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Methods to extend the mold free shelf life of pizza crustsḤasan, Ṣalāḥ, 1964- January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
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Measuring Indoor Allergens, Fungal Sensitization, and Associations with AsthmaLittle, Maureen January 2014 (has links)
Development and exacerbation of asthma have long been associated with exposure and sensitization to allergens. While exposure to respiratory allergens such as German cockroach, mouse, cat, and dust mite is thought to occur largely by inhalation, the best method to measure the exposure remains unclear. Similarly ambiguous are the ideal measurement and allergic or respiratory effects of exposure to fungi. As most people in the industrialized world, especially small children, spend the majority of their time indoors, the home environment is of prime importance. Previous researchers have shown that poor housing quality or maintenance lead to growth of fungi, increased pest populations, and higher concentrations of other allergens and irritants. These elevated levels in turn are associated with greater rates of sensitization and asthma in the occupants.
This dissertation focused on exposure measurement, assessment of sensitization to common molds, and estimating the effects of neighborhood-level pest prevalence and housing quality on asthma symptoms. The study subjects and homes were part of either the Puerto Rican Asthma Study (PRAS), a longitudinal cohort study focused on identifying how multiple risk factors affected allergic sensitization and asthma development in U.S.-born Puerto Rican children with atopic mothers, or the Head Start Study (HSS), which examined allergen exposure and sensitization in young children of low-income families. From 199 of these New York City homes, settled dust, high-volume air, and nasal air sample measurements were simultaneously collected and analyzed for cockroach, mouse, dog, cat, rat, and mite allergens. Cockroach and mouse allergens were quantified from all three sample types while the other allergens were measured from air samples only. Ninety-three women from PRAS were tested for sensitization to six species of mold using the halogen immunoassay and four mold species using ImmunoCAP. The results were compared to previously quantified specific-IgE to other inhalant allergens as well as to self-reported allergy and asthma symptoms and demographic characteristics. Finally in a cross-sectional sample of 225 children from both study populations, the impacts of housing conditions and pests on current asthma at both the individual and neighborhood level were examined. Questionnaire data on demographics, housing factors, asthma symptoms, and health behaviors were evaluated with allergic sensitization and environmental sampling results for each child. They were also grouped and contrasted by neighborhood using United States Census neighborhood-level data on reported pest prevalence and housing quality. The effects of individual and neighborhood factors on current asthma symptoms were estimated using a generalized linear model.
Allergen concentrations were generally highest in settled dust, followed by high-volumetric air, and then nasal air samples. Mouse allergen was most frequently detected in air samples, followed by dog, cat, and cockroach. No samples contained rat or any of three types of mite allergens above the detection limit. While all three measurements enhanced the exposure picture for mouse allergen, air samples rarely had detectable cockroach allergen despite being detected in settled dust. This led to the conclusion that settled dust sampling is still crucial when assessing a child's exposure to cockroach allergen but may be less important for buoyant mammalian allergens such as mouse. Nearly one-third of the 93 mothers were sensitized to one or more molds as determined by either assay. Being sensitized was positively associated with sensitization to tree, grass, or pigeon allergens but not to other inhalant allergens. Moreover there was no association seen between sensitization to the fungal species and asthma or allergy symptoms. Of note, however, interesting differences between the halogen immunoassay and ImmunoCAP were identified that merit additional investigation. For the 225 children, current asthma symptoms were positively associated with early respiratory infections, presence of environmental tobacco smoke, having higher concentrations of cockroach allergen in bed dust, a higher intensity sensitization level to one or more inhalant allergens, and current asthma in the mothers. After adjusting for individual-level factors (cockroach allergen in bed dust, environmental tobacco smoke, and study population), no effect of neighborhood-level characteristics could be associated with current asthma prevalence. The lack of effect was likely due to a combination of factors including: small sample size, self and other selection biases, and insufficient diversity across the study population and neighborhoods
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Conditions associated with levels of allergens and fungal aerosols in selected homes of selected primary school children in Durban.Jafta, Nkosana. January 2007 (has links)
This indoor environment study formed part of the South Durban Health Study
(SDHS) that investigated the health effects of exposure to ambient air pollution. Homes
of children from seven communities corresponding schools were recruited to participate.
This study was designed to determine characteristics in the homes that are associated
with higher or lower levels of allergens and fungal aerosols.
Homes were inspected using a field tested walkthrough checklist to collect data on home
characteristics associated to adverse health effects. The characteristics include dampness,
visible mould, type of flooring, type of bedding, type of heating systems, and building
type and age. Dust samples for allergen analysis were collected from the bedding and the
floor of the sleep area used by the children. Air samples from all rooms in the house were
collected on malt extract agar, the media used for identifying and quantifying airborne
fungal aerosols.
More than 70% of the homes were single units standing on their own, 20% were
attached houses (flats or apartments) and the rest (10%) were informal houses.
Construction material of the homes comprised of bricks (93%), wood (5%) and other
material (2%) such as corrugated iron of which 94% were formally constructed.
Dampness signs were observed in 51% of the homes and visible mould growth 13% of
them. In all them, at least one characteristic that is hypothetically associated to elevated
house dust mite allergens was found. Levels of mould (Asp f 1) allergen and house dust
mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1) allergen were comparable to levels found in other parts of the
world. Asp f 1 allergen levels ranged between 0.32-1.379g/g and Der p 1 and Der f 1
allergen levels ranged from undetectable to 49.61 and from undetectable to 39.319g/g of dust respectively. Some home characteristics from walkthrough checklist were
associated with Asp f 1, Der p1 and Der f 1 allergen levels when simple regression
analysis was performed. Asp f 1 was significantly associated with single family home
[OR= 0.004 (95%CI 0.004–0.35)] and polyester filled pillows [OR= 0.07 (95%CI 0.01–
0.61)] in logistic regression models. Der p 1 allergen was associated with observed extent
of roof dampness [OR= 0.33 (95%CI 0.13–0.81)].
Fungal aerosol mixture consisted of Cladosporium spp. as the predominant genus
together with other genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium were, to a
lesser extent, identified in the samples from the homes. Mean concentration of total
indoor fungal aerosol of indoor and outdoor were 1108 CFU/m3 and 1298 CFU/m3
respectively. Individual genera of fungi in the childrens sleep area had mean levels of 783
CFU/ m3, 30CFU/ m3, 64CFU/ m3, 48CFU/ m3 and 43 CFU m3 for Cladosporium spp.,
Aspergillus spp., Penicillium, spp., Fusarium spp. and Rhizopus spp. respectively. Simple
regression showed some conditions in the homes to be predictors of higher levels of total
fungal aerosols. In a linear regression models, total outdoor fungal levels were a
protective effect on total indoor fungal levels [C= 0.542 (95%CI 0.437–0.647)] whilst
homes with hard floors had about 25 CFU/m3 [C= 5.235 (95%CI 0.557–9.913)] in the
homes were significantly associated.
This study showed the need to adapt observational instrument/ checklist/
questionnaire to suit the environment or the study area of interest. As other studies and
findings indicated, the best way to assess exposure to biological pollutants indoors needs
a combination of two or more methods, i.e. direct and indirect methods. / Thesis (MMedSc-Occupational and Environmental Health)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.
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Assessment of ethanol, honey, milk and essential oils as potential postharvest treatments of New Zealand grown fruit a thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment for the degree of Master of Applied Science at the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, 2007 /Lihandra, Eka M. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (MAppSc) -- AUT University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (x, 171 leaves : col. ill. ; 30 cm.) in City Campus Theses Collection (T 632.952 LIH)
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Depolama aşamasında hububat ve baklagil kökenli tanelerde bulunan küfler üzerine plazma uygulamasının inhibisyon etkisi /Sağlam, Meral. Başaran, Pervin. January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.
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The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate on blue stain, mould growth and surface properties of SA pinePerold, Maurits 3 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Producing high quality end products, rather than focusing on volume production, is
slowly but surely becoming the main driving force in the wood processing industry of
South Africa. Drying defects such as surface checks and discolouration by yellow
stain and kiln brown stain are major factors in softwood timber downgrades when
selecting furniture grade timber. Previous efforts to control these defects have
focused on schedule adaptation, but as the industry is still mainly concerned with
volume production, and because of the varying lumber price, longer schedules to
control these drying defects have not yet been that attractive for the larger sawmills.
In ongoing research in this laboratory, a dip treatment of freshly sawn softwood boards
in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant called sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)
was used to try to influence the mechanism involved in the development of these
stains. Further, complementary research is reported in this study. Firstly, the
possibility of using SLS solutions to control surface mould development and bluestain
was investigated. Results showed that SLS did control the development of blue stain
and mould growth in open-stacked boards for up to three weeks, using concentrations
as low as 0.1%, and up to two weeks in closed-stacked timber when using
concentrations of 0.2%.
Secondly, it was investigated whether SLS treatment would have a detrimental effect
on downstream product quality; in particular, kiln dried boards and glued components
for furniture manufacturing. Since SLS influenced fluid water flow during kiln drying,
the treatment could have exacerbated the occurrence of surface checking due to
altered moisture distribution profiles. Results of this investigation showed that the SLS
treatment did not result in increased surface checking.
Thirdly, as furniture quality timber treated with SLS would be glued, (and also finished
with surface coatings), it was further considered important to determine if SLS
treatment influenced adhesion properties of wood surfaces. Based on shear test
results, it was established that SLS did not influence the adhesion properties of wood
when glued with two most commonly used glues in the furniture industry i.e. polyvinyl
acetate (PVAc) and urea formaldehyde (UF).
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The impact of copper on filamentous fungi and yeasts present in soilCornelissen, Stephanie 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Numerous workers studied the impact of pollutants and agricultural
chemicals, containing heavy metals such as copper (Cu), on soil microbes. It
was found that elevated soil Cu levels do have a detrimental effect on soil
bacterial populations however the filamentous fungi seemed to be less
affected. Most of these studies were conducted in soils containing already
relatively high Cu levels and the effect of this heavy metal on the nonfilamentous
fungi (i.e. yeasts) was never investigated. The aim of this study
was therefore to determine the impact of elevated Cu levels on filamentous
fungi and yeasts occurring in soils containing relatively low natural Cu levels.
A synthetic selective medium containing glucose as carbon source, thymine
as nitrogen source, vitamins, minerals and chloramphenicol as anti-bacterial
agent (TMV-agar), was used to enumerate ascomycetous and
basidiomycetous Cu resistant yeasts in a sample of virgin soil containing ~
2ppm Cu. Media that were used to enumerate Cu resistant filamentous fungi
were malt extract agar, malt extract agar with streptomycin sulfate, maltyeast-
extract-peptone agar with chloramphenicol and streptomycin sulfate,
benomyl–dichloran-streptomycin medium for the enumeration of
hymenomycetous fungi and two selective media for the isolation of
mucoralean fungi. Cu resistant fungi able to grow on all of the above
mentioned solid media supplemented with 32 ppm Cu occurred in the soil
sample. To obtain an indication of the level of Cu tolerance of fungi present in
this soil sample, a number of fungal isolates were screened for the ability to
grow on a series of agar plates, prepared from glucose-glutamate-yeast
extract agar, containing increasing concentrations of Cu. It was found that
filamentous fungi and yeasts that were able to grow on this agar medium
containing up to 100 ppm Cu were present in the soil. A series of soil
microcosms was subsequently prepared from the soil sample by
experimentally contaminating the soil with increasing amounts of copper
oxychloride, were after fungal populations in the microcosms, including Cu
resistant fungi, were monitored using plate counts. At the end of the
incubation period, after 245 days, fungal biomass in the microcosms was
compared by determining the concentrations of the fungal sterol, ergosterol, inthe soil. Generally, Cu had little impact on the numbers of filamentous fungal
colony forming units on the plates, as well as on the ergosterol content of the
soil. The numbers of filamentous fungi in the soil, including the Mucorales
and hymenomycetes, seemed to be less affected by the addition of copper
oxychloride than the numbers of soil yeasts able to grow on TMV-agar. The
focus of the next chapter was on the response of yeasts in different soils to
elevated levels of Cu in the soil. TMV-agar was used to enumerate yeasts in
soil microcosms prepared from four different soil samples, which were
experimentally treated with copper oxychloride resulting in Cu concentrations
of up to 1000 ppm. The selective medium supplemented with 32 ppm Cu was
used to enumerate Cu resistant yeasts in the microcosms. The results
showed that the addition of Cu at concentrations ≥ ~1000 ppm did not have a
significant effect on total yeast numbers in the soil. Furthermore, it was found
that Cu resistant yeasts were present in all the soil samples regardless of the
amount of Cu that the soil was challenged with. At the end of the incubation
period, yeasts in the microcosms with zero and ~1000 ppm additional Cu
were enumerated, isolated and identified using sequence analyses of the
D1/D2 600-650bp region of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA.
Hymenomycetous species dominated in the control soil, while higher numbers
of the urediniomycetous species were found in the soil that received Cu.
These observations suggest that urediniomycetous yeasts may play an
important role in re-establishing overall microbial activity in soils following
perturbations such as the addition of Cu-based fungicides. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vele navorsers het al die impak van besoedelingstowwe en landbouchemikalieë
wat swaarmetale soos koper (Cu) bevat, op grond-mikrobes
bestudeer. Dit is gevind dat verhoogde Cu vlakke ‘n nadelige effek het op
grond-bakteriese populasies, maar dat die filamentagtige fungi geneig is om
minder geaffekteer te word. Meeste van hierdie studies is gedoen met
gronde wat alreeds relatief hoë Cu vlakke bevat het en die effek van hierdie
swaarmetaal op die nie-filamentagtige fungi (d.i. giste) is nooit ondersoek nie.
Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om die impak van verhoogde Cu vlakke
op filamentagtige fungi en giste in gronde, wat natuurlike lae vlakke van Cu
bevat, te bepaal. ‘n Sintetiese selektiewe medium wat glukose as
koolstofbron, timien as stikstofbron, vitamiene, minerale asook chloramfenikol
as anti-bakteriese agent bevat (TMV-agar), is gebruik om askomisete en
basidiomisete Cu weerstandbiedende giste in ‘n monster ongeskonde grond,
bevattende ~ 2dpm Cu, te tel. Media wat gebruik is om Cu
weerstandbiedende filamentagtige fungi te tel, was mout-ekstrak agar, moutekstrak
agar met streptomisiensulfaat, benomiel-dichloran-streptomisien
medium vir die tel van hiemenomiseetagtige fungi en twee media vir die
isolasie van mukoraliese fungi. Cu-weerstandbiedende fungi wat op al die
bogenoemde media, aangevul met 32 dpm Cu, kon groei, het in die
grondmonster voorgekom. Om die mate van Cu-weerstandbiedendheid van
fungi wat in die grondmonster voorkom, te bepaal, is ‘n getal fungus-isolate op
agarplate, voorberei met glukose-glutamaat-gis ekstrak agar, bevattende
verhoogde konsentrasies Cu, nagegaan. Daar is gevind dat daar
filamentagtige fungi en giste in die grond voorkom wat die vermoë het om op
media bevattende 100 dpm Cu te groei. ‘n Reeks grond mikrokosmosse is
dus voorberei vanaf die grondmonster deur om dit eksperimenteel te
kontamineer met verhoogde hoeveelhede koper oksichloried, waarna die
fungus-populasies asook die Cu-weerstandbiedende fungi in die mikrokosmos
gemoniteer is deur middel van plaattellings. Aan die einde van die inkubasie
periode, 245 dae, is die fungus biomassa in al die mikrokosmosse bereken
deur die konsentrasie van die fungus sterool ergosterool te bepaal en dit met
mekaar te vergelyk. Oor die algemeen het Cu min impak ten opsigte van diegetal filamentagtige fungi kolonie vormende eenhede die plate, asook op die
ergosterool inhoud van die grond gehad. Dit wil voorkom of die getal
filamentagtige fungi in die grond, insluitende die Mucorales en die
hymenomisete, minder geaffekteer is deur die toediening van
koperoksichloried as die aantal grondgiste wat op die TMV-agar kan groei.
Die fokus van die volgende hoofstuk was dus op die reaksie wat giste in
verskillende grondtipes gehad het op verhoogde Cu in die grond. TMV-agar
is gebruik om die getal giste te bepaal in die grond mikrokosmosse van die
vier verskillende grondmonsters, wat voorberei is deur om dit eksperimenteel
met koper oksikloried te kontamineer tot en met Cu konsentrasies van 1000
dpm. Die selektiewe medium wat gesupplementeer is met 32 dpm Cu, is
gebruik om Cu weerstandbiedende giste in die mikrokosmosse te bepaal. Die
resultate toon dat die toevoeging van Cu by konsentrasies ≥ ~1000 dpm nie
enige beduidende effek op die totale gis getalle gehad het nie. Daar is ook
gevind dat daar Cu weerstandbiedende giste in die grond monsters voorkom
gekom het ten spyte van die hoeveelheid Cu wat tot die grond toegevoeg is.
Aan die einde van die inkubasie periode is die giste wat die die
mikrokosmosse bevattende nul en ~1000 dpm Cu getel, geïsoleer en
geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van DNA volgorde bepaling van die
D1/D2 600-650 bp areas geleë in die groter subeenheid van die ribosonale
DNA. Hymenomisete spesies het in die grond kontrole gedomineer, terwyl
hoër getalle uredinomisete spesies in die grond met addisionele Cu gevind is.
Die resultate dui daarop dat uredinomisete giste dalk ‘n belangrike rol kan
speel in die hervestiging van die oorwegende mikrobiese aktiwiteit in grond na
skoktoestande soos die aanwending van Cu-gebaseerde fungisiede.
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Characterization and identification of microbial communities in pigeon droppings using Culture-Independent techniquesLeareng, Samuel Keeng 08 1900 (has links)
M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology| / Pigeon droppings, found in abundance in most cities and towns where pigeons are found, are a source of potential yeast and molds into the environment. Invasive fungal infections are a cause of morbidity and often mortality in immunocompromised individuals. The objective of this study was to the identification of bacterial and mold agents from pigeon droppings. Pigeon droppings samples were collected from three locations during the winter and summer months and studied for the occurrence of bacteria, yeast and molds by utilising culture-independent techniques. Amplification of the 16S rDNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, cloning and ARDRA and DGGE were used for the characterisation of the microbial populations followed by sequencing. Several mold and yeasts, as well as bacteria were found to be present in pigeon droppings, which can spread into the environment and be transmitted to immunocompromised individuals and children.
DGGE analysis of the bacterial communities revealed banding patterns that clustered all but one winter samples and all summer samples, showing a high similarity among the microbial members in both seasons and sample locations. Fungal DGGE analysis revealed clusters that grouped summer and winter samples from Johannesburg and Pretoria while VUT samples were clustered on their own. From the identification of fungal and bacterial DNA, Cryptococcus species was the majority of fungi isolated from the dropping samples. Geotrichum, Kazachstania and Fusarium species were isolated from phylotypes obtained from ITS amplicons analysed by ARDRA. Lactobacillus and Enteroccoccus species, organisms usually found in the gastrointestinal tract were the common bacterial members identified. The results showed no difference in microbial communities across all sample locations, while seasonal changes also had no impact in microbial community patterns.
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Assessing Mold Risks in Buildings under UncertaintyMoon, Hyeun Jun 15 July 2005 (has links)
Microbial growth is a major cause of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) problems. The implications of mold growth range from unacceptable musty smells and defacement of interior finishes, to structural damage and adverse health effects, not to mention lengthy litigation processes. Mold is likely to occur when a favorable combination of humidity, temperature, and substrate nutrient are maintained long enough. As many modern buildings use products that increase the likelihood of molds (e.g., paper and wood based products), reported cases have increased in recent years.
Despite decades of intensive research efforts to prevent mold, modern buildings continue to suffer from mold infestation. The main reason is that current prescriptive regulations focus on the control of relative humidity only. However, recent research has shown that mold occurrences are influenced by a multitude of parameters with complex physical interactions. The set of relevant building parameters includes physical properties of building components, aspects of building usage, certain materials, occupant behavior, cleaning regime, HVAC system components and their operation, and other. Mold occurs mostly as the unexpected result of an unforeseen combination of the uncertain building parameters.
Current deterministic mold assessment studies fail to give conclusive results. These simulations are based on idealizations of the building and its use, and therefore unable to capture the effect of the random, situational, and sometimes idiosyncratic nature of building use and operation.
The presented research takes a radically different approach, based on the assessment of the uncertainties of all parameters and their propagation through a mixed set of simulations using a Monte Carlo technique. This approach generates a mold risk distribution that reveals the probability of mold occurrence in selected trouble spots in a building. The approach has been tested on three building cases located in Miami and Atlanta. In all cases the new approach was able to show the circumstances under which the mold risk could increase substantially, leading to a set of clear specifications for remediation and, in for new designs, to A/E procurement methods that will significantly reduce any mold risk.
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Integrated use of yeast, hot water and potassium silicate treatments for the control of postharvest green mould of citrus and litchi.Abraham, Abraha Okbasillasie. January 2010 (has links)
There is a growing recognition globally that many agrochemicals are hazardous to humans, animals and the environment. Therefore, there is a need to substitute these chemical products with biological and physical treatments, and to change agronomic practices in order to control pests and diseases in agriculture. The primary objective of this thesis was to develop and test in laboratory, field and commercial packhouses trials as alternative control measures against green mould of citrus (caused by Penicillium digitatum Pers: Fr. Sacc) and Penicillium molds of litchi (caused by several Penicillium). A South African isolate of P. digitatum, isolated from an infected orange fruit, was found to be resistant to imazalil (the standard postharvest fungicide used in South Africa). Sixty yeast and 92 Bacillus strains were screened for their antagonistic activity against this isolate of P. digitatum. None of the yeasts or Bacillus isolates produced a curative action against P. digitatum on oranges. However, yeast Isolate B13 provided excellent preventative control of P. digitatum, superior to all the Bacillus isolates, when it was applied to citrus fruit prior to artificial inoculation with P. digitatum. Electron microscopy showed that yeast Isolate B13 inhibited conidial germination of P. digitatum. For the control of P. digitatum pre-harvest, trees were sprayed with a yeast, Isolate B13, a few months or a few days before harvest. However, this treatment alone proved to be ineffective in providing preventative control of green mould on Valencia oranges. For the control of P. digitatum preharvest, trees were treated with potassium silicate for a full season. Regular potassium silicate treatments resulted in a significant preventative control of P. digitatum infection on both navel and Valencia oranges. Treatment of Eureka lemons with potassium silicate as a postharvest treatment for the control of P. digitatum resulted in reduced disease lesion diameters when applied preventatively or curatively. Electron microscopy showed that potassium silicate inhibited germination of P. digitatum conidia and growth of its mycelium. Hot-water dip treatment at 50-58°C for 60-180 seconds (in increments of 15 seconds), significantly reduced infection development in inoculated wounds of Valencia oranges compared with control fruit treated with tap water, without causing any rind damage. The integration of the yeast, a hot water dip and potassium silicate pre-and postharvest applications provided control of P. digitatum control in multiple packhouse trials. The control achieved by the yeast Isolate B13 or hot-water, and potassium silicate in the packhouse alone was superior or equivalent to that provided by imazalil. A similar study was also carried out to determine possible control measures for Penicillium sp. on litchis. In this study, a total of 23 yeast and 13 Bacillus isolates were obtained from litchi fruit surfaces. Ten yeast and 10 Bacillus isolates that had shown good efficacy against P. digitatum of citrus were added to these for screening against Penicillium sp. of litchis. None of the yeasts or Bacillus isolates produced a curative action against Penicillium sp. infection on litchis. However, several yeast isolates (YL4, YL10, YLH and B13) resulted in reduced severity of the pathogen, when applied preventatively, compared with an untreated control. The yeast isolates were superior to all the Bacillus isolates, when applied to litchis prior to artificial inoculation by Penicillium infection on litchis. Potassium silicate as a postharvest treatment for the control of the pathogen caused reduced lesion diameters when applied preventatively or curatively to naturally infected litchis. The results presented in this thesis highlight the use of biological, physical and agronomic practices singly or in combination as an alternative control strategy against citrus postharvest green mould. This thesis also provides an insight into expanding these strategies, partly or fully, for the control of other postharvest Penicillium infections using litchi as an example. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
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