The replacement of chromate conversion coatings for zinc coated components has been necessitated by the materials finishing industries due to the inherent toxicity issues with Cr(VI) and the legislative enforcement of WEEE and ELV Directives by the European Union. Current replacements are based on non-chromate , Cr(III) systems, these may be perceived by some to be problematic as they still contain chromium . Molybdate based conversion coatings have long been viewed by many researchers to be a viable non-chromium alternative due to their low toxicity. An extensive literature review of the research carried out in the last 20 years was carried out, highlighting areas of interest for improving the corrosion resistance of the coatings studied. These were, primarily, the synergesis that exists with molybdate and phosphate compounds for corrosion resistance and the incorporation of nanoparticle silica into treatment solution. Also discovered was the importance of the acid used to adjust treatment solution pH, immersion time, oxidising agent additions and the incorporation of rare earth metal species. Silicate sealant layers were also highlighted as a post treatment. Molybdate-based coatings were formed on commercial electrodeposited acid zinc surfaces. Many treatment conditions were investigated, and initially performance analysed using DC Linear Polarisation Resistance (LPR) trials. Subsequently, the highest performing coatings were subjected to the more aggressive, industry standard, ASTM B 117 Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) corrosion test. The highest performing molybdate coatings were found to have an average LPR of ~ 9 000 Ω. cm2, in contrast to ~ 12 000 Ω. cm2 for the Cr(VI) based reference. NSS results were amongst the highest performing for molybdate based coatings documented, at 24 h until 5% white rust, however remained inferior to Cr(VI) coatings, which lasted 120 h. The highest performing coatings were characterised using FEG-SEM, Cryofracture EDXA and site specific AES. These techniques revealed that the enhanced molybdate coatings had a columnar structure that was around 300 nm thick, with pores that appeared to expose the substrate. AES showed this type of coating to have a mixed Mo, P and Zn oxide surface. Corrosion initiation was also studied; this can be thought of as an investigation to determine the point(s) of weakness or the mechanism that causes coating failure. Coatings were immersed in 5 % wt/ vol NaCl(aq) until they showed any surface change. Initial signs of corrosion were deemed to be any appearance of pitting or discolouration of the film, not a voluminous corrosion product. Untreated Zn, Cr(VI) and simple molybdate coatings were studied as well as enhanced molybdate coatings. There were clear differences in the way the coatings behaved at the onset of corrosion. Cr(VI) coatings delaminated, leaving an area of decreased Cr concentration. The enhanced molybdate coatings failed by the appearance of localised pores of ~ 70 µm in diameter. Substrate exposure was indisputably the reason for coating failure in chloride environments. In light of the work carried out in the present thesis the outlook for the use of molybdate as a potential replacement for chromate for the conversion coating of electrodeposited zinc surfaces is a positive one.

Molybdates and tungstates belonging to the scheelite family constitute an important class of materials, which have advantages as a relatively low cost and being non-polluting. Barium molybdate (BaMoO4), barium tungstate (BaWO4), calcium molybdate (CaMoO4) and calcium tungstate (CaWO4) have been extensively studied due their photoluminescent properties, besides that they also present catalysis and photocatalysis applications. However, to the best of our knowledge there are no structural characterizations of BaMoO4, BaWO4 and CaMoO4 by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in the literature. In this work, powders of these 4 compounds were prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MAH) method and polymeric precursor method (PPM) and their structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The morphology and particle size of these crystalline powders were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Furthermore, BaMoO4, BaWO4 and CaWO4 were employed as solid catalysts towards gas phase toluene oxidation reactions and their optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns confirm the phase purity of materials from both preparation methods and reveal a preferential growth when the powders are prepared by MAH due polymeric agents and processing using microwave, which was confirmed by FE-SEM. XANES and EXAFS results show that the preparation method did not introduce high disorders into the structure, however the H2 Temperature-Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR) measurements indicated that the catalyst reducibility is affected by the preparation method of the samples. PL emissions were attributed to the charge-transfer transitions within the [WO4]2- and [MoO4]2- complexes. / Os óxidos molibdatos e tungstatos, pertencentes a família das scheelitas, constituem urna importante classe de materiais que apresentam a vantagem de possuem relativo baixo custo e não serem poluentes. Molibdato de bário (BaMoO4), tungstato de bário (BaWO4), molibdato de cálcio (CaMoO4) e o tungstato de cálcio (CaWO4) tern sido extensivamente estudados devido as suas propriedades fotoluminescentes, além de apresentarem aplicações em catálise e fotocatálise. No entanto, não foi encontrada na literatura caracterizações estruturais de BaMoO4, BaWO4 e CaMoO4 por espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS). Neste trabalho, partículas destes quatro compostos foram preparados pelo método hidrotermal assistido por micro-ondas (MAH) e método dos precursores poliméricos (PPM). Suas propriedades estruturais foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X (XRD) e espectroscopia de absorção de raios X na região XANES (do inglês X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) e região EXAFS (do inglês Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure). A morfologia e o tamanho de partícula desses pós cristalinos foram observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura por emissão de campo (FE-SEM). Além disso, BaMoO4, BaWO4 e CaWO4 foram empregados como catalisadores sólidos para as reações de oxidação de tolueno em fase gasosa e as suas propriedades ópticas foram investigadas por medidas de absorção no ultravioleta/visível (UV-Vis) e fotoluminescência (PL). Os padrões XRD confirmam a pureza de fase dos materiais obtidos em ambos os métodos de preparação e revelam um crescimento preferencial dos pós preparados por MAH devido aos agentes poliméricos e ao processamento usando micro-ondas, esse crescimento foi confirmado pelas micrografias obtidas por FE-SEM. Os resultados de XANES e EXAFS mostram que o método de preparação não introduz desordens elevadas na estrutura, no entanto, as medidas de redução à temperatura programada (H2-TPR) indicaram que a redução do catalisador e afetada pelo método de preparação das amostras. As emissões de PL foram atribuídas às transições de transferência de carga dentro dos complexos [WO4]2- e [MoO4]2-.

The aim of the research in this thesis was to study how environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for cooling water systems might be developed and used. Firstly, reduced toxicity inorganic corrosion inhibitors (i.e. nitrite/molybdate) were considered. Secondly, non-toxic inhibitors based on mono and di-basic salts of carboxylic acids were studied systematically as a function of carbon chain length. For nitrite inhibitor alone, a concentration of 7 mM NaNO2 was effective to inhibit carbon steel in chloride media of 10 mM NaCl, while 10 mM nitrite was needed in sulphate media of 3.66 mM Na2SO4. However, it was found possible to significantly reduce the concentration of nitrite by adding molybdate in synergy. This was attributed to the nitrite passivation combined with ferrous molybdate salt film pore plugging thus promoting a continuous and protective film on the material within these media. Thus, in pH 6-10 an inhibition efficiency of 97% was recorded with a mixture of 3 mM nitrite/2 mM molybdate in both chloride and sulphate media and at 25°C and 60°C. However as the solution pH decreased below pH 4 the inhibition efficiency decreased to about 47%.In the second part of the study, the use of sodium salts of carboxylic acids with different chain lengths has been investigated. In this part a summary of the performances and limitations of both mono- and di-sodium carboxylate inhibitors are presented. For mono-carboxylates, the inhibition efficiency reached a maximum value of 95% in stagnant aerated solutions at a chain length of C=4 with a critical inhibition concentration of 6 mM in 10 mM NaCl solution. However the inhibition efficiency gradually decreased as the number of carbon atoms in the chain length increased to more than 8, or less than 4, and this was in agreement with surface hydrophobicity and contact angle results. For lower chain lengths, the carboxylate anion becomes more acidic and complexing of the metal ion while for longer chain lengths, the carboxylate anion becomes less soluble and tends to micellise wherby the active groups are no longer available for surface adsorption. For di-carboxylates the inhibition efficiency improved in 10 mM NaCl at a given chain length compared with mono-carboxylates, and continued to increase to C=8 (sebacate), which achieved excellent inhibition efficiency. However, sebacate is costly so a blend with ethyl hexanoate was found to be economically favoured.

Neste trabalho, foi investigado o processo de crescimento de fibras monocristalinas (FMc) para aplicação em sistemas laser. Para o aperfeiçoamento na fabricação de FMc de fluoretos, foi projetada e construída uma nova câmara de crescimento para um forno comercial de micro-pulling down (μ-PD), permitindo um rígido controle da atmosfera de processamento, (sob vácuo, fluxo e atmosferas estáticas). Paralelamente, foi investigado o processo de crescimento de FMc de molibdatos duplos de terras raras, sendo crescidas e caracterizadas fibras puras e dopadas com Nd3+ do composto LiLa(MoO4)2 (LLM) com concentrações na faixa de 0,5 a 10mol%. A câmara de crescimento projetada para o controle de atmosfera foi avaliada em diversas condições de operação. Em particular, a mesma foi testada com o puxamento de fibras de LiF, sob atmosfera de CF4, para observação da sua eficiência no controle da atmosfera de crescimento. Foram obtidas FMc de LLM, homogêneas e transparentes; nas fibras puras foi observada a presença de facetas, entretanto, a adequação dos parâmetros de crescimento e a adição de dopantes permitiu a redução significativa destes defeitos. A difração de raios-x mostrou a cristalização no grupo espacial I41/a; medidas de tomografia por coerência ótica permitiram a detecção de centros de espalhamento em regiões onde ocorreram instabilidades no processo de crescimento. Foi possível observar que o coeficiente de segregação do íon Nd3+ é próximo à unidade nesta matriz. O ganho potencial para ação laser foi determinado utilizando-se uma solução numérica das equações de taxa do sistema em 805nm e regime CW. O ganho máximo da emissão laser em 1,064 μm foi previsto para a dopagem de 5% mol Nd3+. / In this work we investigated crystal growth procedures aiming the development of single crystal fiber (SCF) for laser applications. For quality optimization in the fabrication of fluorides SCF a new growth chamber for a micro-pulling down furnace (μ-PD) was constructed targeting the fibers fabrication with strict atmosphere control (high vacuum, gas flux and static atmospheres). Simultaneously, the SCF growth process of rare earth double molybdates was studied. The growth of pure and Nd3+-doped SCF of LiLa(MoO4)2 (LLM) was studied in the range of 0,5 - 10mol% doping. The designed furnace growth chamber with controlled atmosphere was successfully constructed and tested under different conditions. Specially, it was tested with the growth of LiF SFC under CF4 atmosphere showing the expected results. Transparent and homogeneous SCF of Nd:LLM were grown. In the pure fibers was observed facets formation, however, these defects were minimized after tuning of the growth parameters and additionally with the fibers doping. X-ray analysis showed the crystallization of a single phase (space group I41/a); the optical coherence tomography showed the presence of scattering centers only in regions were some growth stability occurred due to the manual process control. The measured Nd3+ distribution showed uniform incorporation, indicative of a segregation coefficient close to unity in LLM. The potential laser gain of the system was determined using a numerical solution of the rate equations system for the 805nm, CW pumping regime, showing the maximum laser emission gain at 1.064 μm for a Nd3+-doping of 5mol%.

This work deals with the search for new molybdate-type catalyst formulations for the activation of light alkanes and their conversion to alkenes. In the first part, we showed that is possible to stabilize the beta-phase of NiMoO4 (as pure phase) by incorporating a certain amount of Co in its lattice. The sol-gel method was also applied to the synthesis of solid solutions of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4. The main difference between the bulk and silica-dispersed Ni-Co-Mo catalysts prepared by citrate or sol-gel methods as well as impregnation, is related to the fact that it is possible to stabilize the beta-Ni1-xCoxMoO4 phase throughout the whole composition range in the dispersed catalysts. Moreover, the catalytic data emphasize the advantage of using mixed Ni-Co molybdates in comparison with simple Ni or Co molybdates and also the fact that a higher activity is reached when these active phases are dispersed in a silica matrix. In the second part, we reported on the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of solid solutions of Ni and Co molybdates dispersed on different supports such as Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3-MgO. These experiments demonstrate that supporting or dispersing the mixed Ni1-xCoxMoO4 phase on any kind of support leads to the preferential stabilization of the beta-phase. It was also shown that catalysts characterized by intermediate acid-base properties give better catalytic performances than those with high acidity or high basicity. Bi and/or Ln- (La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Tb) modified Ni, Co and mixed Ni-Co molybdates were prepared, characterized and investigated from the point of view of their catalytic behaviour. The incorporation of a lanthanide in Ni and/or Co molybdate stabilizes the b-phase for citrate-prepared catalysts. Concerning the catalytic activity of these solids, a strong enhancement of the catalytic activity and the selectivity towards propene is observed when solid solutions of beta-NiMoO4 and beta-CoMoO4 are modified by a lanthanide, except in the case of Sm. The Tb-modified catalyst is the one displaying the highest propene productivity, but the most selective catalysts are those modified by La or Pr. Incorporation of Ce strongly improves the catalytic activity, more than propene selectivity. The presence of Bi in the formulation of the catalyst results in a lower propene selectivity.

Abstract This thesis is a summary of five papers, containing equilibrium and structure studies of aqueous molybdate and peroxomolybdate species. Some of the peroxomolybdate species have also been studied in terms of their dynamic and catalytic properties. The primary objective was to characterize species with potential catalytic activity, with emphasis on thebleach process of kraft pulp. For this, potentiometry, EXAFS and 17O, 31P, 1H and 95 Mo NMR have been used. The molybdate speciation in 0.300 M Na2(SO4) medium was found to differ from that in 0.600 M Na(Cl) medium, in that the uncharged monomeric molybdate species H2MoO4 was stronger in the sulphate medium, while highly charged species, such as Mo7O24 6-, became somewhat less pronounced. Diperoxomolybdate species, (MoX2)n (X = peroxo ligand, n = 1-2), dominated the peroxomolybdate systems when sufficient peroxide was available. Both sulphate and chloride coordinated to molybdenum in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and these species were more inert than diperoxomolybdate species without coordinated medium anions. Chemical exchange rates increased upon protonation. A dimeric triperoxomolydate species was the only species found that contained more than two peroxo groups per molybdenum atom. At low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, monoperoxoheptamolybdate species, Mo7X, were found. Phosphate was found to coordinate relatively weakly to molybdate in the presence of peroxide. Species with four different nuclearities, i.e. (MoX2)nP (n = 1-4), were found. At excess of peroxide, no molybdophosphates were present. Chemical exchange rates were found to be substantially lower than in the peroxomolybdate system. The aqueous monomeric diperoxomolybdate species retain the pentagonal bipyramidal seven-coordination found in the solid state, although with increased bond lengths. Sulphate seems to coordinate to molybdenum in a monodentate fashion by replacing an oxygen atom. Chloride probably coordinates by replacing an oxygen atom as well. For the dimeric diperoxomolybdate species, a single oxygen-bridge was proposed. Conjugated carbon double bonds in the side chains of lignin model compounds were found to be hydroxylated or epoxidised by peroxomolybdate species. The addition of phosphate did not affect the type or yield of oxidation products noticeably. It was also shown that hydrogen peroxide, in the absence of molybdate, did not react to any noticeable extent with the lignin model compounds under these conditions.

La transformation des alcanes en alcènes présente un grand intérêt. Elle permet de transformer des hydrocarbures satures, gaz naturels bon marche, abondants et presque inutilisables en synthèse organique, en alcènes, produits de base de nombreuses fabrications. La formation du propène à partir du propane par déshydrogénation oxydante est la première étape de la synthèse de l'acide acrylique, produit utilise principalement dans l'industrie textile. La réaction d'oxydation du propane sur catalyseur de molybdate de nickel s'avère particulièrement intéressante. En effet, les produits de réaction contiennent non seulement du propène mais aussi de l'acroléine et de l'acide acrylique obtenus directement à partir du propane. De façon à améliorer les performances de ce catalyseur, nous avons tente de comprendre comment se passe la réaction. Une étude cinétique de la réaction de transformation du propane en propène sur molybdate de nickel de composition atomique Ni/Mo voisine de 1 (0,98) a été conduite. Pour modéliser la réaction, nous avons proposé un mécanisme réactionnel en six étapes et l'étude cinétique a permis de préciser que l'étape limitante pouvait être soit l'étape d'adsorption du propane, soit l'étape d'oxydation du propane à la surface du catalyseur. Afin de déterminer l'influence du mode de préparation sur les propriétés catalytiques, nous avons préparé plusieurs catalyseurs de rapport atomique variable et nous les avons caractérises notamment par mesures de conductivité électrique. Nous avons mis en évidence la relation entre les bons résultats catalytiques et la conductivité par électrons des produits riches en molybdène, ce qui permet de penser que la réaction d'oxydation du propane en propène est initiée par la réduction d'atomes de molybdène en position interstitielle dans le solide. Ceci faciliterait soit la fixation des gaz sur le solide, soit la réaction avec l'oxygène superficiel du molybdate de nickel

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996, härtill 4 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Darmstadt.

Orientador: Elson Longo da Silva / Banca: Paulo Lisboa Noronha Filho / Banca: Máximo Siu Li / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Pizani / Banca: Luis Presley Serejo dos Santos / Resumo: Cristais de PbMoO4 foram obtidos por intermédio do método coprecipitação (CP) a temperatura ambiente e processadas em diferentes temperaturas (60oC-120oC) por 10 minutos utilizando o método processamento hidrotérmico (PH). Os micros octaedros foram caracterizados estruturalmente por intermédio de técnica de difração de raios X (DRX), refinamento estrutural de Rietveld, espectroscopia de micro-Raman (MR) e de absorção no infravermelho (IVTF). Suas propriedades ópticas foram investigadas por intermédio das técnicas de espectroscopia de ultravioleta visível (UV-Vís) e de fotoluminescência (FL). Os padrões de difração de raios X e os espectros de micro-Raman indicaram que estes cristais possuem uma estrutura tipo scheelita com estrutura cristalina tetragonal sem a presença de fases secundárias. Os dados de refinamentos Rietveld foram empregados a fim de monitorar as diferenças estruturais nos pós de PbMoO4 preparados pelos dois métodos. Os espectros de MR mostraram um modo de vibração ν1 (Ag), situado na em torno de 876 cm-1, o qual está relacionado com as vibrações simétricas de alongamento da ligação Mo-O nos clusters [MoO4]. Espectros de IVTF apresentaram uma banda larga de absorção com dois modos ν3 (Eu e Au), localizada cerca de 749 e 756 cm-1, para PbMoO4 obtido pelo método de CP e 864 e 851 cm-1 para PbMoO4 obtidos pelo método de PH em diferentes temperaturas. Esses modos vibracionais estão associados ao alongamento antisimétrico O-Mo-O nos clusters [MoO4]. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de campo induzido (MEV-FEG) foram empregadas para observar as morfologias dos materiais e acompanhar a evolução do crescimento e transformação desses cristais. Medidas de UV-Vís evidenciaram um aumento nos valores de band gap (3,14 eV a 3,19 eV) com o aumento da temperatura de processamento hidrotérmico. As propriedades PL foram explicadas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: PbMoO4 crystals have been obtained by means of coprecipitation (CP) method at room temperature and processed at different temperatures (60oC -120oC) for 10 minutes by using conventional hydrothermal method (CH). These micro-octahedrons were structurally characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinements, micro-Raman (MR) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. Their optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns and micro-Raman spectra indicated that these crystals have a scheelite-type tetragonal structure without the presence of deleterious phases. Rietveld refinements data were employed in order to monitor the structural differences into PbMoO4 lattice of the crystals prepared by two methods. MR spectra showed a high mode ν1 (Ag) situated at around 876 cm-1, which is related to the Mo-O symmetric stretching vibrations into the [MoO4] clusters. FTIR spectra exhibited a large absorption band with two modes ν3 (Eu and Au) located at around 749 and 756 cm-1, for PbMoO4 obtained by CP method and 864 and 851cm-1 for PbMoO4 obtained by PH at different temperatures, which are associated to the O-Mo-O antisymmetric stretching vibrations into the [MoO4] clusters. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) micrographs were employed to observe the shape and monitor the evolution of growth and processing of these crystals. UV-vis absorption measurements evidenced a reduction in optical band gap values (from 3,14 eV to 3,19 eV) with the increase of CH processing temperature. PL properties of were explained through a model based in distortions on the tetrahedral [MoO4] clusters due to intrinsic defects at medium range and presence of intermediary energy levels (deep and shallow holes) within the band gap. Finally, the growth mechanisms were proposed for... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor