This is an analysis of the potential for creating a sustainable value-chain for tourism in the Nampula province in northern Mozambique. Research for this analysis has been conducted both in Mozambique from a supply and community perspective and from the international demand level in Sweden. The study establishes that Nampula has the resources in the form of scenic landscapes, pristine beaches and a rich cultural and historical heritage that give ample potential to build a tourism industry. There are however, several obstacles that have to be overcome if the development of a tourism industry is to become reality. These obstacles include poor infrastructure, problems of marketing, a rather unvaried tourism supply, financial and monetary policy issues, low skills and knowledge, low integration of local production with the tourism sector, intricate bureaucracy, insufficient dialogue and socio- cultural issues.Analyses of international demand show a view of Mozambique as an expensive tourist destination with lower standards than competing destinations with similar price-levels. Marketing of tourism supply in Mozambique, and especially in Nampula, do not reach the international tourism market to any substantial degree and what actually does reach the market caters more for the luxury end.The most important conclusions drawn from this study are that substantial infrastructural development is needed on all levels and that there is a need to incorporate sustainable thinking within all measures and activities regarding tourism development. Furthermore, in order to attract larger volumes and different categories of tourists, diversification of tourist activities is required together with general improvements in standards of facilities and value-for-money. Regional cooperation and a wider focus on Nampula’s tourist-attracting opportunities such as culture-conscious tourism might help to create a local “trademark” and improve marketing options and possibilities. There is also need for increased access to basic education and information to facilitate the integration of local communities with the tourism sector. In addition, increased cross-sector coordination and dialogue are vital to an integrated and sustainable development of the tourism sector. For example, local agricultural development and improved distribution channels should not only be regarded as ends in themselves but also as beneficial towards the tourism industry – and vice versa.

<p>This is an analysis of the potential for creating a sustainable value-chain for tourism in the Nampula province in northern Mozambique. Research for this analysis has been conducted both in Mozambique from a supply and community perspective and from the international demand level in Sweden. The study establishes that Nampula has the resources in the form of scenic landscapes, pristine beaches and a rich cultural and historical heritage that give ample potential to build a tourism industry. There are however, several obstacles that have to be overcome if the development of a tourism industry is to become reality. These obstacles include poor infrastructure, problems of marketing, a rather unvaried tourism supply, financial and monetary policy issues, low skills and knowledge, low integration of local production with the tourism sector, intricate bureaucracy, insufficient dialogue and socio- cultural issues.Analyses of international demand show a view of Mozambique as an expensive tourist destination with lower standards than competing destinations with similar price-levels. Marketing of tourism supply in Mozambique, and especially in Nampula, do not reach the international tourism market to any substantial degree and what actually does reach the market caters more for the luxury end.The most important conclusions drawn from this study are that substantial infrastructural development is needed on all levels and that there is a need to incorporate sustainable thinking within all measures and activities regarding tourism development. Furthermore, in order to attract larger volumes and different categories of tourists, diversification of tourist activities is required together with general improvements in standards of facilities and value-for-money. Regional cooperation and a wider focus on Nampula’s tourist-attracting opportunities such as culture-conscious tourism might help to create a local “trademark” and improve marketing options and possibilities. There is also need for increased access to basic education and information to facilitate the integration of local communities with the tourism sector. In addition, increased cross-sector coordination and dialogue are vital to an integrated and sustainable development of the tourism sector. For example, local agricultural development and improved distribution channels should not only be regarded as ends in themselves but also as beneficial towards the tourism industry – and vice versa.</p>

The present study seeks to increase understanding about organizational, structural and contextual factors that affect and explain the coordination of NGOs in Nampula province. The focus of the analysis is the ongoing experience of coordination among NGOs at provincial level through the Provincial Civil Society Platform (PCSP) and the possibilities of improvement of this coordination at district level. Civil society organizations in Nampula province, especially NGOs implementing socioeconomic and civic projects, are trying since 2006 to establish a coordination mechanism of civil society intervention in the province. In 2009 they formally established a Provincial Civil Society Platform (PCSP) as a meeting point, in the provincial capital, where civil society organizations meet to coordinate their interventions and to exchange information. In this platform, organizations working or interested in a specific thematic sector meet together to discuss specific problems or to strategise towards a common objective. Despite years of building up this structure and the expressed willingness to be more effective and coordinated at all levels, this platform did not resulted yet in joint or coordinated interventions at district level that could increase the possibilities of development of citizens in remote areas. This is a qualitative study, undertaken in Nampula province using the experience of NGOs members of the agriculture and natural resources sector in Ribáuè district. The analytical framework is based on the Sustainable Rural Livelihood approach. Farmers, extension workers and representatives of private sector in Ribáuè and Nampula were interviewed to have their perception about people’s livelihoods and interactions among service providers. Representatives of NGOs and governmental entities were interviewed to get their understanding about opportunities and obstacles for coordination of NGOs at district level. The study concludes that coordination of NGOs can be improved by information sharing and service exchange. However, different from previous understanding that it is the local government that shapes the coordination of civil society, this study concludes that coordination of NGOs is dependent in the relation that they will establish with their donors. NGOs should reflect upon the role of donor and position themselves in order to achieve a path of coordination that can contribute for sustainable development at local level.

Magister Artium - MA / This study questions why domestic work that is generally considered a feminine job is yet a field dominated by men in the city of Nampula, Mozambique. In the attempt to explain this phenomenon, the research explores economic, social and cultural aspects. Due to the fact that Nampula is a province with a strong Islamic presence and the majority of the population identify themselves as belonging to the Makhuwa ethnic group—which is traditionally defined by a matrilinear kinship system—I argue that the domestic sector remaines masculinised because of the influence of the matrilinear values and gendered practices. I also argue that the Islamic patriarchal values play a decisive role as men see themselves as the exclusive family providers and for that reason forbid their wives to develop and to get engaged in economic activities outside the household. This study also explores notions of masculinity in connection with domestic work and examines how male domestic workers, coming from rural areas and employed in the city, perceive and perform their masculine identities. How does the job of the domestic worker shape particular understandings of masculinity? Given the fact that many domestic workers in Nampula are immigrant people from the rural areas of the Zambézia province, I argue that migrating and working in the city is considered as a way to achieve a manhood as immigrants have access to goods that can only be purchased in urban contexts and are scarce in the villages. The access to all these “modern” commodities and the experience of the city make the immigrant young boys to gain respect in their original communities.

A expansão da cidade de Nampula produz uma realidade a partir da qual se pode construir um entendimento sobre as tendências da urbanização em Moçambique. A reflexão apresentada expõe a urbanização em Moçambique como momento da ocidentalização e como processo que produz uma realidade urbana específica que contempla a ruralidade; especificidade explicada a partir das contradições produzidas pela: ocidentalização que procura produzir um espaço que reproduz o modo de vida determinado pela industrialização e; pela persistência do modo de vida, derivado das sociedades africanas pré-coloniais, cuja reprodução apóia-se sobre o sistema de linhagem. A coexistência dos dois modos de vida é organizada e controlada pelo Estado centralizador num movimento de reprodução da sua hegemonia sobre o espaço. O resultado é um espaço diferencial produto da urbanização desigual. Nesse contexto, a paisagem da cidade de Nampula revela as desigualdades entre áreas onde o espaço construído tem características das cidades ocidentais concebidas durante a colonização portuguesa e aquelas áreas onde a urbanidade é incipiente pela ausência ou deficiência de serviços e infra-estruturas urbanos. A explicação da urbanização desigual passa pelo entendimento da contradição transformação/persistência dos conteúdos do urbano. A especificidade do urbano em Nampula ainda é explicada pela simultaneidade de diferentes lógicas das relações sociais monetarizadas (capitalista); centrada na solidariedade e integração comunitária (do grupo domiciliar) e; da reprodução das elites no poder (do Estado). Essas lógicas determinam a coexistência de diferentes modos de acesso à habitação e ao solo urbano e, através das desigualdades de renda, produzem um espaço urbano diferencial. / The expansion of Nampula city produces a reality from which it is possible to construct an understanding about the urbanization tendencies in Mozambique. The reflection presented exposes the urbanization in Mozambique as a moment of westernization as well as a process that produces a specific urban reality which contemplates the rural life; specificity explained from the contradictions produced by: the westernization that seeks to produce a space which reproduces the life style determined by the process of industrialization and; the persistency of the life style derived from pre-colonial African societies reproduction of which is based upon the lineage system. The coexistence of the two kinds of life style is organized and controlled by centralized State into a movement of its reproduction hegemony upon space. The result is a differential space as a product of unequal urbanization. In that context the landscape of Nampula city reveals the inequalities between areas where the constructed space has western cities shape conceived during the Portuguese colonization and that areas where the urbanity is incipient by the absence or deficiency of urban services and infrastructures. The explanation of the unequal urbanization passes through the understanding of the contradiction transformation/persistency of the urban contents. The specificity of the urban (reality) in Nampula is still explained by the simultaneity of different logics of the social relations mediated by money (capitalist); centred in communitarian solidarity and integration (of the domicile group) and; of the reproduction of the elite on the power (of State). Those logics determine the coexistence of different access ways to the habitation and urban land and, through the rent inequalities they reproduce a differential urban space.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo tem como proposta compreender os ritos de iniciação como prática cotidiana de produção de conhecimentos em diversas comunidades de Nampula, província situada a norte de Moçambique. A partir de meu lugar de não-iniciado por não ter frequentado estes espaçostempos e de encontros com sujeitos iniciados (as), a proposta assenta-se no reconhecimento de que o empreendimento colonial propiciou ao longo da história processos de subalternização que silenciam discussões e visibilidades sobre os ritos de iniciação, suas múltiplas redes e seus sujeitos-praticantes. Pelas narrativas e fotografias produzidas ao longo da pesquisa como formas de internarrar as relações cotidianas compreendo que os ritos de iniciação situam-se como proposta formativa que, ao iniciar crianças e jovens a determinado status social, propiciam horizontes vitais importantes nestas relações e dentrofora das escolas. Neste sentido, se aponta um conjunto de negociações, subversões e temporalidades que indicam, como em outros espaçostempos, a necessidade de diálogos que permitam levantar questões sobre as várias diferenças que caracterizam os contextos moçambicanos / This study has the purpose to understand the initiation rites as a daily practice of knowledge production in various communities of Nampula, a north province of Mozambique. The study proposal is based on understand that the colonial system had created by history condition to subordination processes that silence the debate and visible about initiation rites, they net relations and they practice subjects. I understand that the initiation rites are kind of formative proposal and when it is given to the children and youngs getting a social status, news social perspectives importantes to their diaries relations and in-outside of school. My positions are given by narratives and photographies adquired on the research. On this way, there are scope of negociations, subversions and temporalities that show how on differents spacetimes are dialogue necessary that tend to bring up issues about diferences that caracterize the contexts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo tem como proposta compreender os ritos de iniciação como prática cotidiana de produção de conhecimentos em diversas comunidades de Nampula, província situada a norte de Moçambique. A partir de meu lugar de não-iniciado por não ter frequentado estes espaçostempos e de encontros com sujeitos iniciados (as), a proposta assenta-se no reconhecimento de que o empreendimento colonial propiciou ao longo da história processos de subalternização que silenciam discussões e visibilidades sobre os ritos de iniciação, suas múltiplas redes e seus sujeitos-praticantes. Pelas narrativas e fotografias produzidas ao longo da pesquisa como formas de internarrar as relações cotidianas compreendo que os ritos de iniciação situam-se como proposta formativa que, ao iniciar crianças e jovens a determinado status social, propiciam horizontes vitais importantes nestas relações e dentrofora das escolas. Neste sentido, se aponta um conjunto de negociações, subversões e temporalidades que indicam, como em outros espaçostempos, a necessidade de diálogos que permitam levantar questões sobre as várias diferenças que caracterizam os contextos moçambicanos / This study has the purpose to understand the initiation rites as a daily practice of knowledge production in various communities of Nampula, a north province of Mozambique. The study proposal is based on understand that the colonial system had created by history condition to subordination processes that silence the debate and visible about initiation rites, they net relations and they practice subjects. I understand that the initiation rites are kind of formative proposal and when it is given to the children and youngs getting a social status, news social perspectives importantes to their diaries relations and in-outside of school. My positions are given by narratives and photographies adquired on the research. On this way, there are scope of negociations, subversions and temporalities that show how on differents spacetimes are dialogue necessary that tend to bring up issues about diferences that caracterize the contexts

A expansão da cidade de Nampula produz uma realidade a partir da qual se pode construir um entendimento sobre as tendências da urbanização em Moçambique. A reflexão apresentada expõe a urbanização em Moçambique como momento da ocidentalização e como processo que produz uma realidade urbana específica que contempla a ruralidade; especificidade explicada a partir das contradições produzidas pela: ocidentalização que procura produzir um espaço que reproduz o modo de vida determinado pela industrialização e; pela persistência do modo de vida, derivado das sociedades africanas pré-coloniais, cuja reprodução apóia-se sobre o sistema de linhagem. A coexistência dos dois modos de vida é organizada e controlada pelo Estado centralizador num movimento de reprodução da sua hegemonia sobre o espaço. O resultado é um espaço diferencial produto da urbanização desigual. Nesse contexto, a paisagem da cidade de Nampula revela as desigualdades entre áreas onde o espaço construído tem características das cidades ocidentais concebidas durante a colonização portuguesa e aquelas áreas onde a urbanidade é incipiente pela ausência ou deficiência de serviços e infra-estruturas urbanos. A explicação da urbanização desigual passa pelo entendimento da contradição transformação/persistência dos conteúdos do urbano. A especificidade do urbano em Nampula ainda é explicada pela simultaneidade de diferentes lógicas das relações sociais monetarizadas (capitalista); centrada na solidariedade e integração comunitária (do grupo domiciliar) e; da reprodução das elites no poder (do Estado). Essas lógicas determinam a coexistência de diferentes modos de acesso à habitação e ao solo urbano e, através das desigualdades de renda, produzem um espaço urbano diferencial. / The expansion of Nampula city produces a reality from which it is possible to construct an understanding about the urbanization tendencies in Mozambique. The reflection presented exposes the urbanization in Mozambique as a moment of westernization as well as a process that produces a specific urban reality which contemplates the rural life; specificity explained from the contradictions produced by: the westernization that seeks to produce a space which reproduces the life style determined by the process of industrialization and; the persistency of the life style derived from pre-colonial African societies reproduction of which is based upon the lineage system. The coexistence of the two kinds of life style is organized and controlled by centralized State into a movement of its reproduction hegemony upon space. The result is a differential space as a product of unequal urbanization. In that context the landscape of Nampula city reveals the inequalities between areas where the constructed space has western cities shape conceived during the Portuguese colonization and that areas where the urbanity is incipient by the absence or deficiency of urban services and infrastructures. The explanation of the unequal urbanization passes through the understanding of the contradiction transformation/persistency of the urban contents. The specificity of the urban (reality) in Nampula is still explained by the simultaneity of different logics of the social relations mediated by money (capitalist); centred in communitarian solidarity and integration (of the domicile group) and; of the reproduction of the elite on the power (of State). Those logics determine the coexistence of different access ways to the habitation and urban land and, through the rent inequalities they reproduce a differential urban space.

[ES] Mozambique, ubicado en la costa este de África, es un país en vías de desarrollo con un gran potencial en términos de disponibilidad de recursos agroecológicos. En este país, la apicultura no juega un importante papel social, económico o ambiental, pero tiene potencial para aumentar la sostenibilidad de las comunidades rurales pobres. En los últimos años, el mercado mundial viene exigiendo productos agroalimentarios diferenciados con características específicas basadas en los siguientes criterios: origen botánico o geográfico, calidad y seguridad, propiedades específicas organolépticas o nutricionales, entre otros. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es caracterizar la miel y la cera de abejas de cuatro provincias de Mozambique: Nampula (ubicada en el norte) y Manica, Sofala y Zambezia (en el Centro), y establecer sus características diferenciadoras, junto con el conocimiento de Estos productos de abeja como base para una mejor explotación y comercialización. En general, todos los parámetros fisicoquímicos analizados en las muestras de miel cumplían con las regulaciones internacionales. En la mayoría de los casos, se trataba de miel de mielada, ya que eran oscuras y con valores de conductividad superiores a 0,800 mS/cm. La flora que rodea las colmenas y las prácticas apícolas influyen en la variabilidad de sus parámetros de calidad fisicoquímica, color, azúcares, antioxidantes totales, análisis de polen y perfil volátil. En las muestras se encontraron siete ácidos fenólicos (chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric y synapic) y ocho flavonoides (catechin, chrysin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, pinocembrin, quercetin y rutin). La miel de Nampula mostró un contenido mayor para la mayoría de los ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides en comparación con el de las otras provincias. El comportamiento newtoniano de la miel de Mozambique es similar al de otros tipos de miel comercializados a nivel mundial. Los módulos G ', G "y ¿ * disminuyeron con el aumento de la temperatura. G' y G" fueron fuertemente influenciados por la frecuencia aplicada, mientras que ¿ * no dependió de este parámetro, lo que demuestra el comportamiento newtoniano. Además de la miel, este trabajo se centra en la caracterización de cera de abeja procedente de las cuatro provincias de Mozambique en términos del perfil de hidrocarburos saturados (por HT-GC/FID) y de las propiedades térmicas (por DSC); y en la comparación con ceras de diferentes orígenes (España, Honduras y "referencia analítica"). Independientemente del origen, se identificaron un total de 15 hidrocarburos comprendidos entre C21H44 a C35H72 (todos ellos componentes típicos de la cera de abeja pura). La cantidad de hidrocarburos con número de carbonos impares fue mucho mayor a la de carbonos pares, siendo los más abundantes: C27 H56 (valores promedio 4.18-5.25 g/100 g) seguidos de C29H60 (2.15-4.10 g/100 g) y C31H64 (2.69-3.42g/100 g). Este trabajo contribuye a difundir el conocimiento de dos productos apícolas prácticamente desconocidos como son la miel y la cera de abeja de Mozambique. El hecho de que la miel de Mozambique es una importante fuente de antioxidantes naturales, puede ser aprovechado por la población local no solo por los beneficios que implica para la salud, sino además por las posibilidades económicas que conllevaría su explotación. La cera de abeja, por otro lado, posee las características típicas que se requieren para la comercialización de este producto, motivo por el cual puede plantearse como una buena opción para ser introducida en un futuro próximo en los mercados, ya que se sabe que está prácticamente libre de residuos veterinarios. En definitiva, esta tesis doctoral puede constituir un primer paso para promover la comercialización de los productos apícolas de Mozambique en los mercados locales e internacionales y apoyar y desarrollar la apicultura en este país. / [CAT] Moçambic, situat en la costa est d'Àfrica, és un país en vies de desenvolupament amb un gran potencial en termes de disponibilitat de recursos agroecològics. En aquest país, l'apicultura no juga un important paper social, econòmic o ambiental, però té potencial per a augmentar la sostenibilitat de les comunitats rurals pobres. En els últims anys, el mercat mundial ve exigint productes agroalimentaris diferenciats amb característiques específiques basades en els següents criteris: origen botànic o geogràfic, qualitat i seguretat, propietats específiques organolèptiques o nutricionals, entre altres. Per tant, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és caracteritzar la mel i la cera d'abelles de quatre províncies de Moçambic: Nampula (situada en el nord) i Manica, Sofala i Zambezia (en el Centre), i establir les seues característiques diferenciadores, juntament amb el coneixement d'aquests productes d'abella com a base per a una millor explotació i comercialització. En general, tots els paràmetres fisicoquímics analitzats en les mostres de mel complien amb les regulacions internacionals. En la majoria dels casos, es tractava de mel de melada, ja que eren fosques i amb valors de conductivitat superiors a 0,800 ms/cm. La flora que envolta els ruscos i les pràctiques apícoles influeixen en la variabilitat dels seus paràmetres de qualitat fisicoquímica, color, sucres, antioxidants totals, anàlisis de pol·len i perfil volàtil. En les mostres es van trobar set àcids fenòlics (chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric i synapic) i huit flavonoides (catechin, chrysin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, pinocembrin, quercetin i rutin). La mel de Nampula va mostrar un contingut major per a la majoria dels àcids fenòlics i flavonoides en comparació amb el de les altres províncies. El comportament newtonià de la mel de Moçambic és similar al d'altres tipus de mel comercialitzats a nivell mundial. Els mòduls G ', G "i ¿ * van disminuir amb l'augment de la temperatura. G' i G" van ser fortament influenciats per la freqüència aplicada, mentre que ¿ * no va dependre d'aquest paràmetre, la qual cosa demostra el comportament newtonià. A més de la mel, aquest treball se centra en la caracterització de cera d'abella procedent de les quatre províncies de Moçambic en termes del perfil d'hidrocarburs saturats (per HT-GC/FID) i de les propietats tèrmiques (per DSC); i en la comparació amb ceres de diferents orígens (Espanya, Hondures i "referència analítica"). Independentment de l'origen, es van identificar un total de 15 hidrocarburs compresos entre C21H44 a C35H72 (tots ells components típics de la cera d'abella pura). La quantitat d'hidrocarburs amb nombre de carbonis imparells va ser molt major a la de carbonis pares, sent els més abundants: C27 H56 (valors faig una mitjana de 4.18-5.25 g/100 g) seguits de C29H60 (2.15-4.10 g/100 g) i C31H64 (2.69-3.42g/100 g). Aquest treball contribueix a difondre el coneixement de dos productes apícoles pràcticament desconeguts com són la mel i la cera d'abella de Moçambic. El fet que la mel de Moçambic és una important font d'antioxidants naturals, pot ser aprofitat per la població local no solament pels beneficis que implica per a la salut, sinó a més per les possibilitats econòmiques que comportaria la seua explotació. La cera d'abella, d'altra banda, posseeix les característiques típiques que es requereixen per a la comercialització d'aquest producte, motiu pel qual pot plantejar-se com una bona opció per a ser introduïda en un futur pròxim en els mercats, ja que se sap que està pràcticament lliure de residus veterinaris. En definitiva, aquesta tesi doctoral pot constituir un primer pas per a promoure la comercialització dels productes apícoles de Moçambic en els mercats locals i internacionals i donar suport i desenvolupar l'apicultura en aquest país. / [EN] Mozambique, located on the east coast of Africa, is a developing country with great potential in terms of the availability of agroecological resources. In this country, apiculture does not play an important social, economic or environmental role but it has potential to increase the sustainability of poor rural communities. In the last years, the world market has been demanding differentiated agro-alimentary products with specific characteristics based on the following criteria: botanical or geographical origin, quality and safety, specific organoleptic or nutritional properties, among others. Therefore, the objective of this doctoral thesis is to characterize honey and beeswax of four provinces of Mozambique: Nampula (located in the North) and Manica, Sofala and Zambezia (in the Center), and establish their differentiating characteristics, along with providing knowledge of these bee products as a basis for better exploitation and marketing. In general, all the physicochemical parameters analysed in the honey samples were in agreement with the international regulations. In most cases, they dealt with honeydew honey since they were dark and with conductivity values above 0.800 mS/cm. Flora that surrounds the hives, and the apicultural practices influence in the variability of their physicochemical quality parameters, colour, sugars, total antioxidants, pollen analysis and volatile profile. Seven phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric and synapic) and eight flavonoids (catechin, chrysin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, pinocembrin, quercetin and rutin) were found in the samples. Honey from Nampula had a higher content of the most phenolic acids and flavonoids compared to the other provinces. The Newtonian behaviour of Mozambican honey is similar to those of other types of honey commercialized globally. The moduli G', G" and ¿* decreased with increasing temperature. G ' and G" were strongly influenced by the applied frequency, whereas ¿* did not depend on this parameter, demonstrating Newtonian behaviour. In addition to honey, this work is focused on the characterization of beeswax from the four provinces of Mozambique in terms of saturated hydrocarbon profile (by HT-GC/FID) and thermal properties (by DSC); and to compare them with others from different origins (Spain, Honduras and "analytical reference"). A total of 15 hydrocarbons ranging from C21H44 to C35H72 (typical components of pure beeswax), identifying a much higher amount of odd than even carbon numbers, being the most abundant: C27 H56 (average values 4.18-5.25 g/100 g) followed by C29H60 (2.15-4.10 g/100 g) and C31H64 (2.69-3.42 g/100 g). This work contributes to expanding the knowledge of practically unknown apiculture products, specifically honey and beeswax from Mozambique. The honey could achieve the proper quality physicochemical characteristics according to international mandatory fulfilment, as long as the apiculture practices are carried out correctly. As an added value, this honey is a source of natural antioxidants, which concern the health benefits and its exploitation as a viable and sustainable income for the local population. Beeswax, on the other hand, possess the typical characteristics that are required by the retail sector making it a good option to consider for the near future since it is well known that it is practically free of veterinary residues. This will pave the way to promoting the commercialization in local and international markets and to support and further develop the apiculture in this country. / Alberto, FJT. (2019). Características diferenciadoras de mieles y ceras de abeja del Norte y Centro de Mozambique [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/120474 / TESIS

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T10:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei - 2017.pdf: 6808036 bytes, checksum: cfe6b4172ce23572f5ba1d3e12da2bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Faltou o título em outo idioma. on 2017-05-25T11:41:25Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-05-26T11:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei - 2017.pdf: 6808036 bytes, checksum: cfe6b4172ce23572f5ba1d3e12da2bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-26T14:57:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei - 2017.pdf: 6808036 bytes, checksum: cfe6b4172ce23572f5ba1d3e12da2bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T14:57:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Vanito Viriato Marcelino Frei - 2017.pdf: 6808036 bytes, checksum: cfe6b4172ce23572f5ba1d3e12da2bb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The practice of mining activity in Mozambique which, in turn, is linked to the trajectory that characterized the historical process of construction of the mozambican nation, has long been an important factor of accumulation and disputes over territory, whose development has always been permeated by processes of expropriation of lands of the native communities and, with them, their territory. In the last century, with the beginning of the process of productive restructuring of capital, was instituted a new geopolitical (dis)order wherein the capital, materialized in large multinational companies, seeks to secure new areas of influence with a relative wealth of territorial resources among them, the minerals resources. In Mozambique, these companies take the name of megaprojects. And its process of territorialization that is both contradictory and excluding, is implying in the compulsory expropriation of mozambican rural communities. Hence, this study intends to understand how the political and geopolitical strategies of the insertion of Mozambique in the world circuit of mineral production commodities are developed and what are the socio-territorial implications deriving from the action of the State and the territorialization of mining megaprojects in the local communities in Nampula. Thus, the study defends the thesis that there is a geopolitical strategy of insertion of Mozambique in the world circuit of production of mineral commodities that occurs from the process of productive restructuring of capital. Within the national territory, this process is strengthened by state political strategies, especially through land and mining laws, designed to accommodate the interests of capital in the exploitation of mineral resources in the country. In the scale of local communities in Nampula province, these strategies strive to harness social consensus through persuasion of communities and traditional leaders over relative gains and social welfare arising from the exploitation of natural wealth. Of this fact, results a process of expropriation by spoliation of communitarian territories and, consequently, the precariousness of the living conditions of the communities as a result of the joint actions perpetrated by the power of the State and by the capital materialized in the mining megaprojects. To analyze this process in the scale of Nampula province, were defined the districts of Moma and Nacala-a-Velha, two districts of the province that impacted by the megaprojects of Kenmare Moma Mining and Vale respectively. The built theoretical-methodological foundation considers the territory in its dimension of totality. In other words, an exercise in theoretical reflection was allowed to allow for the historical-dialectical analysis of social relations, more specifically the relations of power and conflict that involve the political and geopolitical strategies of appropriation of the mining territories and consequent expropriation of the communities in Mozambique; from the understanding that the time is in the territory and this, in turn, in time. The results of the study made it possible to understand that given the eagerness of both capital and the state for the exploitation of mineral resources in the country, Mozambican local communities affected by mining projects are compulsively and increasingly losing ownership and control of their land and, with them, their territories, and the precariousness of their material and immaterial conditions of life, in favor of the so-called capitalist development. / A prática da atividade mineradora em Moçambique que, por sua vez, está ligada à trajetória que caracterizou o processo histórico de construção da nação moçambicana, é desde muito um fator importante de acumulação e de disputas pelo território, cujo desenvolvimento foi sempre permeado por processos de expropriação de terras das comunidades nativas e, com elas, o seu território. No último século, com o início do processo da reestruturação produtiva do capital, foi instituída uma nova (des)ordem geopolítica em que o capital, materializado nas grandes empresas multinacionais, busca assegurar novas áreas de influência com relativa riqueza de recursos territoriais, entre eles, os recursos minerais. Em Moçambique, essas empresas tomam o nome de megaprojetos. E seu processo de territorialização que é ao mesmo tempo contraditório e excludente, está implicando a expropriação compulsória das comunidades rurais moçambicanas. Daí que este estudo pretende compreender como se desenvolvem as estratégias políticas e geopolíticas de inserção de Moçambique no circuito mundial de produção de commodities minerais e quais são as implicações socioterritoriais decorrentes da ação do Estado e da territorialização dos megaprojetos de mineração nas comunidades locais da província de Nampula. Por via disso, o estudo defende a tese de que existe uma estratégia geopolítica de inserção de Moçambique no circuito mundial de produção de commodities minerais que se dá a partir do processo de reestruturação produtiva do capital. Dentro do território nacional, esse processo é fortalecido por estratégias políticas do Estado, sobretudo por meio da legislação de terra e de minas, concebidas para acomodar os interesses do capital na exploração dos recursos minerais no país. Em nível das comunidades locais da província de Nampula, essas estratégias se esforçam em amealhar consensos sociais por meio de persuasão das comunidades e das lideranças tradicionais sobre relativos ganhos e bem-estar social advindos da exploração das riquezas naturais. Desse fato, resulta um processo de expropriação por espoliação dos territórios comunitários e, consequentemente, a precarização das condições de vida das comunidades, em resultado das ações conjuntas perpetradas pelo poder do Estado e pelo capital materializado nos megaprojetos de mineração. Para analisar esse processo em nível da província de Nampula, foram definidos os distritos de Moma e Nacala-a-Velha, dois distritos da província impactados pelos megaprojetos da Kenmare Moma Mining e da Vale, respectivamente. O embasamento teórico-metodológico construído considera o território na sua dimensão de totalidade. Ou seja, privilegiou-se um exercício de reflexão teórica que permitisse a análise histórico-dialética das relações sociais, mais especificamente das relações de poder e de conflito que envolvem as estratégias políticas e geopolíticas de apropriação dos territórios de mineração e consequente expropriação das comunidades em Moçambique, a partir da compreensão de que o tempo está no território e este, por sua vez, no tempo. Os resultados do estudo permitiram compreender que dada a ânsia tanto do capital como do Estado pela exploração de recursos minerais no país, as comunidades locais moçambicanas atingidas pelos projetos de mineração estão compulsivamente e cada vez mais, perdendo a posse e controle de suas terras e com elas, os seus territórios e a precarização de suas condições de vida material e imaterial, em favor do chamado desenvolvimento capitalista.