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The purpose of this study was to compare the shoulder resultant joint moment (RJM) during a shoulder internal rotator exercise using elastic resistance employing four different movement strategies and two different starting elastic strains. Methods: Ten subjects aged 27.4 ± 2.6 yr (5 female and 5 male) with no previous shoulder pathology performed four sets of six repetitions of shoulder rotation though 180° using elastic resistance (Thera-Band® elastic band, blue) during two acceleration (medium and low) and two cadence (2s:2s, <1s:1s) strategies at 0% elastic starting strain. The acceleration movement strategies were also performed with starting strain of 30%. A mathematical model using Newtonian mechanics was used to compute the RJM. Elastic band recoil force was measured with a force transducer. Forearm acceleration was determined by a miniature uniaxial accelerometer secured at the wrist. Electrogoniometer data were collected to determine the range of motion (ROM) as well as the angle between the forearm and band which was used to determine elastic moment arm. Paired t-tests were used to identify joint angle specific RJM differences between conditions. Results: Angle specific comparisons revealed that RJM in the moderate acceleration movement strategy was significantly different from RJM in the low acceleration movement strategy through 150° (83%) of range of motion (p<0.05). Shoulder RJM was up to 111% higher in the moderate acceleration strategy (P < 0.01). Angle specific comparisons revealed RJM in the <1:1 cadence strategy was significantly different from RJM in the 2:2 cadence through 108° (60%) of the range of motion (p<0.05). RJM was up to 47% higher in the <1:1 cadence (p<0.01). RJM in the low acceleration strategy was significantly greater with 30% elastic start strain relative to 0% elastic start strain through 180º of angular excursion (p<0.001). The pattern and magnitude of neuromuscular loading was significantly different in higher acceleration movement strategies (moderate acceleration and fast cadence). Conclusions: These findings indicate that differential limb acceleration as a result of movement strategy significantly affects shoulder load during elastic resistance exercise. The pattern and magnitude of load was different in each movement strategy and could result in differential neuromuscular adaptation through training. Clinicians and exercise professionals should consider movement strategy/acceleration as an important factor when prescribing elastic resistance exercise for safety and efficacy. / October 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the shoulder resultant joint moment (RJM) during a shoulder internal rotator exercise using elastic resistance employing four different movement strategies and two different starting elastic strains. Methods: Ten subjects aged 27.4 ± 2.6 yr (5 female and 5 male) with no previous shoulder pathology performed four sets of six repetitions of shoulder rotation though 180° using elastic resistance (Thera-Band® elastic band, blue) during two acceleration (medium and low) and two cadence (2s:2s, <1s:1s) strategies at 0% elastic starting strain. The acceleration movement strategies were also performed with starting strain of 30%. A mathematical model using Newtonian mechanics was used to compute the RJM. Elastic band recoil force was measured with a force transducer. Forearm acceleration was determined by a miniature uniaxial accelerometer secured at the wrist. Electrogoniometer data were collected to determine the range of motion (ROM) as well as the angle between the forearm and band which was used to determine elastic moment arm. Paired t-tests were used to identify joint angle specific RJM differences between conditions. Results: Angle specific comparisons revealed that RJM in the moderate acceleration movement strategy was significantly different from RJM in the low acceleration movement strategy through 150° (83%) of range of motion (p<0.05). Shoulder RJM was up to 111% higher in the moderate acceleration strategy (P < 0.01). Angle specific comparisons revealed RJM in the <1:1 cadence strategy was significantly different from RJM in the 2:2 cadence through 108° (60%) of the range of motion (p<0.05). RJM was up to 47% higher in the <1:1 cadence (p<0.01). RJM in the low acceleration strategy was significantly greater with 30% elastic start strain relative to 0% elastic start strain through 180º of angular excursion (p<0.001). The pattern and magnitude of neuromuscular loading was significantly different in higher acceleration movement strategies (moderate acceleration and fast cadence). Conclusions: These findings indicate that differential limb acceleration as a result of movement strategy significantly affects shoulder load during elastic resistance exercise. The pattern and magnitude of load was different in each movement strategy and could result in differential neuromuscular adaptation through training. Clinicians and exercise professionals should consider movement strategy/acceleration as an important factor when prescribing elastic resistance exercise for safety and efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shoulder resultant joint moment (RJM) during a shoulder internal rotator exercise using elastic resistance employing four different movement strategies and two different starting elastic strains. Methods: Ten subjects aged 27.4 ± 2.6 yr (5 female and 5 male) with no previous shoulder pathology performed four sets of six repetitions of shoulder rotation though 180° using elastic resistance (Thera-Band® elastic band, blue) during two acceleration (medium and low) and two cadence (2s:2s, <1s:1s) strategies at 0% elastic starting strain. The acceleration movement strategies were also performed with starting strain of 30%. A mathematical model using Newtonian mechanics was used to compute the RJM. Elastic band recoil force was measured with a force transducer. Forearm acceleration was determined by a miniature uniaxial accelerometer secured at the wrist. Electrogoniometer data were collected to determine the range of motion (ROM) as well as the angle between the forearm and band which was used to determine elastic moment arm. Paired t-tests were used to identify joint angle specific RJM differences between conditions. Results: Angle specific comparisons revealed that RJM in the moderate acceleration movement strategy was significantly different from RJM in the low acceleration movement strategy through 150° (83%) of range of motion (p<0.05). Shoulder RJM was up to 111% higher in the moderate acceleration strategy (P < 0.01). Angle specific comparisons revealed RJM in the <1:1 cadence strategy was significantly different from RJM in the 2:2 cadence through 108° (60%) of the range of motion (p<0.05). RJM was up to 47% higher in the <1:1 cadence (p<0.01). RJM in the low acceleration strategy was significantly greater with 30% elastic start strain relative to 0% elastic start strain through 180º of angular excursion (p<0.001). The pattern and magnitude of neuromuscular loading was significantly different in higher acceleration movement strategies (moderate acceleration and fast cadence). Conclusions: These findings indicate that differential limb acceleration as a result of movement strategy significantly affects shoulder load during elastic resistance exercise. The pattern and magnitude of load was different in each movement strategy and could result in differential neuromuscular adaptation through training. Clinicians and exercise professionals should consider movement strategy/acceleration as an important factor when prescribing elastic resistance exercise for safety and efficacy.

BAKGRUND: Ländryggssmärta är idag ett av de största folkhälsoproblemen och drabbar majoriteten av människor någon gång under deras livstid. Det är viktigt med validerade och reliabla tester för att undersöka problematiken. Nedsatt rörelsekontroll är en trolig källa till symptom i ländryggen. Styrkelyftare utsätts för stora externa krafter på ländryggen, framförallt i knäböj och marklyft, vilket gör att de tillhör riskgruppen för ländryggssmärta. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka interbedömarreliabiliteten för erfarna och oerfarna bedömare av rörelsekontroll för ländryggen hos styrkelyftare. Det sekundära syftet var att undersöka om det fanns en skillnad i total testbatteripoäng mellan styrkelyftare med och utan ländryggssmärta. METOD: Åtta deltagare filmades när de utförde tester enligt ett testbatteri utvecklat av Luomajoki et al. Dessa filmer bedömdes av två erfarna samt två oerfarna bedömare för att undersöka interbedömarreliabiliteten. RESULTAT: Resultaten presenterades med Cohens kappa samt med procentuell överensstämmelse. Resultaten visade tendenser till att erfarna bedömare hade bättre överensstämmelse än oerfarna bedömare i detta testbatteri. Av de åtta tester som analyserades med Cohens kappa hade de erfarna bedömarna högre kappakoefficienter i fem av testerna. Sett till procentuell överensstämmelse var inte tendensen lika tydlig. Ingen signifikant skillnad fanns i total testbatteripoäng mellan styrkelyftare med och utan ländryggssmärta. SLUTSATS: Tendensen tyder på att erfarna bedömare är mer samstämmiga i sin bedömning än oerfarna bedömare. I den här studien kunde man inte se någon skillnad i resultatet mellan styrkelyftare med respektive utan ländryggsmärta på ett testbatteri för rörelsekontroll i ländryggen. Några säkra slutsatser kunde inte dras av resultaten, framförallt på grund av det låga deltagarantalet.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho, Ã proposta uma representaÃÃo de controladores que utiliza sensores de alto nÃvel e tem uma estrutura geral e intuitiva que disponibiliza vÃrios tipos de parÃmetros para o animador. Essa estrutura permite, de acordo com a retroalimentaÃÃo de seus sensores, que vÃrias mÃquinas de estados atuem simultaneamente no modelo, ou em subconjuntos de seus atuadores. TambÃm permite que, durante seu projeto, procedimentos com instruÃÃes gerais, de acordo com o movimento desejado, possam ser definidos e adequadamente associados a ela pelo animador, para serem executados automaticamente pelo controlador durante a simulaÃÃo dinÃmica. / We propose an improved representation of controllers which uses high-level sensors and possess a general and intuitive structure that offers the animator several types of parameters to manipulate. This structure, with the feedback signals provided by its sensors, allows that several state machines act simultaneously on the model, or in a subset of its actuators. It also permits that procedures with general instructions, in accordance with a specified motion, be defined during its design phase and be adequately associated with it by the animator, in order to be automatically executed by the controller during the dynamic simulation

Head position signal is crucial for preparing reaching movements because it contributes to specifying the position of body and target in space and relative to each other. However, it is unclear whether sensory information pertaining head position is used to control the movement after movement onset. In this study, nineteen participants performed discrete reaches towards a virtual target while neck vibration was randomly applied before and/or during the movement or not at all. The main dependent variable was the directional bias of the reaching finger. Neck vibration induced early leftward or late rightward trajectory biases. It appears that participants interpreted the sensed head shift as a target or an eye-in-head motion, which can be explained by individual differences in the use of reference frames. Nevertheless, body-centered and head-centered frames of reference appear to be important for the early and late stages of a goal-directed movement, respectively.