During 1990s, the 'renaissance' of civil society in the Third World and the birth of thousands ofNGOs provoked a debate about their critical role, linked to the end of the Cold War and the 'triumph' of the Westernized, capitalist system, which has steadily expanded its model throughout the world, proclaiming the merits of democratization and the free market system. According to Commins (1999) "the major global institutions and most powerful bilateral donors want NGOs to serve as the front line for global welfare". Donors offered funds, and thousands of NGO were born worldwide. Through their projects and the movement of expatriates to developing countries, many replicated Western culture and acted as welfare providers, losing sight of their independence and critical position unto both market and state. Development apparatus have been institutionalized globally. A high concentration of development assistance exists in the Third World. "One finds identical development institutions, a common discourse, way of defining problems and pool of 'experts' ... " (Ferguson 1990: 8). At least theoretically, many organizations are moving toward a more participatory development, recognizing indigenous knowledge. Yet, the complexity of the relationships between donors, organizations and partners, and the rigidity of the bureaucratic procedures imposed, oftentimes exclude the voice of the locals (Marsden 2004). In Mozambique, relationships with international financial institutions emerged in 1987 with the Structural Adjustments Programs (SAP). Subsequently, it experienced a rapid economic growth while inequalities and foreign debt increased. Yet, in contrast to the birth of numerous NGOs, human rights organizations and civil society groups in other African countries during the 1990s, civil society was still non-existent there. This dissertation explores crucial issues identified in the functioning of development projects in the local context. Once identified, these can be integrated into future projects, strengthening their impact and increasing their efficiency. Some are: participation in the decision-making processes before and during project implementation, program evaluation, relationships between NGOs and the public sector, and the integration of local culture and values in adapting the programs to the regional context. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes reduces the efficacy of insecticide in killing and can therefore cause a major problem for malaria vector control by insecticides. In Mozambique, pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus was first detected in December 1999 in the southern corner of Maputo Province. Since then, various collections have been made at selected sites throughout the country and WHO standard susceptibility tests and biochemical assays were conducted to determine the susceptibility status and the major resistance mechanisms, in the Fl generation of field collected mosquitoes. Three malaria vector species: Anopheles funestus s.s., Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis were identified in this study by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and their distributions plotted. The susceptibility data indicate that the Anopheles funestus s.s population in southern Mozambique is widely resistant to pyrethroid and with low levels of carbamate resistance evident at six localities. No resistance to organophosphate and DDT was observed at any study sites. Biochemical tests indicate the presence of an altered acetlylcholinesterase in all collection localities with the exception of Massinga district. Elevated esterase activity with substrate a-naphthyl acetate were detect in Boane with a probable role in organophosphate resistance. Elevated GST were detected in Boane, Moamba and Catembe. Very low levels monooxygenase titres were registered in all the localities in Mozambique, which suggest that this resistance mechanism is not operating in these areas. Pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles gambiae complex was detected only in Anopheles arabiensis from one locality. No resistant to other groups of insecticide were observed. Altered acetlylcholinesterases were registered in all collection localities and in both species: Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis. Elevated esterase with substrate a-naphthyl acetate were detected in Anopheles arabiensis at only one locality. Elevated GSTs were detected at all localities and in both species. The implications of the findings for malaria vector control in Mozambique are discussed. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Sound management of information and data is an essential cornerstone for efficient and effective decision making. Structured, up to date and easily retrievable data from several heterogeneous sources is often required to effectively manage, monitor and predict resource quantities particularly for depleting resources such as fish. The documentation and management of fisheries data in most developing countries however poses great challenges. The main aim of this study therefore is to design an information system (IS) for Artisanal Fisheries management. The developed IS is supported by a database. Secondary data, from the provincial offices of Moma and Angoche in Mozambique, is used to test and populate the prototype database. The manner in which the database is developed demonstrates how in practice a database can be created as part of an information system. However, due to time restrictions, a complete database for the AF system could not be developed. To accomplish the objectives of the study, a model of the Artisanal Fisheries (AF) system was developed first. Based on standard system development approaches, the key components of the AF system that include; processes, data flows and data stores, were identified. The developed conceptual system was then used to identify critical data stores for the AF system and data models were subsequently developed. A prototype database to support the AF system was then implemented in MS Access. The motivation for this study is as a result of two observations made on information management which are a challenge in artisanal fisheries management in Moma-Angoche. These observations are; (i) the current information system lacks a structured approach and a database to document and archive data/information on the artisanal fisheries subsector; and, (ii) the high proportion of the data/information collected from different sources is not well processed, analyzed and is not user-friendly as yet. The Moma-Angoche Provincial Fisheries office was chosen because it is strategically suitable for research. This has been demonstrated by the amount of socio-economic artisanal fishing census data already collected and by the research on stock marine resources already carried out. As a result, the study area has become a pilot zone of integrated fisheries development projects. During the life cycle of the various projects, and even after their termination, the area remained an important zone where subsequent studies (for example baseline studies) were carried out. Furthermore, the existence of subsequent data available from those studies allows a good opportunity for data comparisons to be made. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

The African country of Mozambique has been undertaking a remarkable development process within the past. However, this has not been translated into a significantly decreasing poverty–or unemployment rate. Especially amongst young, the unemployment rate is quite high. Due to a high annual population growth and large amount of jobseekers every year, the economy is not able to create a corresponding number of jobs. The focus of this study is therefore to achieve a broader understanding of employment possibilities young people have. To foster a vast image of this situation, sectors such as education, agriculture and politics will be examined. This thesis is based on a qualitative field study carried out in Ribáuè, a district located in Nampula province, in the northern part of Mozambique. During the fieldwork, an ethnographic approach with semi–structured interviews mainly on a local level has been used to gather information. The (dis)empowerment model by Friedmann along with Sen’scapability approach and Lewis’ dual-sector model were used to analyse the data and clarify the problems described above.The study shows that young people in Ribáuè district are aware that they cannot depend on the government and should rather start to generate income through entrepreneurship. As young people are less interested in agriculture, the most common business that they are doing is to buy and sell consumer goods. However, one of the main obstacles when it comes to starting-up a business is the financial means. Moreover, there seems to be a crucial mismatch between the demand of the labour market and the knowledge provided by the education sector. Taking this into consideration, this study also highlights the importance of governmental efforts to empower the young people in general, not only in entrepreneurship, but in order to prepare them in every aspect of their lives.

Change has become a ubiquitous force in a highly globalized and interconnected world. Coastal systems are being restructured by overfishing, globalization, climate change and other factors. Further, social and ecological changes in coastal systems interact across spatial and temporal scales creating challenges that are complex, nonlinear and often difficult to predict. These new challenges have the potential to push social-ecological systems past their experienced range of variability and thus have immense consequences for the both the health of marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people who depend on marine resources for their survival. Addressing these challenges will require collaborative efforts informed by site-specific research on the dynamics of social-ecological systems. Ultimately, this dissertation aims to contribute to efforts towards social-ecological system sustainability. Specifically, the purpose of the research is to improve our understanding of how small-scale fishers in Mozambique have adapted over time to cope with a particular set of challenges and how likely fishers are to cope effectively with future changes in their complex social-ecological systems. The dissertation is organized around four research chapters, each of which addresses a specific research objective. Detailed knowledge of historical social-ecological conditions is a critical entry point for understanding small-scale fisheries systems. While fisheries landings data are often the primary source for historical reconstructions of fisheries, reliance on data of a single type and/or from a single-scale can lead to incomplete or misleading conclusions. Moreover, in the case of many small-scale fisheries landings statistics are often incomplete and/or inaccurate. Therefore, Chapter 2 combines data from multiple sources and scales to reconstruct historical social-ecological system dynamics along the Mozambican coast. At the national scale, my analysis points towards trends of fishing intensification and decline in targeted species, and highlights the significant impact of small-scale fisheries on marine stocks. At the local scale, fishers are experiencing changes in fish abundance and distribution, as well as in their physical, social and cultural environments and have responded by increasing their fishing effort. In the context of multiple drivers of change, it has become increasingly important to identify how communities are responding to livelihood stressors. In Chapter 3, I examine how fishers are adapting to social-ecological change, and identify factors that facilitate adaptation and factors that inhibit adaptation. Primarily, fishers are adapting through intensifying their fishing efforts or by diversifying their livelihoods. Adaptation is facilitated by fishers’ groups, occupational pride and family networks. It is inhibited by limited assets, adaptive actions with negative social and ecological impacts, competition over declining resources and pervasive poverty. My data suggest that it is not the poorest fishers who are least able to adapt to change, but fishers who are locked into a declining fishery. I argue that adaptations are spatially and social differentiated and place-specific. Therefore, future adaptation initiatives aimed at strengthening the capacity of threatened communities to respond to livelihood stressors need to explicitly consider this complexity. Millions of people around the world depend on shrimp aquaculture for their income and livelihood. Yet, the phenomenal growth of shrimp aquaculture during the last two decades has given rise to considerable environmental damage and social disruption at the local level. In Chapter 4, I analyze the impacts of employment at an export-oriented shrimp farm in central Mozambique on livelihood vulnerability of farm and non-farm employees. My data indicate that shrimp farm employees are less vulnerable to chronic stressors, such a pervasive poverty, than non-farm employees, but more vulnerable to acute shocks, such as the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), associated with shrimp production than non-farm employees. I argue that future vulnerability research will need to account for this duality as aquaculture development spreads along the Western Indian Ocean. In response to the speed and magnitude of contemporary change, understanding how much disturbance communities will absorb, where social thresholds lie and what coastal community systems might look like after a threshold is crossed are critical research questions. Chapter 5 evaluates the resilience of two fishing communities in central Mozambique and forecasts the outcome of moving past socially defined thresholds. My results indicate that coastal communities are continuously absorbing multiple sources of disturbance without shifting into different states. However, a 90% decline in catch rates would represent a threshold for both communities. At Zalala Beach, fishers would respond by permanently moving to another location whereas in Inhangome, fishers would respond by changing their professions. These results contribute to our understanding of social resilience. Deliberate progress towards the goal of long-term sustainability depends on understanding the dynamics of social-ecological systems. Therefore, this dissertation aims to contribute to a growing body of theory and empirical evidence on how fishers negotiate livelihoods under conditions of rapid change and increasing vulnerability. The dissertation concludes by summarizing seven key research findings and by discussion some of the theoretical, methodological and policy contributions of my research to the literature. / Graduate / 0366

The objective of this thesis is to understand how poor farm households in developing countries are affected by and cope with the legacy of internal war. The theoretical analysis is based on a peasant household model for land abundant countries as war can be shown to weaken markets, re-enforce household subsistence and increase overall land abundance. The empirical analysis uses regression techniques and a household survey from post-war northern Mozambique to assess the implications of the war legacy for land access, coping strategies, and household welfare. The key findings include that war can enhance the degree of land abundance while also creating barriers to land access for some households, thus re-defining land abundance as a household-level concept. Land emerges as the least war vulnerable asset thus encouraging households to shift to land-based subsistence activities during the war. The experience of war increases the number of endogenously determined land variables, which should therefore be reflected in models of African land use. The thesis advances the literature of household coping strategies by focussing on little researched post-disaster and war-induced strategies. Households are found to respond to indirect war effects and thus to rely on subsistence and non-market activities and to make selective use of markets. Surprisingly, social exchange does not play a large role for insuring incomes. Finally, the thesis finds that the war legacy continues to depress household welfare for many years after the end of the conflict, which is attributed to a variety of poverty traps. Importantly, and in contrast to other studies of post-war Mozambique, education and cotton adoption are not found to enhance household welfare significantly but a larger area farmed does. The findings indicate that post-war reconstruction policy should re-capitalise household endowments and stimulate rural markets as part of a broadly based programme of rural development.

The present study seeks to increase understanding about organizational, structural and contextual factors that affect and explain the coordination of NGOs in Nampula province. The focus of the analysis is the ongoing experience of coordination among NGOs at provincial level through the Provincial Civil Society Platform (PCSP) and the possibilities of improvement of this coordination at district level. Civil society organizations in Nampula province, especially NGOs implementing socioeconomic and civic projects, are trying since 2006 to establish a coordination mechanism of civil society intervention in the province. In 2009 they formally established a Provincial Civil Society Platform (PCSP) as a meeting point, in the provincial capital, where civil society organizations meet to coordinate their interventions and to exchange information. In this platform, organizations working or interested in a specific thematic sector meet together to discuss specific problems or to strategise towards a common objective. Despite years of building up this structure and the expressed willingness to be more effective and coordinated at all levels, this platform did not resulted yet in joint or coordinated interventions at district level that could increase the possibilities of development of citizens in remote areas. This is a qualitative study, undertaken in Nampula province using the experience of NGOs members of the agriculture and natural resources sector in Ribáuè district. The analytical framework is based on the Sustainable Rural Livelihood approach. Farmers, extension workers and representatives of private sector in Ribáuè and Nampula were interviewed to have their perception about people’s livelihoods and interactions among service providers. Representatives of NGOs and governmental entities were interviewed to get their understanding about opportunities and obstacles for coordination of NGOs at district level. The study concludes that coordination of NGOs can be improved by information sharing and service exchange. However, different from previous understanding that it is the local government that shapes the coordination of civil society, this study concludes that coordination of NGOs is dependent in the relation that they will establish with their donors. NGOs should reflect upon the role of donor and position themselves in order to achieve a path of coordination that can contribute for sustainable development at local level.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1967. / Bibliography: leaves 96-104. / xi, 104 l illus., tables

Thesis (S.T.M.)--Biblical Seminary in New York, 1946. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-166).

Thesis (Ph.D.(Education Management and Policy Studies))-University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.