The single leg squat (SLS) is a functional movement task that is commonly used by clinicians as both an evaluation and treatment tool. Across clinics and research labs, no standard SLS procedure exists and variations in non-stance leg position are typical. There is little information to guide clinicians in selecting the appropriate SLS variation for individual rehabilitation goals. Non-stance leg positioning during the SLS may influence lower extremity mechanics and muscle activity. It is unknown if, and to what extent, altering the non-stance leg position during the SLS affects how the SLS is performed. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine how healthy adults performed the SLS when asked to place their non-stance leg in 3 commonly used positions during the squat. We hypothesized that the position of the non-stance leg would have a nontrivial impact on how the SLS was performed and result in different stance leg mechanics and muscle activation levels. Sixteen females participated in Study 1, the same 16 females from Study 1 and 16 males participated in Study 2, and 17 adults (with some overlap of participants from Study 1 and Study 2) participated in Study 3. Kinematic data were recorded using a motion capture system, ground reaction force data were collected using the force plates in a split-belt instrumented treadmill, and muscle activity levels were quantified using a surface electromyography system. Results from all 3 studies supported our hypothesis. Study 1 indicated that different non-stance leg positions during the SLS affected the kinematics at the trunk, pelvis, and lower extremity and the lower extremity kinetics in females. Study 2 demonstrated that males also exhibited different kinematics and kinetics for the 3 SLS tasks with different non-stance leg positions. In addition, females and males performed the 3 SLS tasks differently, suggesting that they respond differently to altering the non-stance leg position. Study 3 indicated that hip muscle activation levels were affected by the non-stance leg position during the SLS. Our results suggest that clinicians and researchers should be mindful of the non-stance leg position during the SLS and be cautious of using SLS variations interchangeably. / 2021-06-30T00:00:00Z

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La prise de décision motrice implique que le sujet analyse les différentes stratégies possibles, en se basant sur l’observation de son environnement notamment, qui le conduisent à une décision motrice finale la plus appropriée. Pour explorer ce processus, nous avons réalisé un projet de recherche qui a pour but de déterminer comment varie l’activité des cellules de trois différentes aires motrices du cortex cérébral, en fonction de plusieurs indices visuels observés lors du mécanisme de prise de décision complexe. Dans ce contexte, les indices sensoriels utilisés peuvent soit présenter des indices ambigus ou contradictoires en faveur de différents choix d’actions. Ce procédé nécessite à ce que le cerveau détermine à quel degré un indice sensoriel est plus en faveur d’un choix que d’un autre, et quel est le meilleur choix d’action à réaliser en se basant sur les indices sensoriels reçus durant une période de temps donnée. Dans ce projet de thèse nous avons enregistré l’activité des cellules des aires corticales motrices primaires (M1), du pré-moteur dorsal (PMd), et aussi du préfrontal dorso-latéral (DLPF), chez un singe, dans plusieurs tâches décisionnelles dont certaines ont été notamment utilisées au préalable au sein de notre laboratoire par Coallier et al. (2014,2015). Dans cette thèse, nous présenterons les observations obtenues dans le PMd. Dans les essais de nos différentes tâches, nous avons utilisé des stimuli visuels correspondants à des damiers multicolores composés d’un nombre variable de carrés bleus et jaunes. Ces damiers fournissaient différents niveaux « d’évidences » en faveur des cibles bleues ou jaunes, à atteindre en réalisant un mouvement du bras. Dans ce projet, nos hypothèses sont les suivantes: 1) l’activité des cellules du PMd est plus impliquée dans la sélection de l’action que dans les processus perceptuels de la tâche, 2) les cellules du PMd pourraient jouer un rôle dans les procédés métacognitifs tels que la confiance en des choix d’actions. En conclusion, nos expériences ont permis de mettre en évidence des mécanismes neuronaux à travers lesquels le cortex prémoteur dorsal (PMd) contribue à la planification et à l’exécution des mouvements volontaires du bras. Plus précisément, nos données montrent que le PMd est plus impliqué dans les aspects moteurs, que perceptuels de la prise de décision sensorimotrice. De plus, le PMd exprime une activité qui pourrait refléter des processus neuronaux par lesquels les singes font un suivi et évaluent leur propre performance dans les tâches, afin de prédire la probabilité de bonne réponse et de réussite de leurs décisions, et pour attribuer un niveau de confiance en leurs décisions. / Motor decision-making implies that the subject analyses different possible strategies, based on the observation of his environment in particular, which leads him to select the most appropriate final motor decision. To explore this process, we conducted a research project to determine how neural activity in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) varies according to several visual cues observed during a complex decision-making process. In this context, the sensory instructional cues used may either present ambiguous or even contradictory evidence in favor of different motor choices. This process requires the brain to determine to what degree sensory input is more in favor of one choice than another, and what is the best choice of action to take based on the sensory cues received over a given period of time. To do so, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the dorsal pre-motor cortex (PMd of a monkey, in several decision-making tasks, some of which were previously used in our laboratory by Coallier et al.(2014, 2015). We tested neural activity in our different tasks, by using visual stimuli that resembled multicolored checkerboards, composed of a variable number of blue and yellow squares. These checkerboards provided different levels of "evidence" in favor of blue or yellow targets, to be reached by moving the arm. In this project, our hypothesis are as follows: 1) PMd cell activity is more involved in action selection than in the perceptual processes of the task, 2) PMd cells could play a role in metacognitive processes such as confidence in action choices. In conclusion, our experiments provided new insights into the neural mechanisms by which the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) contributes to the planning and execution of voluntary arm movements. In particular, our data show that PMd is more implicated in the motor aspects of sensorimotor decisions and expresses little or no activity related to the perceptual aspects of the decision-making process. Furthermore, PMd neurons express activity that might reflect neuronal processes by which the monkeys monitor and evaluate their performance in the tasks, in order to predict the probability of correct responses and success of their decisions, and to attribute a level of metacognitive confidence in their motor decisions.