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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Ancient mortar production in Ostia, Italy : builders and their choices

Murgatroyd, Jennifer Leigh January 2016 (has links)
The main objective of the research discussed in this thesis was to evaluate the methods and materials used by builders in ancient Ostia to produce mortar for masonry structures. The work was conducted with an eye toward understanding why the ancient builders selected specific materials and employed specific techniques. The research design included scientific investigations of mortar samples from selected structures in Ostia, all dated from brick stamp evidence to the 2nd century CE. The methods employed for this study included thin section petrography, modal analysis via point counting, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and image analysis. Results concluded the samples comprised lime binder and primarily volcanic tuff aggregates derived from the Colli Albani and Monti Sabatini volcanic districts. The selection of these aggregates was integral to mortar performance, as they contained alteration products that would have facilitated pozzolanic reactions during the production phase, greatly improving long term mortar performance and durability. Three distinct types of mortar representing unique mix designs were identified based on the material properties of the mortar samples and the dominant aggregate types. Unique mixes may have been proprietary to specific groups of builders in Ostia, which had been identified by other researchers comparing the architectural features and construction styles of various structures. The results of material analyses showed that the builders from 2nd century Ostia were highly skilled, used sophisticated techniques to produce high quality mortar, and that separate groups of builders employed unique mix designs to achieve similar results.
2

Medidas de concentração de radônio proveniente de argamassas de cimento portland, gesso e fosfogesso / Measurements of radon concentration from portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortars

Narloch, Danielle Cristine 14 September 2015 (has links)
CAPES / O cimento Portland é bastante empregado na construção civil e apresenta em sua composição o gesso natural. Para minimizar custos é possível substituir parte do gesso desta composição pelo fosfogesso. O fosfogesso é um resíduo gerado a partir da produção dos fertilizantes e é constituído, essencialmente, por cálcio dihidratado e algumas impurezas, como fluoretos, metais em geral e radionuclídeos. Atualmente, toneladas de fosfogesso são armazenadas à céu aberto próximo das indústrias de fertilizantes, causando a contaminação do meio ambiente. O elemento 226Ra, presente nesses materiais, ao passar pela série de decaimento radioativo, transforma-se em gás 222Rn. Esse gás, ao ser inalado pode decair dentro dos pulmões e neste caso, os seus produtos depositam-se nas paredes pulmonares ocasionando exposição à radiação, podendo ser um potencial causador de câncer pulmonar. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi medir os níveis de concentração de 222Rn em corpos de prova de argamassa de cimento Portland, de gesso e de fosfogesso provenientes do Estado do Paraná, além de caracterizar o material e estimar a concentração de radônio em um ambiente de convívio humano hipotético construído com paredes destes materiais. Para as medidas de atividade do 222Rn foi utilizado o monitor AlphaGUARD (Saphymo GmbH). A análise qualitativa e quantitativa foi realizada por meio da espectrometria gama e da EDXRF com tubos de alvos de Au e Ag (AMPTEK), e com alvo de Mo (ARTAX) e os ensaios mecânicos com equipamento de raios X (Gilardoni) e com a prensa mecânica (EMIC). Os valores médios da atividade do radônio no ar obtidos pelo estudo dos materiais armazenados no recipiente foram de 854 ± 23 Bq/m3, 60,0 ± 7,2 Bq/m3 e 52,9 ± 5,4 Bq/m3 para argamassas de cimento Portland, de gesso e de fosfogesso, respectivamente. Estes resultados extrapolados para o ambiente hipotético de 36 m3 com paredes revestidas com os materiais foram de 3366 ± 91 Bq/m3, 237 ± 28 Bq/m3 e 208 ± 21 Bq/m3 para argamassas de cimento Portland, gesso e fosfogesso. Considerando o limite de 300 Bq/m3 estabelecido pela ICRP, observa-se que, para o revestimento de cimento Portland a exposição não é segura e requer alguns procedimentos de mitigação específicos. A partir da espectrometria gama foi calculado o valor do rádio equivalente (Raeq) para as argamassas de cimento Portland, gesso e fosfogesso que resultou em 78,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg; 58,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg e 68,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg, respectivamente. Os valores do Raeq das amostras encontram-se inferiores ao limite máximo de 370 Bq/kg. Em relação a análise qualitativa e quantitativa das amostras por EDXRF, os resultados permitiram identificar e quantificar os elementos que compõe as amostras como o Ca, S, Fe, entre outros. / Portland cement being very common construction material has in its composition the natural gypsum. To decrease the costs of manufacturing, the cement industry is substituting the gypsum in its composition by small quantities of phosphogypsum, which is the residue generated by the production of fertilizers and consists essentially of calcium dihydrate and some impurities, such as fluoride, metals in general, and radionuclides. Currently, tons of phosphogypsum are stored in the open air near the fertilizer industries, causing contamination of the environment. The 226 Ra present in these materials, when undergoes radioactive decay, produces the 222Rn gas. This radioactive gas, when inhaled together with its decay products deposited in the lungs, produces the exposure to radiation and can be a potential cause of lung cancer. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure the concentration levels of 222Rn from cylindrical samples of Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar from the state of Paraná, as well as characterizer the material and estimate the radon concentration in an environment of hypothetical dwelling with walls covered by such materials. Experimental setup of 222Rn activity measurements was based on AlphaGUARD detector (Saphymo GmbH). The qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed by gamma spectrometry and EDXRF with Au and Ag targets tubes (AMPTEK), and Mo target (ARTAX) and mechanical testing with x- ray equipment (Gilardoni) and the mechanical press (EMIC). Obtained average values of radon activity from studied materials in the air of containers were of 854 ± 23 Bq/m3, 60,0 ± 7,2 Bq/m3 e 52,9 ± 5,4 Bq/m3 for Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar, respectively. These results extrapolated into the volume of hypothetical dwelling of 36 m3 with the walls covered by such materials were of 3366 ± 91 Bq/m3, 237 ± 28 Bq/m3 e 208 ± 21 Bq/m3for Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar, respectively. Considering the limit of 300 Bq/m3 established by the ICRP, it could be concluded that the use of Portland cement plaster in dwellings is not secure and requires some specific mitigation procedure. Using the results of gamma spectrometry there were calculated the values of radium equivalent activity concentrations (Raeq) for Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar, which were obtained equal to 78,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg; 58,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg e 68,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg, respectively. All values of radium equivalent activity concentrations for studied samples are below the maximum level of 370 Bq/kg. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of EDXRF spectra obtained with studied mortar samples allowed to evaluate quantitate and the elements that constitute the material such as Ca, S, Fe, and others.
3

Medidas de concentração de radônio proveniente de argamassas de cimento portland, gesso e fosfogesso / Measurements of radon concentration from portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortars

Narloch, Danielle Cristine 14 September 2015 (has links)
CAPES / O cimento Portland é bastante empregado na construção civil e apresenta em sua composição o gesso natural. Para minimizar custos é possível substituir parte do gesso desta composição pelo fosfogesso. O fosfogesso é um resíduo gerado a partir da produção dos fertilizantes e é constituído, essencialmente, por cálcio dihidratado e algumas impurezas, como fluoretos, metais em geral e radionuclídeos. Atualmente, toneladas de fosfogesso são armazenadas à céu aberto próximo das indústrias de fertilizantes, causando a contaminação do meio ambiente. O elemento 226Ra, presente nesses materiais, ao passar pela série de decaimento radioativo, transforma-se em gás 222Rn. Esse gás, ao ser inalado pode decair dentro dos pulmões e neste caso, os seus produtos depositam-se nas paredes pulmonares ocasionando exposição à radiação, podendo ser um potencial causador de câncer pulmonar. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi medir os níveis de concentração de 222Rn em corpos de prova de argamassa de cimento Portland, de gesso e de fosfogesso provenientes do Estado do Paraná, além de caracterizar o material e estimar a concentração de radônio em um ambiente de convívio humano hipotético construído com paredes destes materiais. Para as medidas de atividade do 222Rn foi utilizado o monitor AlphaGUARD (Saphymo GmbH). A análise qualitativa e quantitativa foi realizada por meio da espectrometria gama e da EDXRF com tubos de alvos de Au e Ag (AMPTEK), e com alvo de Mo (ARTAX) e os ensaios mecânicos com equipamento de raios X (Gilardoni) e com a prensa mecânica (EMIC). Os valores médios da atividade do radônio no ar obtidos pelo estudo dos materiais armazenados no recipiente foram de 854 ± 23 Bq/m3, 60,0 ± 7,2 Bq/m3 e 52,9 ± 5,4 Bq/m3 para argamassas de cimento Portland, de gesso e de fosfogesso, respectivamente. Estes resultados extrapolados para o ambiente hipotético de 36 m3 com paredes revestidas com os materiais foram de 3366 ± 91 Bq/m3, 237 ± 28 Bq/m3 e 208 ± 21 Bq/m3 para argamassas de cimento Portland, gesso e fosfogesso. Considerando o limite de 300 Bq/m3 estabelecido pela ICRP, observa-se que, para o revestimento de cimento Portland a exposição não é segura e requer alguns procedimentos de mitigação específicos. A partir da espectrometria gama foi calculado o valor do rádio equivalente (Raeq) para as argamassas de cimento Portland, gesso e fosfogesso que resultou em 78,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg; 58,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg e 68,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg, respectivamente. Os valores do Raeq das amostras encontram-se inferiores ao limite máximo de 370 Bq/kg. Em relação a análise qualitativa e quantitativa das amostras por EDXRF, os resultados permitiram identificar e quantificar os elementos que compõe as amostras como o Ca, S, Fe, entre outros. / Portland cement being very common construction material has in its composition the natural gypsum. To decrease the costs of manufacturing, the cement industry is substituting the gypsum in its composition by small quantities of phosphogypsum, which is the residue generated by the production of fertilizers and consists essentially of calcium dihydrate and some impurities, such as fluoride, metals in general, and radionuclides. Currently, tons of phosphogypsum are stored in the open air near the fertilizer industries, causing contamination of the environment. The 226 Ra present in these materials, when undergoes radioactive decay, produces the 222Rn gas. This radioactive gas, when inhaled together with its decay products deposited in the lungs, produces the exposure to radiation and can be a potential cause of lung cancer. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure the concentration levels of 222Rn from cylindrical samples of Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar from the state of Paraná, as well as characterizer the material and estimate the radon concentration in an environment of hypothetical dwelling with walls covered by such materials. Experimental setup of 222Rn activity measurements was based on AlphaGUARD detector (Saphymo GmbH). The qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed by gamma spectrometry and EDXRF with Au and Ag targets tubes (AMPTEK), and Mo target (ARTAX) and mechanical testing with x- ray equipment (Gilardoni) and the mechanical press (EMIC). Obtained average values of radon activity from studied materials in the air of containers were of 854 ± 23 Bq/m3, 60,0 ± 7,2 Bq/m3 e 52,9 ± 5,4 Bq/m3 for Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar, respectively. These results extrapolated into the volume of hypothetical dwelling of 36 m3 with the walls covered by such materials were of 3366 ± 91 Bq/m3, 237 ± 28 Bq/m3 e 208 ± 21 Bq/m3for Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar, respectively. Considering the limit of 300 Bq/m3 established by the ICRP, it could be concluded that the use of Portland cement plaster in dwellings is not secure and requires some specific mitigation procedure. Using the results of gamma spectrometry there were calculated the values of radium equivalent activity concentrations (Raeq) for Portland cement, gypsum and phosphogypsum mortar, which were obtained equal to 78,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg; 58,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg e 68,2 ± 0,9 Bq/kg, respectively. All values of radium equivalent activity concentrations for studied samples are below the maximum level of 370 Bq/kg. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of EDXRF spectra obtained with studied mortar samples allowed to evaluate quantitate and the elements that constitute the material such as Ca, S, Fe, and others.

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