<p>&nbsp;Upotrebom različitih ekstragenasa izvr&scaron;ena je ekstrakcija ploda, lista i korena belog (<em>Morus alba</em> L.) i crnog duda (<em>Morus nigra</em> L. ). Ekstrakcija etanolom je izvr&scaron;ena pri predhodno određenim optimalnim uslovima ekstrakcije (70% koncentracija etanola, temperatura 60&deg;C i odnos rastvarač:droga 20 ml/g). Ispitan je hemijski sastav ekstrakata različitih delova duda. Ispitivanja hemijskog sastava etanolnih ekstrakata obuhvatala su određivanje sadržaja ukupnih fenola, ukupnih flavonoida, ukupnih i monomernih antocijana, kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav polifenolnih komponenata, kao i sadržaj mikro-, makro- i toksičnih elemenata. Najvedi sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih jedinjenja određen je u ekstraktu korena <em>M. nigra</em> (186 mg EHK/g), a najvedi sadržaj flavonoidnih jedinjenja u ekstraktu lista <em>M. nigra</em> (67 mg ER/g). U ekstraktima lista duda po svom sadržaju u odnosu na ukupan sadržaj polifenolnih jedinjenja ističe se kafena kiselina (od 53,34 do 62,11%), dok se u ekstraktima korena izdvaja hlorogenska kiselina (udeo vedi od 74%). U pogledu mineralnog sastava ekstrakata relativno veliki sadržaj Ca i Mg je karakterističan za obe vrste ekstrakata (vedi od 1.400 &mu;g/g). Mikroelementi u svim ispitanim uzorcima duda po opadajudem nivou, su Fe, B, Zn, Cu i Mn. U ekstraktima dobijenim superkritičnim CO₂određen je sadržaj masnih kiselina i ukupnih karotenoida. U ispitivanim ekstraktima dominante su nezasidene masne kiseline, linolna i linolenska kiselina, a značajan je udeo i zasidene masne kiseline (palmitinske kiseline).</p><p>Ispitivanje delovanja ekstrakata obuhvatalo je evaluaciju antioksidativne aktivnosti pradenjem sposobnosti neutralizacije slobodnih radikala, redukcionog potencijala i inhibicije lipidne peroksidacije. Po svim primenjenim metodama najvedu aktivnost je pokazao ekstrakt lista crnog duda. U zavr&scaron;noj fazi rada ispitana je in vitro citotoksična aktivnost ekstrakata duda, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri delijske linije: Hep2, RD i L2OB. Ekstrakti lista <em>M. nigra</em> su se pokazali kao najpotentniji inhibitori&nbsp;rasta na sve tri delijske linije (IC₅₀&lt;30 &mu;g/g). Na osnovu svih sprovedenih ispitivanja kao proizvod sa najboljim karakteristikama pokazao se ekstrakti lista <em>M. nigra</em>.</p> / <p>Using different extraction solvents extracts of fruit, leaves and roots of white (<em>Morus alba</em> L.) and black mulberry (<em>Morus nigra</em> L.) were prepared. Extraction by ethanol was carried out at the previously determined optimal extraction conditions (70% ethanol concentration, temperature 60&deg;C and the ratio of solvent: drug 20 ml/g). The chemical composition of extracts obtained from different parts of the mulberry were analysed. These analyses included the determination of total phenols, total flavonoids, monomeric and total anthocyanins, qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic components, and the content of micro-, macro- and toxic elements. The highest phenolic content was determined in the extract of <em>M. nigra</em> root (186 mg ECA/ g), while the highest content of flavonoid compounds was determined in the extract of <em>M. nigra</em> leaves (67 mg ER/g). In the case of mulberry leaf extracts dominant phenolic compound, in relation to the total phenolic content, was caffeic acid (with contribution from 53.34 to 62.11%), while in the extracts of root extracts dominant phenolic compounds was chlorogenic acid (a higher proportion of 74%). In terms of mineral composition of the extracts relatively high content of Ca and Mg was characteristic of both types of extracts (greater than 1,400 mg/g). Measured content of trace elements in mulberry extracts decrease in the next order: Fe&gt; B&gt; Zn&gt; Cu&gt; Mn. In the extracts obtained by supercritical CO₂ fatty acids and total carotenoids were determined. In these extracts dominant unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic and linolenic acid. Also, significant proportion of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) has been detected.</p><p>Testing of extracts activity included the evaluation of antioxidant activity applying the methods based on: neutralize free radicals, reducing power potential and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. All applied methods showed the highest activity of black mulberry leaf extract. In the final phase of work in vitro cytotoxic activity of mulberry extracts was examined. Their effect on growth of three cell lines: Hep2, RD, and L2OB were analysed. Extracts of <em>M. nigra</em> proved to be the most potent inhibitors of growth in all three cell lines (IC₅₀&lt;30 mg/g). On the basis of all conducted tests it has been proven that <em>M. nigra</em> extracts are products with the best characteristics.</p>

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Moraceae family consists of approximately 1000 species, distributed in 61 genera. Morus alba has small flowers, simple stems up to 33 feet tall and whole leaves, serrated or lobed, fruit September to November. M. alba is used in traditional medicine as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin and alkaloid 1- deoxinojirimicina were isolated and identified in their leaves. The physico-chemical quality control was performed with M. Alba s leaves collected in four seasons. The values found in the analysis of loss on drying and foreign matter are agreement with established for herbal drugs. The collection made in March had the highest content of total ash and acid insoluble and swelling index was higher in September. The dosages of polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in summer. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of M. alba in induction of granulomatous tissue showed that animals treated with hydroethanolic extract presented 20.24 ± 6.94% inhibition of the formation of granulomatous tissue while those treated with nimesulide has 21.42 ± 6.52%, confirming significant anti-inflammatory activity. The dosages of AST, ALT and creatinine were performed with the same animals, demonstrating absence of toxicity in liver and kidney. In determining the in vitro antimicrobial activity, the fractions ethyl acetate and chloroform showed the best responses front of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, Prothoteca zophii and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of the hydroethanolic extract by cell cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and cells of connective tissue of mouse (NCTC) clone 929 showed, respectively, IC50 of 0.34 mg/mL and 3.24 mg/mL. / A família Moraceae compreende aproximadamente 1000 espécies, distribuídas em 61 gêneros. Morus alba possui flores pequenas, caule simples com até 10 metros de altura e folhas inteiras, serreadas ou lobadas, frutifica de setembro a novembro. M. alba é utilizada na medicina tradicional como hipoglicemiante, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e no tratamento dos sintomas da menopausa. Flavonóides como quercetina, rutina e o alcalóide 1-deoxinojirimicina foram isolados e identificados nas suas folhas. O controle de qualidade físico-químico foi realizado com folhas de M. alba coletadas nas quatro estações. Os valores encontrados nas análises de perda por dessecação e matéria estranha estão de acordo com os estabelecidos para drogas vegetais. A coleta realizada em março apresentou o maior conteúdo de cinzas totais e insolúveis em ácido e o índice de intumescência foi mais elevado em setembro. As dosagens de polifenóis e flavonóides foram mais elevadas no verão. A avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória de M. alba em modelo de indução de tecido granulomatoso demonstrou que os animais tratados com o extrato hidroetanólico apresentaram 20,24 ± 6,94% de inibição da formação de tecido granulomatoso enquanto que os tratados com nimesulida apresentaram 21,42 ± 6,52%, confirmando significativa atividade anti-inflamatória. As dosagens de AST, ALT e creatinina foram realizadas com os mesmos animais, demonstrando ausência de indícios de toxicidade hepática e renal. Na determinação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro, as frações acetato de etila e clorofórmio apresentaram as melhores atividades frente à Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, Prothoteca zophii e Candida albicans. A citotoxicidade do extrato hidroetanólico por culturas de células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO) e células do tecido conectivo de camundongo (NCTC) clone 929 apresentaram, respectivamente, IC50 de 0,34 mg/mL e 3,24 mg/mL, demonstrando ação citotóxica in vitro.