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No description available.

No description available.

Diabetes is a world-wide health problem with 415 millions of people suffering from the disease. Most diabetics are suffering from Type 2 Diabetes, which is preceded by insulin resistance in glucose utilizing tissues, such as adipose, liver, and muscle tissues. Diabetes is diagnosed when the insulin control of the glucose levels fails, which leads to high glucose levels in the blood. To better understand the insulin control of blood glucose, mathematical modeling has been used for many years to simulate the dynamics of glucose and insulin levels in the blood. Models have also been used to understand the intracellular insulin-signaling network in the insulin responding tissues. There have also been attempts to connect models from these different layers of control into a multi-level and multi-scale simulation model. However, to do such connections, several assumptions must be made about the comparability of the data from the different levels. Here, I aim for a deeper understanding of these assumptions and to use more advanced data for glucose uptake dynamics than in earlier work. I used data from the literature for the dynamics of glucose uptake in adipose and muscle tissues and improve the model in several steps to have a better agreement with these data. In particular, I refined the sub-division of the glucose uptake between the organs, to also account for liver uptake, a correction that implied a reduction by 50% for the muscle and adipose tissue glucose uptake. Unlike previous models, the updated model also describes blood flow. Finally, because of the connection to the intracellular level, the model can be used to simulate the response to anti-diabetic drugs.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera Gunnar Sjöbloms modell om programrealisering utifrån ett fall, Östersjömiljardprojektet, samt att följa upp modellen med aspekten om Multi-level governance. Detta görs med hjälp av tre frågeställningar. För att uppfylla syftet har jag med hjälp av en textanalys bearbetat material hämtat från Rikslex, Riksdagens arkiv, i form av propositioner, motioner, betänkande, och protokoll. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har tagits ifrån Gunnar Sjöbloms modell som bygger på partistrategi i ett flerpartisystem. Partiernas främsta mål är att uppnå programrealisering. För att åstadkomma detta krävs inflytande på tre arenor: väljararenan, den interna arenan och den parlamentariska arenan.Östersjömiljardprojektet var ett förslag i sysselsättningspropositionen 1995 som byggde på att en miljard kronor skulle ingå i en fond avsatt för att främja svensk export inom områdena livsmedel, energi, ömsesidigt kunskapsutbyte, stärkt infrastruktur samt samarbete för att miljöskydd runt Östersjön. De områden som ingår i projektet är nordvästra Ryssland, Estland, Lettland, Litauen samt Polen. Resultatet visar att Sjöbloms modell är hållbar för det valda fallet. För att avgöra om det är ett fall av multi-level governance krävs ytterligare forskning på vilka påtryckningar utanför den politiska arenan som var betydande för beslutet.</p>

Purpose: The purpose of this research program was three-fold. First it aimed to determine the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in increasing cessation rates in smokers with cerebrovascular disease and whether smoking cessation reduces stroke recurrence. Second it aimed to determine the prognostic influence of smoking and its association with stroke severity, disability, length of stay in hospital and mortality. Third it aimed to identify multi-level correlates of smoking cessation in Canadians who reported stroke symptoms in a large population based survey. Methods: Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses were performed to achieve the first objective. For the second objective, a retrospective cohort study was undertaken using variables from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Finally, the third objective was achieved by analyzing respondents from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Results: There is a paucity of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of smoking cessation in smokers with cerebrovascular disease. Most intervention studies that were found, failed to employ evidence-based approaches to smoking cessation. No evidence was found in regards to the effect of smoking cessation on stroke recurrence. We found smokers had strokes at a younger age compared to non-smokers. We found that in transient ischemic attacks and intracerbral haemorrhage, smoking was a significant predictor of stroke severity, disability, length of stay in hospital and 1 year mortality. Correlates of smoking cessation among Canadians who have experienced symptoms of a stroke included: higher education and income, implementation of household and vehicle smoking restrictions, access to a general practitioner and the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies and counselling support. Co-morbidities such as depression and alcohol consumption reduced the likelihood of successful cessation. Conclusions: This three-phase research program elucidated the gaps in intervention research for this population along with co-morbidities that hinder success in cessation. Smoking negatively impacted outcomes such as disability, hospital length of stay and mortality in patients with transient ischemic attacks and intracerebral haemorrhage strokes. Future interventions should take into account modifiable smoking cessation correlates in order to increase cessation rates in smokers with cerebrovascular disease.

As we know that the process of visions, strategies, plans, actions, reviews and re-plans are essential to managing a company and strategies obviously are the main guideline of all. The product strategies in marketing are recognized as the starting point to various kinds of strategies in production, marketing, human resource, R&D, finance, information system and logistic¡Ketc. The distribution organization of Multi-Level Marketing companies (hereafter named ¡§MLM companies¡¨) is different from those of other industries because in addition to being a customer, the distributors are not only their sales representatives but also supervisors of the sales teams. Therefore, the characteristics of distribution organization must be particularly taken into account while MLM companies plan on their product strategies. If they know well about the characteristics, the products strategies can be successfully initiated and company goal can be easily achieved as a result. In this study the data was collected through questionnaires which focus on the following three main issues in order to compare the differences and similarities of consideration factors between MLM companies and distributors while MLM companies plan on their product strategies.

Abstract From the multi-level marketing industry in Taiwan, this study chooses a multi-level marketing company which comprises the characteristics of the niche-based industry in Taiwan and has been established for more than a decade as its subject, aiming to analyze the key to the success of the said company. After the literature review and in-depth interviews with the industry in question, the findings are as follows: I. This study finds out that honesty, kindness and positive marketing concepts are the moral standards salespeople should possess; and the characteristic of being gregarious is regarded as special for the multi-level marketing industry. The operation of the multi-level marketing is based on the cooperation between the upper- and lower-level salespeople on a team basis, and those salespeople support, service, and help one another to accomplish everything, while the conventional business places emphasis on individual performances. Against the backdrop, the characteristics of the multi-level marketing salespeople are somewhat different from those of the conventional salespeople. II. The making of the multi-level marketing industry is that multi-level marketing salespeople have a better capability of providing services. Also, the capabilities of making recommendations, arranging organizational action competence, and drawing up plans for the organization are the factors used to evaluate the success of a multi-level marketing company. III. The interview with the case company done by this study proves the idea proposed by Porter (1985): the innovation of products or services contributes to the differentiation between an enterprise and its competitors, and the enterprise can acquire a better selling price; and the innovation of important techniques or approaches enables an enterprise to enhance efficiency, lower costs, and even form a differentiation. The said principle is applicable to other industries, and likewise to the multi-level marketing industry. Keywords: multi-level marketing, morals, service capability,

Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera Gunnar Sjöbloms modell om programrealisering utifrån ett fall, Östersjömiljardprojektet, samt att följa upp modellen med aspekten om Multi-level governance. Detta görs med hjälp av tre frågeställningar. För att uppfylla syftet har jag med hjälp av en textanalys bearbetat material hämtat från Rikslex, Riksdagens arkiv, i form av propositioner, motioner, betänkande, och protokoll. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har tagits ifrån Gunnar Sjöbloms modell som bygger på partistrategi i ett flerpartisystem. Partiernas främsta mål är att uppnå programrealisering. För att åstadkomma detta krävs inflytande på tre arenor: väljararenan, den interna arenan och den parlamentariska arenan.Östersjömiljardprojektet var ett förslag i sysselsättningspropositionen 1995 som byggde på att en miljard kronor skulle ingå i en fond avsatt för att främja svensk export inom områdena livsmedel, energi, ömsesidigt kunskapsutbyte, stärkt infrastruktur samt samarbete för att miljöskydd runt Östersjön. De områden som ingår i projektet är nordvästra Ryssland, Estland, Lettland, Litauen samt Polen. Resultatet visar att Sjöbloms modell är hållbar för det valda fallet. För att avgöra om det är ett fall av multi-level governance krävs ytterligare forskning på vilka påtryckningar utanför den politiska arenan som var betydande för beslutet.

Purpose: The purpose of this research program was three-fold. First it aimed to determine the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in increasing cessation rates in smokers with cerebrovascular disease and whether smoking cessation reduces stroke recurrence. Second it aimed to determine the prognostic influence of smoking and its association with stroke severity, disability, length of stay in hospital and mortality. Third it aimed to identify multi-level correlates of smoking cessation in Canadians who reported stroke symptoms in a large population based survey. Methods: Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses were performed to achieve the first objective. For the second objective, a retrospective cohort study was undertaken using variables from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Finally, the third objective was achieved by analyzing respondents from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Results: There is a paucity of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of smoking cessation in smokers with cerebrovascular disease. Most intervention studies that were found, failed to employ evidence-based approaches to smoking cessation. No evidence was found in regards to the effect of smoking cessation on stroke recurrence. We found smokers had strokes at a younger age compared to non-smokers. We found that in transient ischemic attacks and intracerbral haemorrhage, smoking was a significant predictor of stroke severity, disability, length of stay in hospital and 1 year mortality. Correlates of smoking cessation among Canadians who have experienced symptoms of a stroke included: higher education and income, implementation of household and vehicle smoking restrictions, access to a general practitioner and the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies and counselling support. Co-morbidities such as depression and alcohol consumption reduced the likelihood of successful cessation. Conclusions: This three-phase research program elucidated the gaps in intervention research for this population along with co-morbidities that hinder success in cessation. Smoking negatively impacted outcomes such as disability, hospital length of stay and mortality in patients with transient ischemic attacks and intracerebral haemorrhage strokes. Future interventions should take into account modifiable smoking cessation correlates in order to increase cessation rates in smokers with cerebrovascular disease.