recordings, reduced to 2D and compared directly to the CV output to establish comparative time-resolved data for the ball location. It is proposed here that a continuous scale factor, based on the known dimensions of the ball, is incorporated at every frame. Using this method, comparison results show a mean accuracy of 3.01mm when applied to a selection of nineteen video sequences and events. This tolerance is within 10% of the diameter of the ball and accountable by the limits of image resolution. Further experimental results demonstrate the ability to identify a number of match-play events from a monocular image sequence using a combination of the suggested optimum algorithm and ball motion analysis methods. The results show a promising application of 2D based CV processing to match-play event classification with an overall success rate of 95.9%. The majority of failures occur when the ball, during returns and services, is partially occluded by either the player or racket, due to the inherent problem of using a monocular recording device. Finally, the thesis proposes further research and extensions for developing and implementing monocular based CV processing of motion based event analysis and classification in a wider range of applications.