Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2011 / Bibliografia: f. 107-111 / Esta pesquisa procurou verificar a influência do Personalismo de Emmanuel Mounier e dos movimentos sociais católicos sobre as idéias pedagógicas de Paulo Freire. O objetivo desta investigação científica foi o de verificar, por meio de uma análise interpre / Cette recherche a essayé de vérifier le poids de l'influence du Personnalisme d'Emmamuel Mounier et des mouvements sociaux catholiques sur les idées pédagogiques de Paulo Freire. Ainsi, le but de cette recherche scientifique a été celui de vérifier au tra

The rise of the middle class to power and influence in European culture and politics in the nineteenth century created the conditions of modern life which to many European intellectuals were distasteful and ominous. They viewed urbanization, commercialization, industrialization and the qualities of life that they engendered, such as anxiety, limitation of freedom, and pervasive mediocrity in cultural expression, as being inimical to the traditional and more reliable values of European civilization or, in some instances, as being incapable of providing the bases for a free and humane existence. This study focuses on the attack on bourgeois society in Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries in an attempt to expand the definition of “cultural despair,” a term to which it is related. Although others have discussed this general topic, cultural despair, the present study takes for its starting point the limited outlines offered in Fritz Stern’s The Politics of Cultural Despair. This is undertaken for the dual purpose of exposing to historical scrutiny a background theme of European intellectual activity of the former and present centuries, and to help construct a historiographical tool with which the historian can seek to understand more readily the impact of the rise of the middle class and its consequences on the mind of Europe. To reinforce the understanding of the topic of cultural despair, the essay offers four illustrations of cultural despair from traditions of the European intellectual milieu. These are the revolutionary, represented by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the critique of bourgeois economics; the literary, represented by T. S. Eliot and the critique of modern culture; the Catholic, represented by Emmanuel Mounier and his critique of bourgeois life; and the existentialist, represented by Jean-Paul Sartre and the redefinition of freedom in modern life. Finally, this effort concludes with an attempt to synthesize the attitudes of these four men in their relation to the general subject.

Ce mémoire présente une analyse des influences causées par l’œuvre kierkegaardienne à l’intérieur des différentes conceptions de l’existentialisme du 20e siècle. Considérant tout d’abord deux lectures chrétiennes de l’existentialisme moderne, celle proposée dans l’Introduction aux existentialismes d’Emmanuel Mounier et celle du Court traité de l ’existence et de l ’existant de Jacques Maritain, l’auteur souligne ensuite l’héritage de Kierkegaard et met en évidence l’intérêt porté à la philosophie kierkegaardienne par ces deux penseurs de l’existence du 20e siècle. L’analyse fait ressortir les richesses et les limites de la pensée kierkegaardienne telle que l’appréhendaient Mounier et Maritain, tandis que la présentation de leurs deux conceptions de l’existentialisme aura fait voir comment l’œuvre de Kierkegaard a diversement influencé le cours de l’histoire philosophique.