Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 342-360). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2007. / Vita. Appendices: leaves 194-207. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-209).

Thesis. 1977. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography : leaves 81-83. / M.S.

by Lee Kwok Lun. / Title also in Chinese characters. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-147). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- WINTER MONSOON IN EAST ASIA / Chapter 1.2 --- THE SURGES AND THE EFFECTS ON LOCAL WEATHER / Chapter 1.3 --- PREDICTION OF WINTER MONSOON SURGES / Chapter 1.4 --- COASTAL FEATURES AT OTHER PLACES / Chapter 1.5 --- OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- THE NUMERICAL MODEL --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS / Chapter 2.1.1 --- INDEPENDENT VARIABLES / Chapter 2.1.2 --- DEPENDENT VARIABLES / Chapter 2.1.3 --- THE COMPLETE SET OF MODEL EQUATIONS / Chapter 2.2 --- MODEL DOMAIN AND GRID STRUCTURE / Chapter 2.3 --- SPATIAL FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEMES / Chapter 2.3.1 --- ADVECTION TERMS / Chapter 2.3.2 --- DIFFUSION TERM / Chapter 2.3.3 --- PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE TERM / Chapter 2.3.4 --- INTEGRATION OF HYDROSTATIC EQUATION / Chapter 2.4 --- TIME INTEGRATION SCHEME / Chapter 2.5 --- LATERAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS / Chapter 2.6 --- PARAMETERIZATION OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES / Chapter 2.6.1 --- PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER PHYSICS / Chapter 2.6.2 --- EVALUATION OF DIABATIC HEATING / Chapter 2.7 --- INITIALIZATION / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SIMULATIONS OF ACTUAL EASTERLY COLD SURGE EVENTS --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- CHOICE OF MODEL DOMAIN / Chapter 3.2 --- INITIAL AND LATERAL BOUNDARY DATA / Chapter 3.3 --- THE ACTUAL EVENTS / Chapter 3.3.1 --- CASE STUDY1A / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Synoptic Environment During the Event / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- The Simulation of the Actual Event / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Diagnosis of the Simulation Results / Chapter 3.3.2 --- CASE STUDY2A / Chapter 3.3.3. --- CASE STUDY3A / Chapter 3.4 --- SUMMARY / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON THE EASTERLY COLD SURGE --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- THE NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS / Chapter 4.2 --- NO TERRAIN EXPERIMENTS / Chapter 4.3 --- EFFECTS OF TAIWAN ISLAND / Chapter 4.4 --- IDEAL COASTAL RANGE EXPERIMENTS / Chapter 4.5 --- SUMMARY / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE FORMATION OF THE COASTAL NARROW RIDGE --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 5.2 --- THE KELVIN WAVE MODEL / Chapter 5.3 --- COMPARISON OF COASTAL PHENOMENA AT OTHER PLACES / Chapter 5.3.1 --- THE AUSTRALIA CASE / Chapter 5.3.2 --- THE NORTH AMERICA CASE / Chapter 5.4 --- THE SOUTHEAST CHINA COASTAL RIDGE / Chapter 5.5 --- OTHER MECHANISMS BESIDES OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.109 / APPENDIX A DERIVATION OF GOVERNING EQUATIONS --- p.112 / APPENDIX B HORIZONTAL SMOOTHING AND HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION --- p.120 / APPENDIX C DIAGNOSTIC VARIABLES --- p.122 / APPENDIX D EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL KELVIN WAVES --- p.125 / APPENDIX E FORTRAN SOURCE CODE OF THE NUMERICAL MODEL --- p.129 / REFERENCES --- p.147

Bibliography: leaves 320-343 / xxxi, 343 leaves [6] folded leaves [103] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1983

The West African Monsoon (WAM) is a significant component of the global monsoon system and plays a key role in the annual cycle of precipitation in the Sahel region of Africa (10°N to 20°N) during the summer months (July to September). Rainfall in the Sahel varies on timescales ranging from seasons to millennia as a result of changes in the WAM. In the last century, the Sahel experienced a relatively wet period (prior to the 1960s) followed by a period of severe drought (1970s-1980s) with higher-frequency variability superimposed on this low-frequency background signal. Understanding precipitation variability like that which occurred over the 20th Century and its impact on Sahel precipitation is critically important for skillful hydroclimate predictions and disaster preparedness in the region. Previous work has shown that the WAM responds to both internal atmospheric variability and external oceanic forcing. A large fraction of 20th Century Sahel rainfall variability has been linked to nearby and remote oceanic forcing from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, suggesting that the ocean is the primary driver of variability. However, the mechanisms underlying the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing to land based precipitation and the relative importance of the roles of different basins are not as well understood. To this end, the work completed in this thesis examines the physical mechanisms linking oceanic forcing to recent precipitation variability in the Sahel and identifies them alongside large-scale environmental conditions. A series of moisture budget decomposition studies are performed for the Sahel in order to understand the processes that govern regional hydroclimate variability on decadal and interannual time scales. The results show that the oceanic forcing of atmospheric mass convergence and divergence explains the moisture balance patterns in the region to first order on the timescales considered. On decadal timescales, forcing by the Indian and Atlantic Oceans correlate strongly with precipitation variability. The combination of a warm Indian Ocean and negative gradient across the Atlantic forces anomalous circulation patterns that result in net moisture divergence by the mean and transient flow. Together with negative moisture advection, these processes result in a strong drying of the Sahel during the later part of the 20th Century. Diagnosis of moisture budget and circulation components within the main rainbelt and along the monsoon margins show that changes to the mass convergence are related to the magnitude of precipitation that falls in the region, while the advection of dry air is associated with the maximum latitudinal extent of precipitation. On interannual timescales, results show that warm conditions in the Eastern Tropical Pacific remotely force anomalously dry conditions primarily through affecting the low-troposphere mass divergence field. This behavior is related to increased subsidence over the tropical Atlantic and into the Sahel and an anomalous westward flow of moisture from the continent, both resulting in a coherent drying pattern. The interannual signal is then further explored, particularly in light of the expected link between the El Niño Southern Oscillation and dry conditions in the Sahel, notably unseen during the historic El Niño event of 2015. Motivated by this, recent El Niño years and their precipitation signature in the Sahel along with the associated large-scale environmental conditions are examined. Two different outcomes for Sahel summer season are defined; an anomalously wet or an anomalously dry season coincident with El Niño conditions. The different precipitation patterns are distinguished by increased moisture supply for the wet years, which can be driven by both regional oceanic conditions that favor increased moisture convergence over the continent as well as weaker El Niño forcing. Finally, a series of new idealized SST-forced experiments that explore the causal link between oceanic forcing and the response of convection in the region on daily time resolution are discussed and preliminary results shown. These experiments aim to understand how convection in the Sahel responds to SST forcing using transient model simulations that track the evolving response of the WAM through time, day-by-day, under different oceanic conditions. Preliminary results show the stark differences in seasonal precipitation that occur when anomalies of opposite sign are applied in parts of the Atlantic and Pacific basin. There is also a suggestion of a difference in the timing of the rainy season when the model is run with different SST configurations.

Topography influences climate dynamics by redirecting how the atmosphere transports moisture, and energy. By doing so, topography alters precipitation patterns, circulation of wind, riverine fluxes, and ocean upwelling distributions. This dissertation investigates the linkages between major topographic features and atmospheric dynamics within an Earth System perspective. The studies presented build upon the foundations of theoretical atmospheric thermodynamics and dynamical principles and primarily delves into the interactions between the Indo-Asian Monsoon and the surrounding topographies. First, I explore gaps in the current body of literature, mainly using observational datasets and reanalysis products. I then add in more sophisticated tools, such as general circulation models (GCMs) to investigate how terrain orogen impact the regional climatic regime with an emphasis on the monsoonal environment. To do so I explore drawbacks in using currently available GCMs and demonstrate the necessity of utilizing appropriate model horizontal-grid resolution when studying atmosphere-terrain interactions. I then delve into reexamining previously explored monsoon theories, and develop new concepts and theories for the Indo-Asian Monsoon. Lastly, I apply such model tools to further understand the orogen of the Tibetan Plateau. To do so, I examine the paleoenthalpy methods and determine its viability in measuring the paleoelevation of the Tibetan Plateau. Ultimately, we apply this method to aid the paleoclimate community in deciphering the evolution of Tibet during the Cenozoic era. Constraining the evolution of the regional topography is crucial for understanding the hydrological cycle and the climatic evolution of Eurasia.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009. / Vita: p. 179. Thesis director: V. Krishnamurthy. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Climate Dynamics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-178). Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "December 2008." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-169).