In this thesis, I conduct a detailed case study of expressive suffixes in Russian. I show that although the suffixes under investigation have the same function (“expressive”), they differ significantly in their formal properties. I identify two major semantic types of expressive suffixes: attitude and size suffixes. Attitude suffixes convey an attitude of the speaker toward the referent. Size suffixes both convey an attitude and refer to the size of the referent. I argue that the two different semantic types map onto different syntactic types. Attitude suffixes are syntactic heads, while size suffixes are syntactic modifiers. As heads, attitude suffixes determine the formal properties (syntactic category, grammatical gender and inflectional class) of the derived form. As modifiers, size suffixes do not determine the formal properties of the derived form. Attitude suffixes can attach both to category-free √Roots and to categories (n/a/v), while size suffixes can only attach to a noun category. I investigate the functional and formal properties of Russian expressive suffixes in a systematic way, which has not been done before. In doing so, I analyze how expressive suffixes pattern along several kinds of criteria (gender/class change, category change, subcategorization). An important byproduct of this analysis is that I show how grammatical gender of an expressive form can be predicted from its inflectional class (combined with animacy and natural gender of the base). One implication of this analysis is that I show that the formal properties of expressives are no different from those of non-expressives (descriptives), as both expressives and descriptives can attach as heads or modifiers either to √Roots or categories. Another implication is that the formal criteria which I develop for a small set of expressive suffixes in Russian can be extended to set up a cross-linguistic typology of expressives.

This thesis work presents the analysis of Oscillometric blood pressure pulse waveform under different pressure points (Systolic, Mean Arterial, and Diastolic Pressures). Pulse waveforms' characteristics were determined from the waveforms at three different pressures and are compared for subjects at three different age groups. Estimation of blood pressure using a morphology based approach was done by using the change of pulse waveform characteristics at different pressure points. Pulse waveforms' characteristics that were obtained from pulse waveforms are utilized to estimate SBP, MAP, and DBP. The estimates obtained with pulse morphology based technique are compared with a BP measurement device and Maximum Amplitude Algorithm. Maximum slope of the pulse was also used for blood pressure estimation. The effect of movement and breathing on proposed method and MAA were compared and it was observed that breathing artifacts affect less the proposed method.

This thesis work presents the analysis of Oscillometric blood pressure pulse waveform under different pressure points (Systolic, Mean Arterial, and Diastolic Pressures). Pulse waveforms' characteristics were determined from the waveforms at three different pressures and are compared for subjects at three different age groups. Estimation of blood pressure using a morphology based approach was done by using the change of pulse waveform characteristics at different pressure points. Pulse waveforms' characteristics that were obtained from pulse waveforms are utilized to estimate SBP, MAP, and DBP. The estimates obtained with pulse morphology based technique are compared with a BP measurement device and Maximum Amplitude Algorithm. Maximum slope of the pulse was also used for blood pressure estimation. The effect of movement and breathing on proposed method and MAA were compared and it was observed that breathing artifacts affect less the proposed method.

Polymer solar cells have been attracted attention because they combine flexibility with low-cost fabrication, have been previously developed based on bulk-heterojunction. Many research groups have developed solar cells based on Poly (P3HT) and (PCBM) composites. The nanostructure morphology of P3HT: PCBM composites play an important role for affecting the device performance. Many researches propose a lot of method to improve the morphology, such as the selection of solvent in photoactive layer and the thermal annealing effect. In this research we have studied the nanostructure morphology of P3HT: PCBM composites film by blending with Cetrimoniumbromide (CTAB). We have prepared Polymer solar cells incorporating an active layer of P3HT: PCBM blended with CTAB. The short-circuit current density of the polymer solar cells improved after blend if 0.01wt% of the CTAB into P3HT: PCBM active later. The device structure of ITO/PEDOT: PSS/P3HT: PCBM: CTAB/Al was measured under AM 1.5G 100 Mw/cm2 illumination, exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.5%, which is a 17% improvement than the standard device. The power conversion efficiency increased from 2.13% to 2.5%. The short current density increased from 5.47mA/cm2 to 6.43mA/cm2.

Geophysical, geochemical and geotechnical methods were used to investigate the spatial and temporal aspects of sediment distribution, accumulation, post-depositional alterations, and seafloor response and recovery to major events in a temperate, paraglacial, turbid outwash fjord. The goals of this study are to generate a complete geological model and compare the results to the global distribution of fjords. The over arching theme of this study is that the ratio of the area of the watershed to the area of the receiving basin can provide a first order indicator of many factors including glacial mass; the timing of glacial retreat; sediment input, accumulation, and preservation; and other factors. Temporal observations reveal the change of this fjord from a glaciated basin to and estuarine environment. These observations become important when viewed in the context of global climate change and the continued loss of ice. Preserved strata provide a 2800 yr record of changing modes of sedimentation as the system evolved from a glaciated basin to a non-glaciated fjord revealing a detailed chronology of change between end-member systems which can be used to infer changes as glaciers retreat from other fjords. Short lived radio isotopes were used to investigate post-depositional alteration of modern sediments. Without an understanding of how biological and physical processes work to modify sedimentary fabric during preservation, changes seen in sediment and rock core data cannot be accurately resolved. Physical processes can cause erosion and lateral transport; winnowing and armoring; and instantaneous sedimentation, all of which may be preserved. Biological processes can modulate the preservation of strata by destroying sedimentary fabric and integrating signals. The final fundamental need is to investigate the seafloor response and recovery to these events. Massive earthquakes are frequent in the study area and cause perturbations to sediment input and preservation. By understanding how lakes and deltas modulate sediment discharge after the event; how shorelines are modified after the event; and where sediment is deposited we can determine the influence these changes have on the environment and on humans.

Attaching soft long side chain on conjugated polymers will form liguid cystal structure. Our research is to synthesis the polypyrrole with alkyl chains on nitrogen site and carbon site and observe the effects. We observe the phase transition by X-ray and DSC. But it is hrad to observe because of its absorbing light. Between observing, we just can find the liguid crystal transition on the polypyrrole with octadecane alkyl side chain on nitrogen site. Besides, we can find the 2.8Å and 3.2Å peaks By shearing and solvent casting. Such a phenomenon is common in conjugated polymers. But it is hard to explain. Besides, substituted on different sites will bring different results. Substituted on nitrogen site will lead to bigger d-sapcing than substituted on carbon site. This is because of the difference on co-planity. By the correlation function, we can realize that longer side chain, bigger fluctuation, but better layer structures.

The Pteridaceae has been variously classified by different taxonomists. The leaf epidermal morphology of 48 species in 11 genera of Taiwan Pteridaceae was studied using SEM. There are six types of trichomes, two types of adult stomata and three types of epidermal morphology described. And the variability of some epidermal characters, such as the stomata flush or sunken, the long axes of epidermis cell lie parallel to the vein or not, the lines on cells or not, could distinct part of genera and subfamilies. Based on previously described characters, the epidermis pattem of Cheilanthes could be divided into four types, the cheilanthes type, the aleuritopteris type, the mildella type and the doryopteris type; and that of Adiantum could be divided into two types, branched type and nonbrached type. And the epidermis morphology of Coniogramme was very simility to that of Pteris. Besides, the epidermis characters showed that Cryptogramma, Onychium and Acrostichum are unique. And more study of the three genera is needed to understand the relationships among these genera.

The purpose of this research is to describe and to compare the morphology of megalopa and the first crab of four Scylla species which lives along the coast of Tungkang. The megalopa of S. serrata has dactyl lower margin on the fifth abdominal segment which is different from three other Scylla species. S. olivacea has setae number of 4,4 combination on both sides of the basal segment of antenna. It is different from three other species which are either ¡§ 3,3¡¨ or ¡§ 3,4¡¨ or ¡§ 4,3¡¨ combination. S. tranquebarica has setae number of 4,5 combination on the last two segments of antennule. It is different from three other species, which have 3,3 combination. In addition, these four kinds of megalopa are different on the fifth pleopod, third maxilliped and fifth pereiopod. Furthermore, megalopa of four Scylla species have significant differences in their shape and size. For example, S. olivacea is the largest one in both rostral width and carapace length, followed by S. serrata, S. paramamosain, and S. tranquebarica is the smallest one. In the first crab, as adult, significant differences are found on the frontal median spines and chelipeds. From September 1999 to September 2000, megalopae of four Scylla species were collected from the coast and offshore of Linpien and Fanzilum. Large amount of megalopa can be identified in to species using of one-step multiplex PCR. Results showed that S. paramamosain is the most abundant (67.7¡Ó21.5%) , followed by S. serrata (19.3¡Ó15.5%), S. olivacea (12.3¡Ó11.9%), and S. tranquebarica (0.7¡Ó1.7%) is the least one. Most of the megalopa (77.1%) molted during the night. The megalopa caught from coast took one day (p<0.001) less to become the first crab than those caught from offshore. S. paramamosain took one day more than S. serrata and S. olivacea.Salinity doesn¡¦t affect the time of molt.

Mangroves are a group of the intertidal plants with unrelated phylogenetic affinity distributed in regions of estuaries, riverbanks or along the coastlines of tropical and subtropical areas. The four genera of tribe Rhizophoreae of Rhizophoraceae are important members of mangroves, namely Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia and Rhizophora and also known as mangrove Rhizophoraceae, with a wide distribution range. Fourteen of 17 species of mangrove Rhizophoraceae distributed in the areas between the Eastern Africa to the Pacific West Coast, belong to the eastern mangrove Rhizophoraceae. Thirteen species of the eastern mangrove Rhizophoraceae from different populations were sampled for the studies in comparative morphology and anatomy on stipules, leaves, flowers, fruits and viviparous seedlings. In contrast, four species of three genera belong to the inland Rhizophoraceae were also sampled. Such works were emphasized on stipules and leaves. Three kinds of sclereids were found in the stipules of Ceriops and Rhizophora, but none in Kandelia and Bruguiera. Several to hundreds colleters arranging in several series occur at the adaxial base of a stipule in Rhizophoraceae. The aggregated forms, series number, number and individual morphology of colleters are generic or specific, and could be an aid for taxonomic identification. The number and size of colleters found in the mangrove Rhizophoraceae are more and larger than those of the inland species. Additionally, the size of stipule in mangrove Rhizophoraceae is larger than those of the inland Rhizophoraceae. These characters might imply an adaptive selection of stipule and colleters in Rhizophoreae. In this study, many of the previous discrepancies of leaf anatomical features were clarified. Meanwhile, the plasticity of leaf structure, features of sclereid ideoblasts and crystals were not previously reported. The leaves of mangrove Rhizophoraceae present thick leaves and cuticular wax, sunken and cyclocytic stomata with distinct inner and outer ridges, 2 to 8 cell-layered hypodermis, enlarged terminal tracheids, four types of sclereid ideoblasts and abundant tanniferous cells and drused crystals. All species of the mangrove Rhizophoraceae has potential to produce cork warts on both sides, but only Rhizophora has the warts mainly on abaxial side regularly. Detailed stomatal features could serve as diagnostic character in species level. On the contrary, the inland species has thin leaves with less cuticular wax, superficial anomocytic stomata, no hypodermis and enlarged terminal tracheids, drused and raphid crystals. The diverse morphological features in flowers and fruits, especially in inflorescences, petals and stamens, provided valuable and reliable taxonomic characteristics. A detailed survey for flower and fruit parts (including the viviparous seedlings) were provided in this study. Some unique and curious phenomenon, including multi-cotyledons to united cotyledon and cotyledon collar, endosperm overflow, the present of coleorhiza in the hypocotyl of Bruguiera, provided interesting and valuable embryological information for the mangrove Rhizophoraceae. Downward and upward orientation seedlings on the mother trees were observed, however the latter were not noticed previously. Two new taxa were recognized based on many lines of evidences in this study. A new species, Kandelia obovata C. R. Sheue, H. Y. Liu and J. W. H. Yong, which distributed northern from the South China Sea, was named and described. The detailed morphological and anatomical features of Ceriops australis (C. T. White) E. R. Ballment, T. J. Smith III & J. A. Stoddart were firstly described, which confirmed its taxonomic status. A systematic approach with a global view on the mangrove Rhizophoraceae is still needed, especially for Ceriops and Rhizophora.

Abstract This research focuses on the morphologies of polymers after the heat treatment, as the different temperature and time. To make a polymeric light emitting device (PLED), the wet procedure is used to composite the organic layer, such as spin coating, and has the very tremendous influence to its efficiency and performance. Thermal annealing plays an important role on it, especially the relationship between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the boiling temperature of the solvent. In the experiment of wet procedure, we dissolved the green light polymer (PFG) into the chlorobenzene, and the Tg of PFG is about 108¢XC, and the solvent has been boiled at 134¢XC. After spin coating in the glove box, the organic layer became the liquid thin film, and we must bake it to the solid state. It took different morphologies of the polymers by changing the thermal temperature and time. And we can suppose the molecular arrangement from the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrometry (UV-vis) and photoluminescence spectrometry (PL). Otherwise, we analyzed the surface morphology by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Though the measurement of X-ray diffraction made the crystallinity of polymers discovered. After all, we prepared ITO(140nm) / PEDOT:PSS(65nm) /PFG(60nm)/ LiF(1nm) / Ca(10nm) / Al(200nm) for the PLED structure. According to the characteristic of the device, we can discuss what happen to the light emitting layer after thermal annealed. In the conclusion, we got the best performance when thermal temperature is nearby or above the Tg with the longer baking time. Respectively, the green light had the maximum luminance at 10.5v of 38710 cd/m2, and the current efficiency was 7.62 cd/A, and power efficiency was 2.66 lm/watt. And we have found higher baking temperature than Tg, as more than 135oC, made the worse performance through the longer time; except the 125oC. A transition thermal temperature, a little higher than Tg, made the performance keep stable after baking for a long time.