This thesis contends that the subjective meanings and value attached to money may, in part, be a function of identity-related norms and values. This proposed relationship between identity issues and monetary attitudes/behaviour is explored across a series of methodologically diverse studies. It is argued that psychological approaches to money, despite their efforts to the contrary, frequently concur with traditional economic models of human behaviour in so far as they rest on similarly static, de-contextualised notions of the self. The research described here aims to substitute these implicit assumptions about the nature of selfhood with a social psychological account of the 'self and thus with an explicit focus on subjective identification processes, ha doing so, the present approach draws on the Social Identity tradition. First, findings from an exploratory interview study illustrate a) that identity concerns are central for people's understandings of money, b) that the relationship between money and selfhood is dilemmatic, and c) that money meanings and usage relate to identity across different levels of abstractions (i.e. personal, social, human). Second, a series of experimental studies (based on predictions derived from the Social Identity model of the self) shows that attitudes towards money can vary as a function of both social identity salience and the comparative context in which a given identity is salient. The association between social identification, specific identity contents and monetary attitudes is also addressed. Finally, an exploration of the relationship between identity concerns and decision-making processes within a Prisoner's Dilemma-type setting indicates that identity and the social knowledge derived from it play a crucial role, not only with regard to how people attempt to meet their goals in this context but also in terms of how these goals are defined. The broader implication of these findings with regard to 'rational choice' models of human agency are discussed.

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A hipótese da neutralidade da moeda tem como marco teórico a Teoria Quantitativa da Moeda (TQM), que é fundamentada a partir da equação de trocas de Fisher, supondo que a velocidade-renda da moeda é constante, sendo o produto real determinado exogenamente por variáveis não-monetárias, tais como a tecnologia, o estoque de capital e a oferta de trabalho. Mas, o produto real é realmente exógeno no Brasil? Ou, em outras palavras, é válida a hipótese de neutralidade da moeda? Esse tema tem sido objeto de muitos estudos empíricos. Ademais, o efeito Tobin e as teorias de crescimento endógeno sugerem que pode haver um efeito real da moeda no longo prazo. Este trabalho investigou as possíveis relações de longo prazo entre a oferta nominal de moeda, o nível de preços e o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) real para o Brasil de 1946 a 2008, utilizando dados de baixa frequência (anuais). Para a parte empírica foi utilizado o teste de cointegração de Johansen e integração das variáveis, com destaque para o estudo de estacionaridade da velocidade de circulação da moeda, que se mostrou ser constante apenas na presença de quebras estruturais. Principalmente, foram utilizados testes de exogeneidade, com o objetivo de permitir ao pesquisador trabalhar com um conjunto de informações o mais amplo possível, vale dizer, que englobasse as informações que proviessem da teoria econômica e do processo gerador de dados. Quanto aos testes de raiz unitária, encontrou-se que as variáveis em estudo (y, m e p) são I(1), ou seja, são estacionárias apenas em primeira diferença. Os resultados encontrados vão no sentido de validar a exogeneidade do produto real, apesar de os resultados provenientes do teste de causalidade Granger não ter sido conclusivo. Dessa forma, este trabalho cria evidências a favor da hipótese da neutralidade da moeda. / The hypothesis of neutrality of money is the theoretical framework of the Quantity Theory of Money (QTM), which is based from the Fishers equation of exchange, assuming that the income-velocity of money is constant, the real output is exogenously determined by nonmonetary variables, such as technology, capital stock and labor supply. But the real output is truly exogenous in Brazil? Or, in other words, it is valid the hypothesis of neutrality of money? This theme has been the subject of many studies. In addition, the Tobin effect and the endogenous growth theories suggest that there may be a real effect of money in the long run. This study investigated the possible long-run relationships between the nominal money supply, the price level and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Brazil from 1946 to 2008, using low frequency (annual) data . For the empirical test was used the Johansen cointegration and integration of the variables, especially the study of the stationarity of the velocity of money circulation, which provided to be constant only in the presence of structural breaks. Mainly, we used exogeneity tests in order to allow the researcher to work with a set of information as broad as possible, ie, encompassing the information come from the economic theory and data generator process. For the unit root tests, it was found that the study variables (y, m e p) are I (1), ie, are stationary only in first difference. The results are in line to validate the exogeneity of real output, although the results from the Granger causality test was not conclusive. Thus, this work creates evidence for the hypothesis of neutrality of money.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-10-30T22:34:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmar_Derengoski_2018.pdf: 894012 bytes, checksum: 48f662b46620dd2cb10c996ad188b65a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-30T22:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmar_Derengoski_2018.pdf: 894012 bytes, checksum: 48f662b46620dd2cb10c996ad188b65a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present dissertation pretens conceptualize the value theory in Karl Marx through his most expressive book: The Capital - Critique of Political Economy - Book I - The Process of Capital Production (2013). As well as analyzing the social relationship inserted in the capitalist system mode of production. For this work, we searching demonstrate in detail the operation of capitalist system. We showing for Marx the capitalist mode of production is guid by the production and exchange of products. For this purpose we show in detail on the relationship between producers and consumers as a fundamental base for the totally operation of the system. Starting from the most simplest relationship and arriving in the most complex. For this idea we conceptualize the goods according of inseparable two sides: value of use and value of change. Then we go in to the concrete and objective relationship of the system, in the market effectively. We also going present the genesis of money-form and how this becomes universal equivalent for market changes. Evidencig the fetishistic character of the goods when the capitalist system is consolidated. Finally, we go evidencing how the accumulation of money replaces the production of goods for the human subsistence by the production of products with the objective of accumulation of money, the accumulation of riches. What finishing up conditioning reality and making appearance overcome the essence, thus transforming social relationship, which leave to be direct and concrete and become indirect and abstract. / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo conceituar a teoria do valor em Karl Marx através de sua obra de maior expressão: O Capital – Crítica da economia política – Livro I – O processo de produção do capital (2013). Bem como de analisar as relações sociais inseridas no modo de produção capitalista. Para isso procuramos demonstrar detalhadamente como o sistema capitalista funciona. Evidenciaremos que para Marx o modo de produção capitalista é pautado pela produção e pela troca de produtos. Para tal intento trabalhamos detalhadamente a relação entre produtores e consumidores como pilar fundamental para o pleno funcionamento do sistema. Partindo das relações mais simples e chegando nas mais complexas. Para isso conceituamos a mercadoria segundo seus dois lados indissociáveis: valor de uso e valor de troca. Em seguida adentramos na relação concreta e objetiva do sistema, no mercado efetivamente. Apresentamos também a gênese da forma-dinheiro e como ela se torna equivalente universal para as trocas de mercadorias. Destacando o caráter fetichista da mercadoria quando o sistema capitalista se encontra consolidado. Por fim, procuramos destacar como o acúmulo de dinheiro substitui a produção de mercadoria para a subsistência humana pela produção de mercadoria com o objetivo de acúmulo de dinheiro, o acúmulo de riquezas. O que acaba por condicionar a realidade e fazer com que a aparência se sobreponha a essência, transformando assim as relações sociais, que deixam de ser diretas e concretas e passam a ser indiretas e abstratas.

[pt] O objetivo desta tese é entender o papel de frições de credito em modelos de Equilíbrio Geral com mercados financeiros incompletos. Primeiro, o trabalho estuda a importância das restrições ao endividamento dos agentes para a existência de equilíbrio monetário em uma economia com informação simétrica onde a moeda (aqui caracterizada como um ativo que não paga dividendos, pode ser vendido a descoberto e está em oferta líquida positiva) tem apenas o papel de reserva de valor e é o único ativo da economia. Além disso, mostra que, apesar da moeda possibilitar as transferências de riqueza intertemporais e entre os estados da natureza, o equilíbrio monetário ainda é Pareto ineficiente. A tese também caracteriza a hipótese de impaciência uniforme, um importante requerimento para a existência de equilibrio, em termos das propriedades assintóticas dos fatores de desconto intertemporal. Como consequência, mostra que desconto hiperbólico é incompatível com a impaciência uniforme de funções de utilidade separáveis. Finalmente, mostra que, se os ativos financeiros são colateralizados para a proteção dos emprestadores em caso de default, sempre existe equilíbrio em um modelo de dois períodos com mercados incompletos e informação assimétrica onde os ativos são nominais, independente da estrutura informacional. / [en] This thesis aims to understand the role of credit frictions in general equilibrium models with incomplete financial markets. First, this work studies the importance of debt constraints for the existence of monetary equilibrium in an economy with symmetric information and where money has only the role of store of value. It also characterizes the uniform impatience assumption, an important requirement to equilibrium existence, in terms of asymptotic properties on intertemporal discount factors. Finally, it shows that, if assets are collateralized in order to protect lenders in the case of default, equilibrium always exists in a two-period incomplete markets model of asymmetric information with nominal assets, independently of the financial-informational structure.

Botnets, networks of hundreds to millions of computers, controlled by one or more individuals, increasingly play a part in cybercrimes, with astonishing results. The access of a botnet gives the controller abilities of a large majority of all the cyberattacks over the internet, and with the possibility of buying a complete botnet, this opens the market to nontechnical criminals. The Darknet and the market it provides, enable the buyers to buy and trade everything from botnets and malware to complete schemes.   The increase in cybercriminal activities and organizations has been alarmingly high in recent years, and no wonder, when criminals just need to invest a small amount of money to gain potentially millions of dollars without any advance knowledge of computer science, and with only a slight chance of getting caught due to the anonymity of the internet and botnets.   Based on a literature review combined with a critically reflective analysis of a selection of information about botnets from other sources available on the internet, this paper has identified some of the main types of organizations used in cybercrime and their operations as well as basic information about botnets, the players and stakeholders in this area, the theft and schemes used by botnets and the online money laundering service involved.

The thesis focuses at the evolution of cryptocurrencies or more precisely at the competition process between them in expanding to broader usage. The first main goal of the work is to find out, whether Bitcoin, as the first and still most capitalized cryptocurrency, has an advantage of higher maturity than alternative cryptocurrencies. The second goal is to analyze whether the individual cryptocurrencies are perceived individually by market participants, which could grant the alternative cryptocurrencies an option to compete with Bitcoin by offering better features as safer technology or faster transaction. The analysis of volatility patterns in their exchange rates via various GARCH models suggests that Bitcoin still has advantage in higher maturity. The analysis of the correlation between various alternative cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin finds positive correlation and thus suggests that the cryptocurrencies are rather perceived together. JEL Classification G17, G19, E40, E41 Keywords cryptocurrencies, volatility, GARCH, money, correlation Author's e-mail 79828843@fsv.cuni.cz Supervisor's e-mail frantisek.cech@fsv.cuni.cz

Magister Legum - LLM / This research paper aims to clarify and argue the need for Ethiopia to include civil forfeiture in its assets forfeiture legal framework. It will analyse the existing domestic assets forfeiture laws and international instruments on assets forfeiture. It will show how the new Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Proclamation and the other anti-corruption laws deal with assets forfeiture in general and civil forfeiture in particular. For a number of reasons, Ethiopian law enforcement is struggling to investigate crimes such as money laundering and corruption to obtain convictions.

Magister Legum - LLM