A expansão da cidade de Nampula produz uma realidade a partir da qual se pode construir um entendimento sobre as tendências da urbanização em Moçambique. A reflexão apresentada expõe a urbanização em Moçambique como momento da ocidentalização e como processo que produz uma realidade urbana específica que contempla a ruralidade; especificidade explicada a partir das contradições produzidas pela: ocidentalização que procura produzir um espaço que reproduz o modo de vida determinado pela industrialização e; pela persistência do modo de vida, derivado das sociedades africanas pré-coloniais, cuja reprodução apóia-se sobre o sistema de linhagem. A coexistência dos dois modos de vida é organizada e controlada pelo Estado centralizador num movimento de reprodução da sua hegemonia sobre o espaço. O resultado é um espaço diferencial produto da urbanização desigual. Nesse contexto, a paisagem da cidade de Nampula revela as desigualdades entre áreas onde o espaço construído tem características das cidades ocidentais concebidas durante a colonização portuguesa e aquelas áreas onde a urbanidade é incipiente pela ausência ou deficiência de serviços e infra-estruturas urbanos. A explicação da urbanização desigual passa pelo entendimento da contradição transformação/persistência dos conteúdos do urbano. A especificidade do urbano em Nampula ainda é explicada pela simultaneidade de diferentes lógicas das relações sociais monetarizadas (capitalista); centrada na solidariedade e integração comunitária (do grupo domiciliar) e; da reprodução das elites no poder (do Estado). Essas lógicas determinam a coexistência de diferentes modos de acesso à habitação e ao solo urbano e, através das desigualdades de renda, produzem um espaço urbano diferencial. / The expansion of Nampula city produces a reality from which it is possible to construct an understanding about the urbanization tendencies in Mozambique. The reflection presented exposes the urbanization in Mozambique as a moment of westernization as well as a process that produces a specific urban reality which contemplates the rural life; specificity explained from the contradictions produced by: the westernization that seeks to produce a space which reproduces the life style determined by the process of industrialization and; the persistency of the life style derived from pre-colonial African societies reproduction of which is based upon the lineage system. The coexistence of the two kinds of life style is organized and controlled by centralized State into a movement of its reproduction hegemony upon space. The result is a differential space as a product of unequal urbanization. In that context the landscape of Nampula city reveals the inequalities between areas where the constructed space has western cities shape conceived during the Portuguese colonization and that areas where the urbanity is incipient by the absence or deficiency of urban services and infrastructures. The explanation of the unequal urbanization passes through the understanding of the contradiction transformation/persistency of the urban contents. The specificity of the urban (reality) in Nampula is still explained by the simultaneity of different logics of the social relations mediated by money (capitalist); centred in communitarian solidarity and integration (of the domicile group) and; of the reproduction of the elite on the power (of State). Those logics determine the coexistence of different access ways to the habitation and urban land and, through the rent inequalities they reproduce a differential urban space.

A expansão da cidade de Nampula produz uma realidade a partir da qual se pode construir um entendimento sobre as tendências da urbanização em Moçambique. A reflexão apresentada expõe a urbanização em Moçambique como momento da ocidentalização e como processo que produz uma realidade urbana específica que contempla a ruralidade; especificidade explicada a partir das contradições produzidas pela: ocidentalização que procura produzir um espaço que reproduz o modo de vida determinado pela industrialização e; pela persistência do modo de vida, derivado das sociedades africanas pré-coloniais, cuja reprodução apóia-se sobre o sistema de linhagem. A coexistência dos dois modos de vida é organizada e controlada pelo Estado centralizador num movimento de reprodução da sua hegemonia sobre o espaço. O resultado é um espaço diferencial produto da urbanização desigual. Nesse contexto, a paisagem da cidade de Nampula revela as desigualdades entre áreas onde o espaço construído tem características das cidades ocidentais concebidas durante a colonização portuguesa e aquelas áreas onde a urbanidade é incipiente pela ausência ou deficiência de serviços e infra-estruturas urbanos. A explicação da urbanização desigual passa pelo entendimento da contradição transformação/persistência dos conteúdos do urbano. A especificidade do urbano em Nampula ainda é explicada pela simultaneidade de diferentes lógicas das relações sociais monetarizadas (capitalista); centrada na solidariedade e integração comunitária (do grupo domiciliar) e; da reprodução das elites no poder (do Estado). Essas lógicas determinam a coexistência de diferentes modos de acesso à habitação e ao solo urbano e, através das desigualdades de renda, produzem um espaço urbano diferencial. / The expansion of Nampula city produces a reality from which it is possible to construct an understanding about the urbanization tendencies in Mozambique. The reflection presented exposes the urbanization in Mozambique as a moment of westernization as well as a process that produces a specific urban reality which contemplates the rural life; specificity explained from the contradictions produced by: the westernization that seeks to produce a space which reproduces the life style determined by the process of industrialization and; the persistency of the life style derived from pre-colonial African societies reproduction of which is based upon the lineage system. The coexistence of the two kinds of life style is organized and controlled by centralized State into a movement of its reproduction hegemony upon space. The result is a differential space as a product of unequal urbanization. In that context the landscape of Nampula city reveals the inequalities between areas where the constructed space has western cities shape conceived during the Portuguese colonization and that areas where the urbanity is incipient by the absence or deficiency of urban services and infrastructures. The explanation of the unequal urbanization passes through the understanding of the contradiction transformation/persistency of the urban contents. The specificity of the urban (reality) in Nampula is still explained by the simultaneity of different logics of the social relations mediated by money (capitalist); centred in communitarian solidarity and integration (of the domicile group) and; of the reproduction of the elite on the power (of State). Those logics determine the coexistence of different access ways to the habitation and urban land and, through the rent inequalities they reproduce a differential urban space.

Consent form, persmission letter and declaration translated into Portuguese. Interview schedule translated into Makhua and Portuguese / Economically, Mozambique is one of the poorest countries globally. Given to its poor state, Mozambique remains environmentally deteriorated. Fortunately, the Mozambican government has embarked on environmental programmes as a strategy for ecological management. However, these strategies seem irrelevant due to ineffective implementation of such programmes. It lacks local community awareness, involvement and participation. The church lacks eco-theology as well as theology that can protect nature and people’s struggles. This study investigated the policies and their implementation towards environmental management in Mozambique. The study also discussed church’s role and proposed a comprehensive theology towards the environment in the city of Nampula. Nampula city is one of the busiest cities in the province and in the northern region of Mozambique due to its business attractions. This study was limited to the Union Baptist Church of Nampula. The data collection was based on two approaches, fieldwork and literature analysis. Fieldwork approach resulted in 20 Nampula citizens’ residents being interviewed. The finding showed that environmental crisis is a socio-economic, political and religious problem of concern. It also revealed that the citizens of Nampula face detrimental and environmental health impacts caused by a weak waste management policy. The incapacity of the implementation of waste management policy, deficiency in the enforcement of awareness and local people input contribute for ecological crisis, leading for water pollution and health problems. The ambiguity of making ecological regulations and resources available worsens ecological crisis. When such regulations are drafted and promulgated without local people’s participation, it may indicate that the law-makers exclude local knowledge about environment into the scientific debate. This can lead local people to resist and not participate even when they are called for. Hence, the research has shown that to make a dynamic ecological policy and an effective waste management, a combination of both top-down and bottom-up approaches are needed. A top-down approach guarantees constant framework while the bottom-up approach encourages local community involvement. In this study, the significance of local community involvement, church advocacy, and pressure in making waste management policy function constitute a key finding. Without active involvement of local people in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and the decision-making process participation, the earth management may never take place. Therefore, the challenge remains for the government, the church, and the private sector to draw and define methods to attain economic development, protect ecological and civil society. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Consent form, persmission letter and declaration translated into Portuguese. Interview schedule translated into Makhua and Portuguese / Economically, Mozambique is one of the poorest countries globally. Given to its poor state, Mozambique remains environmentally deteriorated. Fortunately, the Mozambican government has embarked on environmental programmes as a strategy for ecological management. However, these strategies seem irrelevant due to ineffective implementation of such programmes. It lacks local community awareness, involvement and participation. The church lacks eco-theology as well as theology that can protect nature and people’s struggles. This study investigated the policies and their implementation towards environmental management in Mozambique. The study also discussed church’s role and proposed a comprehensive theology towards the environment in the city of Nampula. Nampula city is one of the busiest cities in the province and in the northern region of Mozambique due to its business attractions. This study was limited to the Union Baptist Church of Nampula. The data collection was based on two approaches, fieldwork and literature analysis. Fieldwork approach resulted in 20 Nampula citizens’ residents being interviewed. The finding showed that environmental crisis is a socio-economic, political and religious problem of concern. It also revealed that the citizens of Nampula face detrimental and environmental health impacts caused by a weak waste management policy. The incapacity of the implementation of waste management policy, deficiency in the enforcement of awareness and local people input contribute for ecological crisis, leading for water pollution and health problems. The ambiguity of making ecological regulations and resources available worsens ecological crisis. When such regulations are drafted and promulgated without local people’s participation, it may indicate that the law-makers exclude local knowledge about environment into the scientific debate. This can lead local people to resist and not participate even when they are called for. Hence, the research has shown that to make a dynamic ecological policy and an effective waste management, a combination of both top-down and bottom-up approaches are needed. A top-down approach guarantees constant framework while the bottom-up approach encourages local community involvement. In this study, the significance of local community involvement, church advocacy, and pressure in making waste management policy function constitute a key finding. Without active involvement of local people in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and the decision-making process participation, the earth management may never take place. Therefore, the challenge remains for the government, the church, and the private sector to draw and define methods to attain economic development, protect ecological and civil society. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)