The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects on DC sputtered thin films after different surface treatments on aluminum targets. Abrasive papers and nonwovens were used to polish the aluminum targets before sputtering. Surface morphology of the aluminum targets before and during sputtering were characterized using surface profiler. In addition, the erosion rate of the aluminum targets was obtained by measuring the changes of the erosion depth with sputtering time at a fixed processing condition. On the other hand, the surface morphology and electrical characteristics of the deposited thin films with respect to different aluminum targets were investigated. We found that surface roughness of the treated aluminum targets is of great importance to the stability of the film quality.

This study is separated into two parts. Firstly, the Ag thin film was deposited on substrates with different average roughness by sputtering to examine the effect of substrate roughness on optical reflection. The results exhibit 10 percent difference of reflectivity within several nanometer changing in average roughness, indicating the reflectivity is easily affected by surface roughness. Secondly, optical reflectivity and electrical resistivity of multi-component AgMgAl alloys, both crystalline and amorphous, were measured. The crystalline alloys exhibit high reflection in infrared region but a steeper drop in visible and ultraviolet regions. By contrast, amorphous alloys show a lower but relatively uniform reflectivity in the visible and infrared regions. In both cases, the reflectivity was observed to scale with the square root of electrical resistivity. The scaling law was explained based on classical reflection theory. The different scaling factors for crystalline and amorphous alloys could be rationalized by the difference in the mean free time of charge carriers. Moreover, the mechanical properties of crystalline and amorphous thin film alloys, including hardness and modulus, were measured by nanoindentation. The hardness of thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) is obviously higher than crystalline metals, while the modulus of TFMGs is similar to crystalline metals.

Based on the ‘free radical theory of aging,’ I hypothesized that hypoxia caused by the mammalian dive response induces free radical production which could modulate or accelerate cellular aging. On the other hand, to prevent free radical “stress” (pro- /antioxidant imbalance), divers could display elevated protective mechanisms. Additionally, the unusual connection between diving physiology and foraging ecology implies that aging physiology is significant to our understanding of ecology for divers. This study examines three aspects of aging in representative diving mammals. First, gracilis muscle morphology was analyzed for old/young shrews (water shrew, Sorex palustris (diver); short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda (non-diver)). Extracellular space was elevated in old animals (10% diver, ~70% non-diver; P=0.021), which corresponded to a larger extracellular collagen component of old muscle (~60%; P=0.008). Muscle was dominated by Type I collagen, and the ratio of collagen Type I: III more than doubled with age (P=0.001). Second, oxidative stress markers, protective antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis were examined in muscle of the two shrew species. The activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase were statistically identical at each age in both species. The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase isoform was, however, elevated in older animals (115% diver, 83% non-diver, P=0.054). Only one indicator of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) increased with age (P=0.009), whereas the other markers declined (4-hydroxynonenal content, P=0.008, dihydroethidium oxidation, P=0.025). Apoptosis occurred in <1% of myocytes, and did not change with age. On balance, diving water shrews did not have adaptations to combat oxidative stress, yet they do not display excessive oxidative tissue damage. Apoptosis was similar between species. The third study component was the development of a predictive simulation model for the energetics of old/young foraging Weddell seals, Leptonychotes weddellii. With advancing age, the model predicts declining net energy gain associated with a decrease in muscle contractile efficiency. The effects of age are exacerbated when good prey patches are scarce. In such cases, declines in old seal energy gain caused by increased buoyancy and decreased aerobic dive limit become apparent. The model also addresses the idea that behavioral plasticity may allow older animals to compensate for age-related performance constraints.

Soot aerosols are well known to be atmospheric constituents, but the hydrophobic nature of fresh soot likely prohibits them from encouraging cloud development. Soot aged through contact with oxygenated organic compounds may become hydrophilic enough to promote water uptake. In this study, the tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and differential mobility analyzer?aerosol particle mass analyzer (DMA?APM) were employed to measure the changes in morphology and hygroscopicity of soot aerosol particles upon coating with succinic and glutaric acids. The effective densities, fractal dimensions and dynamic shape factors of fresh and coated soot aerosol particles have been determined. Significant size-dependent increases of soot particle mobility diameter, mass, and effective density (?eff) were observed upon coating of aggregates with succinic acid. These properties were restored back to their initial states once the acid was removed by heating, suggesting no restructuring of the soot core had occurred. Coating of soot with glutaric acid, on the other hand, leads to a strong size shrinking with a diameter growth factor ~0.60, even after the acid has been removed by heating suggesting the strong restructuring of the soot agglomerate. The additional 90% RH cycle can evidently enhance the restructuring process. The extinction and scattering properties at 532 nm of soot particles internally mixed with dicarboxylic acids were investigated experimentally using a cavity ring-down spectrometer and an integrating nephelometer, respectively, and the absorption is derived as the difference between extinction and scattering. It was found that the organic coatings significantly affect the optical and microphysical properties of the soot aggregates. The size-dependent amplification factors of light scattering were as much as 3.8 and 1.7 with glutaric and succinic acids coatings, respectively. Additional measurements with soot particles that are first coated with glutaric acid and then heated to remove the coating show that both scattering and absorption are enhanced by irreversible restructuring of soot aggregates to more compact globules. These results reveal the microphysical state of soot aerosol with incomplete restructuring in the atmosphere, and advance the treatment of atmospheric aged soot aerosol in the Mie theory shell-and-core model.

The present research examined whether morphology influences word recognition independently of form-level word properties. Prevailing views attribute cross-linguistic differences in morphological processing to variations in morphological structure and/or productivity. This study tested whether morphological processing is additionally influenced by the orthographic depth of written language, by comparing primed word naming among biliterate readers of Hindu and Urdu, languages written in distinct orthographies but sharing a common morphophonology. Results from five experiments supported the view that morphological processing in orthographically shallow (transparent) Hindi script diverged significantly from that in the deeper (opaque) Urdu orthography. Specifically, morphological priming was differently affected in Hindi vs. Urdu by prim presentation conditions (Exps. 1-3): very briefly exposed (48ms), forward masked morphological primes facilitated word naming in Hindi but not in Urdu. Neither briefly presented, unmasked primes nor longer prime exposures (80ms/240ms) produced priming in Hindi, but Experiment 2 showed priming by unmasked Hindi primes at a 240 ms exposure. By contrast, Urdu exhibited morphological priming only for forward masked primes at the long exposure of 240ms. Thus, early-onset priming in Hindi resembled morpho-orthographic decomposition previously recorded in English, whereas Urdu evinced priming consistent with morpho-semantic effects documented across several languages. Hemispheric asymmetry in morphological priming also diverged across Hindi and Urdu (Exps. 4 and 5); Hindi revealed a non-significant numerical trend for facilitation by morphological primes only in the right visual field (RVF), whereas reliable morphological priming in Urdu was limited to left visual field (LVF) presentation.Disparate patterns in morphological processing asymmetry were corroborated by differences in baseline visual field asymmetries in Hindi vs. Urdu word recognition- filler words elicited a consistent RVF advantage in Hindi, whereas in Urdu, one-syllable fillers, but not two- and three-syllable words revealed the RVF advantage. Taken together, the findings suggest that the variable of orthographic depth be integrated more explicitly into mainstream theoretical accounts of the mechanisms underlying morphological processing in word recognition. In addition, this study highlights the psycholinguistic potential of the languages Hindi and Urdu for advancing our understanding of the role of orthography as well as phonology in morphological processing.

A range of geochemical reactions are controlled by the interfacial characteristics of rocks and minerals. Many engineered and natural systems are affected by geochemical reactions that occur at interfaces. Asphalt-aggregate adhesion in road construction is influenced by the interfacial characteristics of the aggregate. Likewise, the remediation of nonaqueous-phase liquid contaminants, such as trichloroethylene or methyl tert-butyl ether, is controlled by the interactions between mineral surfaces and the organic liquid. Many natural systems are also influenced by reactions at interfaces. The migration of petroleum in sedimentary basins is influenced by the wettability of the surfaces of the basin pore space. Adhesion of organisms, such as bacteria or lichens, to rock surfaces is controlled by the interactions of proteins and mineral surfaces. Rock and mineral surfaces are described by surface energy. Surface energy is a thermodynamic construct defined as the amount of work required to form more of a surface. Surface energy can be divided into van der Waals, Lewis acid, and Lewis base components. The ability to predict the magnitude of surface energy components is valuable in understanding species behavior. Surface energy is controlled by three master variables: surface chemistry, surface morphology, and surface coatings. While the surface energy of a number of minerals and aggregates has been characterized, there has not yet been a comprehensive study of the surface energies of a variety of the most common minerals and aggregates using consistent methodology. In addition there has not yet been a study of the effect of these three master variables on surface energies of natural minerals and rocks. This study measured the surface energy of 22 common minerals and 7 aggregates. The samples’ bulk and surface chemistries were characterized with wavelength and energy dispersive spectra analyses on an electron microprobe and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The XPS was also used to quantify the organic and inorganic coatings on the surfaces. Results showed that van der Waals surface energy is typically between 40 and 60 ergs/cm2. Polar surface energy varies by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude, and thus is likely the most important component in accounting for changes between natural minerals.

This thesis presents advances in reduced-order modeling based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for single and two-phase flows. Reduced-order models (ROMs) are generated for two-phase gas-solid flows. A multiphase numerical flow solver, MFIX, is used to generate a database of solution snapshots for proper orthogonal decomposition. Time-independent basis functions are extracted using POD from the data, and the governing equations of the MFIX are projected onto the basis functions to generate the multiphase POD-based ROMs. Reduced-order models are constructed to simulate multiphase two-dimensional non-isothermal flow and isothermal flow particle kinetics and three-dimensional isothermal flow. These reduced-order models are applied to three reference cases. The results of this investigation show that the two-dimensional reduced-order models are capable of producing qualitatively accurate results with less than 5 percent error with at least an order of magnitude reduction of computational costs. The three-dimensional ROM shows improvements in computational costs. This thesis also presents an algorithm based on mathematical morphology used to extract discontinuities present in quasi-steady and unsteady flows for POD basis augmentation. Both MFIX and a Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver, UNS3D, are used to generate solution databases for feature extraction. The algorithm is applied to bubbling uidized beds, transonic airfoils, and turbomachinery seals. The results of this investigation show that all of the important features are extracted without loss in accuracy.

In recent years, with the prevailing of outdoor activity, the bicycle has already become one of the most attractive products on equipment market of the outdoor activity, the bicycle styles on the market are numerous at present, but after most products still introduce the new car fund with the leading brand industry person, other same trades and then imitate with its products. Thesis this purpose lie in use concept , project of design method, put forward one systematized two design theory , bicycle of system. Investigate the basic demand for the business bicycle at first, carry on the performance specification of setting up two bicycles system of the decision¡FSecondly the structure of the frame selected separately, ago it suspend organization in midair, after suspend by organization, handlebar in midair it adjust there aren't device ; Use morphology matrix to solve systematically finally, set up the procedure of formating at the same time , solve the system formated and specify to design.

This thesis contains two parts. In the first part, four kinds of dental baseplates were obtained after curing at 70 ¢XC in water bath or curing in microwave oven. Pressure vent polymerizing Meta-cera (PVPM) methods were performed at 500 watts using Y-Z flask, then the specimens in the flasks were cooled in two different ways. Additionally, the samples in GC FRP flask were separately cured by three different microwave-energy powers: 85, 255 or 595 watts. Each of these curing conditions has six specimens. Adaptation, porosity, and fracture strength of these specimens were evaluated. Optilon-399, a rubber-toughed dental baseplate, was chosen to study the effect of curing conditions on the morphology of the stained specimens using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate that dispersed rubber- enriched phase is observed. Most of the dispersed phase has a mean-diameter ranging from 210 to 1440 nm and smaller domains have a mean-diameter of 80-100 nm. These dispersed domains observed in TEM micrographs are statistically analyzed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The specimens cured in water bath (reference) have the largest mean-diameter, 456 ¡Ó 131 nm, for the dispersed phase. There is no significant difference in mean-diameters between the reference method and 595-watts method. Mean-diameters of the specimens (408~442 nm) cured by the other four methods are significantly less than that of the reference method. Differences are also found among three different microwave-energy powers. Mean-diameter increases from 408 to 432 to 454 nm and the number of domains drops from 35.7 to 34.1 to 32.1 per TEM micrograph when microwave-energy power increases from 85 to 255 to 595 watts. However, 595-watts specimens have the problem of porosity and 85-watts specimens have the highest adaptation discrepancy. Therefore, 255-watts specimens have a relatively high fracture strength (388 kgf versus 354 or 369 kgf). There is no difference in mean-diameter (440 versus 442 nm) and the number of domains (32.9 per TEM micrograph) between PVPM systems. Low adaptation discrepancy and no porosity result in a higher fracture strength (395 and 381 kgf) compared with the reference method (284kgf). From this study, PVPM method in a bench cooled type is suggested to prepare dental baseplates. In the second part, restorative materials for tooth were polymerized and cured using a blue light emitting diode (LED) unit. Five kinds of light-curing hybrid composite resins (Premisa, Esthet-X micro matrix restorative, Z100 Restorative, Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350) were processed by four different operating modes of LED as follows: control mode- 500 mW/cm2 for 20 s; pulse cure mode - 500 mW/cm2 for 10s, 0 mW/cm2 for 10s, then 500 mW/cm2 for the next 10 s; soft-start (ramp) mode- initially 600 mW/cm2 for 10 s, then jump to 1400 mW/cm2 for 10 s; turbo (high) mode-1400 mW/cm2 for 10 s. Each of light-curing dental materials and LED operating modes has six specimens. Temperature variation of resins in a period of 60 s was measured during and after activating the light. Vicker¡¦s hardness of both top and bottom sides of specimens after curing was measured. Both temperature rise and hardness of specimens are statistically analyzed and compared using two-way ANOVA method. Soft-start mode induced an average temperature rise of 7.70 ¡Ó 0.77 ¢XC which is significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other three modes. Pulse cure mode yielded average 4.49 ¡Ó 0.84 ¢XC rise which is lowest (P<0.05). There is no difference in temperature rise between control and turbo modes (P>0.05). Comparing five dental materials, Z350 had an average temperature rise of 7.04 ¡Ó 1.10¢XC that is the highest and significantly different from the other materials (P<0.05). Average temperature rise of the other materials was about 5.3 ¢XC without significant difference, except Premise versus Z100. Both top and bottom sides¡¦ hardness of the cured specimens are determined by dental materials (P<0.05), not by LED operating modes (P>0.05). Z100 has the highest hardness (top: 181.6¡Ó8.9kgf/mm2, bottom: 149.1¡Ó6.0 kgf/mm2). Hardness decreases in the order of Z250, Esthet-X, Premise, Z350. Additionally, the results of isothermal polymerization and curing of resins at 165 ¢XC for 3 hr indicate that the high temperature rise (7 ¢XC) of Z350 resins is due to the high exothermic enthalpy (- 61 J/g). The trend of temperature rise of other dental materials can also be explained from the exothermic value which is measured using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Degree of polymerization conversion of resins after light-curing was also evaluated using DSC. Z100 specimens yielded the complete conversion (100%) for all of LED operating modes. From the viewpoints of complete conversion and high hardness, it is suggested to process Z100 specimens in a pulse cured mode because the temperature rise is only 4.65 ¢XC.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological properties of the ancient city Hattusha and its surroundings. To achieve this, the analyses are conducted on the digital topographical maps at 1/25000 and 1/1000 scales. Results of the analyses reveal that Hattusha is located over a north facing surface with slope values of 6 to 15 degrees within an elevation range of 1000 to 1250 m. All main building complexes are confined to a narrow slope interval of 2 to 15 degrees. Five regions are detected where the city wall deviates from the topographic divide resulting in a shorter path and addition of certain areas to the city. The volume of the city wall between Lion and King&rsquo / s gates is estimated to be 613966 m3 and covers an area of 130682 m2. Capacity of the eastern and southern ponds is estimated 15400 m3 and 22160 m3, respectively. Two potential dam sites are suggested outside the city with a total drainage basin of 0.2713 km2. For the visibility analysis performed inside the city, no relation is found between the visibility and the elevation of points.