Master of Science / Department of Biology / Loretta Johnson / Plant epicuticular wax (ECW) isolates internal tissues from harsh external conditions increasing drought tolerance. Beta-diketone-rich ECW reflect light and result in a glaucous phenotype that may ameliorate the thermal environment of the leaf. The overall goal is to characterize the form and function of ECW in two closely related, but phenotypically divergent grasses. [italicized]Andropogon gerardii ssp. [italicized]gerardii, big bluestem, is a non-glaucous, agronomically and ecologically dominant grass in the United States while [italicized]Andropogon gerardii ssp. [italicized]hallii, sand bluestem, is a glaucous subspecies restricted to dry, sandy soils. The objectives are to contrast sand and big bluestem ECW chemistry, morphology, and physiology to determine the distinctions in ECW resulting in the glaucous phenotype and determine the effect this has on leaf optical qualities and permeability. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine ECW chemistry and micromorphology. It was hypothesized that beta-diketones and beta-diketone tubules where present only in leaves of sand bluestem and that the ECW was more reflective and abundant and the cuticle was less permeable. Beta-diketones and tubular ECW were absent in big bluestem and common on sand bluestem’s surface, although less than 20% of ECW was beta-diketones. Functional implications of ECW phenotypes were investigated by comparing minimum conductance (G[subscript]min), wax load, reflectance, and transmittance. Reflectance, with and without ECW, and G [subscript]min were measured with an infrared gas analyzer and a spectroradiometer, respectively. Sand bluestem had twice the ECW in mg cm[superscript]2 (P=.01) and three times lower G [subscript]min in ms[superscript]-1 10[superscript]-5 (P=.02). Partial least squares (PLS) models were trained to predict subspecies from reflectance spectra and were able to distinguish the subspecies. These experiments indicate that in comparison to big bluestem, increased reflectance is a property uniquely imparted to sand bluestem by ECW and the presence of beta-diketones determines the distinction. Glaucous crop species have shown higher yield under drought and extreme weather, including drought, is expected to become more common. Therefore, this study of glaucous waxes, may be applied in engineering drought tolerance.

Submitted by Antonio Carlos da Silva Júnior null (acsjr_agro@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-16T18:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva Jr_AC_Dr_PV_Jaboticabal.pdf: 1798784 bytes, checksum: 96eba31ecc67dce7d3af81b9e9a31c6d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-02-20T12:44:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_ac_dr_jabo.pdf: 1798784 bytes, checksum: 96eba31ecc67dce7d3af81b9e9a31c6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T12:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_ac_dr_jabo.pdf: 1798784 bytes, checksum: 96eba31ecc67dce7d3af81b9e9a31c6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A ação de herbicidas sobre plantas daninhas que se desenvolvem sob déficit hídrico pode ser comprometida, pois as rotas de penetração de herbicidas como o glyphosate são reduzidas em razão da menor hidratação da cutícula nessas plantas. Avaliou-se nesse estudo a eficiência de controle do herbicida glyphosate em quatro espécies de plantas da família Poaceae quando submetidas a distintos déficits hídricos. Os estudos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação sendo que as espécies estudadas foram: capim-colonião (Megathyrsus maximum), capim-colchão (Digitaria nuda), capim-massambará (Sorghum halepense) e capim-braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis). As plantas foram submetidas a três condições hídricas do solo [sem restrição hídrica (-0,03 MPa), déficit hídrico intermediário (-0,07 MPa) e alta restrição hídrica (-1,5 MPa)], aplicou-se três doses do herbicida glyphosate (0,0; 270,0 e 540,0 g e.a. ha-1) e em dois estádios fenológicos de desenvolvimento da planta (4-6 folhas e 1-3 perfilhos). O manejo hídrico teve início quando as plantas apresentaram duas folhas desenvolvidas. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias após a aplicação do herbicida; analisou-se ainda os parâmetros morfofisiológicos área foliar específica, condutância estomática e a diferença de temperatura do ambiente com a temperatura foliar no dia da aplicação do herbicida, bem como a matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz ao final do estudo. Os resultados obtidos de controle e matéria seca foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste “F” e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste “t” de Student (p>0,05). Os parâmetros morfofisiológicos foram analisados através do intervalo de confiança a um coeficiente de confiança de 95%. Com o aumento da restrição hídrica, houve diminuição dos componentes morfofisiológicos da planta de capim-colonião, capim-colchão, capim-massambará e capim-braquiária como área foliar específica, condutância estomática, e a diferença entre a temperatura ambiente e foliar. O controle das plantas de capim-colonião foi mais eficiente quando ocorreu a aplicação da dose de 540 g ha-1 de glyphosate no estádio vegetativo de 1-3 perfilhos, no manejo hídrico de -0,03 MPa. Plantas de capim-colchão foram totalmente controladas a partir dos 21 DAA, independente do manejo ao qual a planta foi submetida e a dose utilizada para seu controle. Isso evidencia que esta planta é muito sensível ao herbicida glyphosate, e ao déficit hídrico, podendo realizar seu controle com doses mais reduzidas na época seca. Já para o controle do capim-massambará, as plantas foram totalmente controladas quando houve a aplicação de 540 g ha-1 de glyphosate e quando a aplicação ocorreu no estádio vegetativo de 4-6 folhas, nos manejos hídricos de -0,03 e -0,07 MPa. Plantas que desenvolveram sob restrição hídrica severa (-1,5 MPa), o controle não foi eficiente. O controle do capim-braquiária foi eficiente com a utilização de 540 g ha-1 de glyphosate quando as plantas não desenvolveram em condições de déficit hídrico, tanto nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento quanto no estádio mais tardio. A mesma dose foi eficiente no controle de plantas mantidas a um manejo hídrico de -0,07 MPa de umidade do solo, quando controladas no estádio de 4-6 folhas. A redução da dose de glyphosate para 270 g ha-1 não foi eficiente para controlar o capim-braquiária, principalmente em plantas sem restrição hídrica na qual houve rebrota. As plantas pulverizadas com glyphosate tem seu controle comprometido quando as mesmas foram submetidas a déficit hídrico. / The action of herbicides on weeds that develop under water deficit can be compromised, the penetration routes of glyphosate herbicide are reduced due to the less hydration of the cuticle in these plants. The control efficiency of glyphosate herbicide in four species of plants of the Poaceae when submitted to different water deficits was evaluated in this study. The studies were carried out in a greenhouse and the species studied were: guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximum), naked crabgrass (Digitaria nuda), johngrass (Sorghum halepense) and congograss (Urochloa ruziziensis). In the treatments, the plants were submitted to three soil water conditions (no water deficit (-0.03 MPa), intermediate water deficit (-0.07 MPa) and high water restriction (-1.5 MPa)), three doses of glyphosate herbicide, (0.0, 270.0 and 540.0 g e.a. ha-1) and two phenological stages of plant development (4-6 leaves and 1-3 tillers). Water management started when the plants had two leaves developed. Visual evaluations were carried out at 7, 14, 21 and 35 days after application of the herbicide; the specific leaf area, stomatal conductance and the temperature difference of the environment with the leaf temperature on the day of application of the herbicide, as well as the dry matter of the aerial part and of the root were analyzed at the end of the study. The results of control and dry matter were submitted to analysis of variance by the "F" test and the means were compared by the Student “t” test (p> 0.05). The morphophysiological parameters were analyzed through the confidence interval at a confidence coefficient of 95%. With the increase of water restriction, there was a decrease in the morphophysiological components of the guineagrass, naked crabgrass and johngrass as a specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, and the difference between ambient and leaf temperature. The control of the guineagrass was more efficient when the application of the dose of 540 g ha-1 of glyphosate occurred and when they were controlled in the vegetative stage of 1-3 tillers, in the water management of -0.03 MPa, that is, the plant that develops under water restrictions may have its control affected. Naked crabgrass were fully controlled from 21 DAA, regardless of the management to which the plant was submitted and the dose used for its control. This shows us that this plant is very sensitive to the glyphosate herbicide, and to the water deficit, being able to carry out its control with smaller doses in the dry season. In order to control the johngrass, the plants were totally controlled with the application of 540 g ha-1 of glyphosate and when they were controlled in the vegetative stage of 4-6 leaves, in the water management of -0.03 and -0.07 MPa. Plants that developed under severe water restriction (-1.5 MPa), the control was not efficient. Congograss control was efficient with a use of 540 g ha-1 of glyphosate when developed under water deficit conditions, both in the early stages of development and in the later stages. The same dose was efficient in the control of plants maintained at a -0.07 MPa soil moisture, when controlled at the 4-6 leaf stage. A dose reduction of glyphosate to 270 g ha-1 was not efficient to control congograss, especially in plants no water restriction in which regrowth occurred. Plants sprayed with glyphosate have control compromised when they were submitted to water deficit.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1982474 bytes, checksum: 1612e19e8ad39e9083e77817292c4d1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / The auxins IAA (indole-3-acetic, natural), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, the latter two synthetic) were sprayed on corn (Zea mays, monocot) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, dicot), in order to investigate some differential responses of the two plant groups as associated to ethylene metabolism. Corn plants treated with the auxins did not produce ethylene, not exhibiting also any senescence symptom. Beans plants, on the other hand, produced large amounts of ethylene following treatment with auxins. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) plus Co2+ (ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors) were not able to relieve the epinasty, drying and leaf wrinkling effects in bean plants, but leaf yellowing was considerebly reduced, suggesting this was an ethylene effect. Following spraying with auxins, corn plants showed no production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a response shown by beans plants. Therefore in the monocot, auxins seemed not to induce the expression of ACC synthase (ACS) or its activity. When treated with ACC, corn plants failed to produce any trace of ethylene, unlikely bean plants. This suggested that in monocot, auxins seemed also not to induce the expression or activity of ACC oxidase (ACO) or the enzyme is not activated. Potassium ferrocyanide, employed as a source of cyanide ions, was much more toxic to bean plants than to corn and so the monocot seemed to be more resistant than bean plants. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic pigments contents kept unchanged in corn plants treated with the auxins. Bean plants showed significant decreases in both variables following spraying with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Decreases in chlorophyll contents in bean plants treated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T correlated well with leaf chlorosis what was shown to be due to a more pronounced fall of chlorophyll contents rather than to an increase in carotenoid contents. The xanthophylls (neoxanthin, violaxanthin and anteraxantina) also showed a higher degradation than the alpha and beta carotenes in bean plants treated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. When AVG and Co2+ were supplied together with auxin, no appreciable decrease in either the Fv/Fm ratio or pigment contents was observed, with the exception of alpha carotene. Also the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b was also larger in bean plants treated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T than in the plants treated with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T plus AVG and Co2+. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b did not show any significance in bean plants upon treatment with IAA. / As auxinas AIA (ácido indol-3-acético, natural), 2,4-D (ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético) e 2,4,5-T (ácido 2,4,5-triclorofenoxiacético, as duas últimas sintéticas) foram aplicadas em plantas de milho (Zea mays, monocotiledônea) e feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, dicotiledônea), visando investigarem-se algumas respostas diferenciais dos dois grupos em relação ao metabolismo do etileno. Plantas de milho tratadas com as auxinas não produziram etileno e não exibiram quaisquer sintomas de senescência e epinastia. O feijão produziu bastante etileno após tratamento. Quando se utilizou aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) mais Co2+ (inibidores da biossíntese de etileno), a epinastia das plantas de feijão foi mantida mas o amarelecimento das plantas mostrou-se reduzido, deduzindo-se ser o amarelecimento um sintoma da ação do etileno. Após pulverização com as auxinas, o milho não exibiu produção do ácido 1-carboxílico-1- amino-ciclopropano (ACC), fato observado no feijão. Assim, na monocotiledônea, as auxinas parecem não induzir a expressão da sintase do ACC (ACS) ou, pelo menos, sua atividade. Quando tratadas com o ACC, as plantas de milho não produziram qualquer traço de etileno, ao contrário as plantas de feijão. Daí deduzir-se que na monocotiledônea, as auxinas parecem também não induzir a expressão ou atividade da oxidase do ACC (ACO) ou a enzima não é ativada. Empregando-se K4Fe(CN)6 como fonte de íons cianeto, as plantas de milho pareceram se mostrar mais resistentes à intoxicação do que as plantas de feijão. O rendimento quântico máximo de fotossistema II (razão Fv/Fm) e os níveis dos pigmentos fotossintéticos não sofreram alterações em plantas de milho tratadas com as auxinas. As plantas de feijão mostraram quedas significativas em ambas variáveis após pulverização com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T, mas não com o AIA. A redução nos níveis das clorofilas em plantas de feijão tratadas com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T relacionou-se com a clorose observada, desde que ocorreu uma degradação mais acentuada das clorofilas do que dos carotenoides. As xantofilas (neoxantina, anteraxantina e violaxantina) também sofreram uma degradação mais acentuada do que o alfa e beta caroteno em plantas de feijão tratadas com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T. Quando AVG e Co2+ foram fornecidos conjuntamente com as auxinas, não ocorreu queda na razão Fv/Fm e nem no nível dos pigmentos, com exceção do alfa caroteno. A razão entre clorofila a e clorofila b também mostrou-se maior nas plantas de feijão tratadas com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T do que nas plantas tratadas com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T mais AVG e Co2+. Nas plantas tratadas com AIA o aumento na razão entre clorofila a e clorofila b não foi significativo.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, библиографического списка и приложений. В работе рассмотрено обоснование финансово-экономического девелоперского проекта по созданию современного микрорайона повышенного уровня комфортности в рамках комплексного освоения территорий г. Сысерть (Сысертский городской округ, Свердловская область). Проанализирована территория расположения рассматриваемого земельного участка и разработана концепция развития территории на основе разработанного мастер-плана и идеи «моносотной» архитектуры. Сформирован бюджет проекта, рассчитаны интегральные показатели экономической эффективности проекта. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и обобщены результаты исследования. / The Master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a bibliographic list and appendices. The paper considers the justification of a financial and economic development project to create a modern microdistrict of an increased level of comfort within the framework of the integrated development of the territories of the city of Sysert (Sysert city district, Sverdlovsk region). The territory of the location of the considered land plot is analyzed and the concept of territory development is developed on the basis of the developed master plan and the idea of "monocot" architecture. The project budget has been formed, integral indicators of the economic efficiency of the project have been calculated. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated and the results of the study are summarized.