Background Influenza is an infectious respiratory illness which causes not only mild illness but also severe illness and death, responsible for about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide every year. Excess mortality usually had been used to estimate the actually recorded number of deaths that exceeded the number expected on the basis of past seasonal experience so as to assess the influenza related mortality. Previous studies reporting the association with environmental factors, such as ambient temperature and influenza related mortality, varied in different cities. Therefore, the association between environmental factors and excess mortality of influenza is still controversial and inconclusive, particularly in subtropical regions. Furthermore, whether there exists heterogeneity in the influenza disease burden and effect magnitude among different cities in the same subtropic region has been seldom documented so far. Objective The primary aim of this study is to critically assess the association between environmental factors especially weather conditions such as temperature, precipitation and relative humidity and the influenza‐associated mortality via systematic review and quantative analysis. The secondary aim is to compare the effect magnitude of environmental factors on influenza associated mortality between the southern cities of Mainland China and Hong Kong. Method Because influenza disease is difficult to detect or measure, influenza associated excess mortality which includes all cause deaths associated with influenza, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (R&C) and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) has been used to measure the influenza. Eiligible studies up to February 2013 have been searched in Pubmed, EMBASE database and reference lists of previous reviews. All observational studies including ecological studies which assessed the assoicaitons between environmental factors and influenza‐associated mortality were included. Related excess mortality which had been deal with Poisson model in Hong Kong and related excess mortality which had been deal with negative binomial model in these Mainland southern cities had been collected from the secondary data. Meteorological data in Hong Kong had been collected from the historical data in meteorological observation stations, while the meteorological data in the southern cities of China was collected from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. Pearson correlation and linear regression have been used to examine the association between environmental factors and influenza associated mortality. Last, a pooled analysis was conducted by including city*environmental factors (temperature) as an interaction term in the model to detect the effect magnitude in the two kinds of cities. All tests were two‐sided and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 14 papers were included in the critic review. Negative association between environmental fctors and influenza had been reported in many studies, although inconsistent results had also been reported. The excess mortality of pneumonia and influenza disease in the five southern Mainland cities is significant higher than the the one in Hong Kong (P=0.010). No significant difference was observed in all‐cause excess mortalities and cardiovascular and respiratory disease excess mortality between the two regions (P=0.991, P=0.109). In the five Mainland southern cities, there was significant association between temperature and influenza related all‐cause excess mortality, and the significant association was also found between temperature and cardiovascular and respiratory disease excess mortality (r = ‐0.475, P=0.016 and r = ‐0.673, P=0.007, respectively). Moreover, no significant association was found between precipitation and excess mortality in Mainland. While in Hong Kong, the only two significant associations were found between environmental factors, temperature and relative humidity, and P&I excess mortality (r = ‐0.763, P=0.003 and r =‐0.804, P=0.005, respectively). In the pooled analysis, the influence of temperature on R&C and all cause excess mortality was significantly different between Hong Kong and the five southern Mainland cities. With the increasing of the temperature, the excess mortalities reduced in the two counterparts. However, tempereture had a greater effect on the excess mortality in Mainland China cities than in Hong Kong. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / Surgery / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

Background Smoking is a well-established causal risk factor of premature death. The prevalence of smoking has been estimated to be more than 50% in Chinese men. However, previous reviews of the association between smoking and mortality from all-causes and lung cancer were mainly relied on developed countries. The current systematic review of cohort studies aims at summarizing the existing studies on the association of smoking with all-cause and lung cancer mortality in China. Methods Articles published from 1980 to 2014were searched systematically in databases including PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Google scholar. Main results of all studies were extracted and summarized. Results A total of 14 cohort studies examining the association of smoking with all-cause and lung cancer mortality in Chinese populations were identified. Compared with never smoking, current smoking was associated with higher risks of all-cause and lung cancer mortality in all studies. The relative risks (RR) for current smokers were from 1.20 to 2.29 for all-cause mortality and from 2.44 to 9.40 for lung cancer mortality. Former smokers also showed higher RRs for all-cause mortality (RR=1.20-1.48) and for lung cancer mortality (RR=2.06-6.50) compared with never smokers. Furthermore, dose-response associations of increasing smoking categories with all-cause mortality and lung cancer mortality were observed in most of the studies. Conclusions The risk estimates for all-cause and lung cancer mortality from smoking in China were lower than those from the western countries suggesting that the tobacco epidemic is at an early stage in China. Further large cohort studies giving updated risk estimates are warranted for advocating stringent tobacco control policies in China. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

abstract / Public Health / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / abstract / Statistics and Actuarial Science / Master / Master of Philosophy