This study is separated into two parts. Firstly, the Ag thin film was deposited on substrates with different average roughness by sputtering to examine the effect of substrate roughness on optical reflection. The results exhibit 10 percent difference of reflectivity within several nanometer changing in average roughness, indicating the reflectivity is easily affected by surface roughness. Secondly, optical reflectivity and electrical resistivity of multi-component AgMgAl alloys, both crystalline and amorphous, were measured. The crystalline alloys exhibit high reflection in infrared region but a steeper drop in visible and ultraviolet regions. By contrast, amorphous alloys show a lower but relatively uniform reflectivity in the visible and infrared regions. In both cases, the reflectivity was observed to scale with the square root of electrical resistivity. The scaling law was explained based on classical reflection theory. The different scaling factors for crystalline and amorphous alloys could be rationalized by the difference in the mean free time of charge carriers. Moreover, the mechanical properties of crystalline and amorphous thin film alloys, including hardness and modulus, were measured by nanoindentation. The hardness of thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) is obviously higher than crystalline metals, while the modulus of TFMGs is similar to crystalline metals.

La lumière polarisée est généralement considérée comme une valeur ajoutée et est souvent utilisée pour améliorer l'observation de scènes et d’échantillons, grâce à différents processus d'optimisation. Cependant, il existe un certain nombre de situations où la polarisation de la lumière est pénalisante, et pour lesquelles il est majeur que la lumière polarisée soit transformée en lumière non polarisée. Pour illustration, de nombreuses applications spatiales nécessitent des détecteurs embarqués pour analyser les flux optiques provenant de la Terre ou de l’environnement. Ces flux sont collectés après avoir été diffusés et réfléchis par les différents éléments rencontrés, qui peuvent partiellement polariser la lumière étudiée. Cette dépolarisation n’est pas prédictible car elle dépend fortement des milieux traversés alors qu’elle influe fortement sur l’étalonnage des instruments. Bien que l'on puisse facilement transformer l'état de polarisation de la lumière en un autre état arbitraire, ou passer d’une lumière non polarisée à une lumière polarisée, la situation inverse qui consiste à dépolariser une lumière est moins fréquente et s'accompagne souvent de pertes optiques et d'une réduction de la cohérence spatiale ou temporelle. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une technique alternative originale s’appuyant sur le principe de dépolarisation spatiale. Elle requiert un composant de type multicouche optique présentant un gradient transverse de propriétés optiques. Nous montrons dans quelles conditions ce gradient vient satisfaire à une condition de dépolarisation spatiale, sans créer de perte d’énergie / Polarized light is generally considered as an added value and is often used to improve the viewing of scenes and samples through various optimization processes. However, there are a number of situations where the polarization of the light is penalizing, and for which it is important that the polarized light is transformed into unpolarized light. For example, many space applications require embedded sensors to analyze optical flux from the Earth or the environment. These fluxes are collected after being scattered and reflected by the different elements encountered, which can partially polarize the light studied. This depolarization is not predictable because it strongly depends on the environments encountered whereas it strongly influences the calibration of the instruments. Although the polarization state of light can be easily transformed into another arbitrary state, or from unpolarized light to polarized light, the reverse situation of depolarizing light is less common and is often accompanied by optical losses and a reduction in spatial or temporal coherence. In this thesis, we propose an original alternative technique based on the principle of spatial depolarization. It requires an optical multilayer type component having a transverse gradient of optical properties. We show under which conditions this gradient satisfies a spatial depolarization condition, without creating energy losses. This synthesis step simultaneously takes into account the spatial and spectral variations of the optical properties of the filter

Recently, with the escalating demands for optical communications, the need for bandwidth in optical communication network has increased. The technology breakthrough in dry fiber fabrication opens the possibility for fiber bandwidth from 1.3 to 1.6 £gm. Cr4+:YAG double-clad crystal fiber (DCF) grown by the co-drawing laser-heated pedestal growth method has a strong spontaneous emission spectrum from 1.3 to 1.6 £gm. Such fiber is, therefore, eminently suitable for broadband optical amplifier, amplifier spontaneous emission (ASE) light source, tunable solid-state laser, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) applications. In this thesis, multilayer dielectric thin films were directly deposited by E-gun coating onto the end faces of the heterostructure Cr4+:YAG DCF. In this way we have successfully improved the extracted ASE power by the high reflection (HR) coatings. The backward ASE in the fiber reflected and propagates with gain through the fiber in the forward direction. In dual-pump scheme, as much as 1.7 mW power (DCF length is 9.5 cm) of collimated output ASE was achieved. The dual-pump scheme and HR thin films provided 1.6 time improvements of the ASE output power. For broadband optical amplifier in dual-pump and double-pass scheme, a 3.7-dB gross gain and a 0.7-dB net loss (DCF length is 8.7 cm) at 1.4-£gm signal wavelength have been successfully developed with HR coatings onto one of the Cr4+:YAG DCF end faces. In addition, we have successfully developed the Cr4+:YAG DCF fiber laser by direct HR coatings onto fiber end faces. A record-low threshold of 96 mW (DCF length is 1.6 cm) with a slope efficiency of 6.9% was achieved at room temperature. It is more than four times lower than any previously reported Cr4+:YAG lasers.

In order to improve the efficiency of various optical surfaces, optical coatings are used. Optical coating is a process of depositing a thin layer of a material on an optical component such as mirror or lens to change reflectance or transmittance. There are two main types of coatings namely / reflective and antireflective (AR) Coatings. Reflective and antireflective coatings have long been developed for a variety of applications in all aspects of use / for optical and electro-optical systems in telecommunications, medicine, military products and space applications. In this thesis, the main properties of reflective and antireflective coatings, the thin film deposition techniques, suitable coating materials for space applications, space environment effects on coating materials and coating design examples which are developed using MATLAB for space applications will be discussed.