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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The cellular capsules technology and its applications to investigate model tumor progression and to engineer tissues in vitro / La technologie des capsules cellulaires et ses applications pour étudier la progression des modèles de tumeurs et fabriquer des tissus in vitro

Alessandri, Kévin 02 December 2013 (has links)
Bien que reconnu comme une étape importante vers une meilleur compréhension de l’évolution des tumeurs, de la morphogénèse des tissus et des tests hauts débits de médicaments, l’utilisation de tests cellulaires in vitro en trois dimensions est toujours limitée et ce surtout par la difficulté d’établir un protocole simple et robuste pour leur formation. Dans ce travail, nous présentons d'abord une nouvelle méthode microfluidique pour la formation des sphéroïdes multicellulaires. Cette technologie des Capsules cellulaire est basée sur l'encapsulation et la croissance des cellules à l'intérieur de micro- sphères creuses, perméable, élastiques. Deuxièmement, nous montrons que ces microcapsules servent de capteurs mécaniques pour mesurer la pression exercée par les sphéroïdes expansion. En imagerie en temps réel multi- photons, on observe en outre que le confinement induit une organisation cellulaire stratifiée, avec un noyau nécrotique, solide et dense, entouré d'un rebord de cellules périphériques hyper-mobiles, qui présentent des propriétés invasives. Troisièmement, nous avons adapté la technologie des capsules cellulaires pour former des tubes creux. Cette géométrie cylindrique nous permet d'étudier l'impact de la libération partielle de confinement (le long de l'axe du tube principal) sur la cinétique de croissance d’agrégats cellulaires pseudo-unidimensionnel (nommé cylindroids). Nos données de microscopie et l’analyse d'images suggèrent un mécanisme de croissance par pointe et la prouvent la génération d’une contrainte radiale. La combinaison des configurations sphériques et cylindriques tend vers l'image globale du confinement qui déclenche la motilité cellulaire et l'invasion par la périphérie de l'agrégat cellulaire tandis que la prolifération des cellules est inhibée dans le noyau lorsque la pression augmente. Quatrièmement, nous utilisons l’alginate comme moule pour concevoir des coquilles et tubes multicouches perméables. En particulier, une légère adaptation du protocole nous permet d'ancrer une fine couche de Matrigel (utilisé comme une membrane basale artificielle) sur la paroi interne de l'alginate. Par l'utilisation de ces capsules sphériques décorés de Matrigel, nous montrons que les monocouches sphériques fermés de cellules épithéliales, ou des kystes, peuvent être facilement conçus avec des tailles qui sont imposées par la taille des capsules. De même, les capsules tubulaires décorées de Matrigel sont utilisées pour la formation des organoïds cultivés à partir de cellules extraites des cryptes du côlon de la souris. Enfin, notre technologie offre une nouvelle voie pour produire dans les tests cellulaires in vitro utiles pour développer de nouvelles thérapies anticancéreuses ou des approches d'ingénierie tissulaire et d'étudier l'interaction entre la mécanique et de la croissance dans les agrégats cellulaires in vitro. / Although recognized as an important step towards better understanding of tumor progression, tissue morphogenesis and high throughput screening of drugs, the use of three dimensional in vitro cellular assays is still limited, especially due to the difficulty in establishing simple and robust protocols for their formation. In this work, we first present a novel microfluidics-assisted method for multicellular spheroids formation. This Cellular Capsules technology is based on the encapsulation and growth of cells inside permeable, elastic, hollow micro-spheres. Second, we show that these microcapsules serve as unique mechanical sensors to measure the pressure exerted by the expanding spheroids. By multiphoton live imaging, we additionally observe that confinement induces a layered cellular organization, with a dense, solid, necrotic core surrounded by a rim of hyper-motile peripheral cells, which exhibit enhanced invasive properties. Third, we adapt the Cellular Capsules technology to form hollow tubes. This cylindrical geometry allows us to investigate the impact of partial confinement release (along the main tube axis) on the growth kinetics of pseudo-one dimensional cellular aggregates (named cylindroids). Our microscopy data and image analyses suggest a tip-growing mechanism and evidence radial stress generation. The combination of the spherical and cylindrical configurations leads to the overall picture that confinement triggers cell motility and invasion at the periphery of the cellular aggregate while cell proliferation is inhibited in the core as pressure builds up. Fourth, we use alginate as a template to design multilayered permeable shells and tubes. In particular, slight adaptation of the protocol allows us to anchor a thin layer of Matrigel (used as an artificial basement membrane) to the alginate inner wall. Using these Matrigel-decorated spherical capsules, we show that closed spherical monolayers of epithelial cells, or cysts, can be readily engineered with sizes that are imposed by the size of the capsules. Similarly, Matrigel-decorated tubular capsules are shown to be convenient for the formation of organoids grown from cells extracted from the cypts of mouse colon. Finally, our technology offers a new avenue to produce in vitro cell-based assays useful for developing new anti-cancer therapies or tissue engineering approaches and to investigate the interplay between mechanics and growth of in vitro cellular assemblies.
2

Intrapulmonary Inoculation of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids to Construct an Orthotopic Lung Cancer Xenograft Model that Mimics Four Clinical Stages of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Huang, Yingbo 01 January 2019 (has links)
Lung cancer leads in mortality among all types of cancer in the US and Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major type of lung cancer. Immuno-compromised mice bearing xenografts of human lung cancer cells represent the most common animal models for studying lung cancer biology and for evaluating potential anticancer agents. However, orthotopic lung cancer models based on intrapulmonary injection of suspended cancer cells feature premature leakage of the cancer cells to both sides of the lung within five days, which generates a quick artifact of metastasis and thus belies the development and progression of lung cancer as seen in the clinic. Based on intrapulmonary inoculation of multicellular spheroids (MCS), we have developed the first orthotopic xenograft model of lung cancer that simulates all four clinical stages of NSCLC progression in mice over one month: Stage 1 localized tumor at the inoculation site; Stage 2 multiple tumor nodules or larger tumor nodule on the same side of the lung; Stage 3 cancer growth on heart surface; and Stage 4 metastatic cancer on both sides of the lung. The cancer development was monitored conveniently by in vivo fluorescent imaging and validated by open-chest anatomy, ex vivo fluorescent imaging, and histological studies. The model enjoys high rates of postoperative survival (100%) and parenchymal tumor establishment (88.9%). The roughness of the inoculated MCS is associated negatively with the time needed to develop metastatic cancer (p=0.0299). In addition, we have constructed a co-culture MCS that consisted of A549-iRFP lung cancer cells and WI38 normal human fibroblast cells. The pro-proliferation effect and the high expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by the co-cultured WI38 cells indicated their transformation from normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The morphology of the co-culture MCS features a round shape, a tight internal structure, and quicker development of roughness. The large roughness value of co-culture MCS suggests that small co-culture MCS could be inoculated into mice lung with a small needle to reduce the surgical trauma. Taken together, a new orthotopic model of NSCLC has been developed, which would facilitate future development of medications against lung cancer.

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