<p>The United States presents the appropriate conditions for a wider adoption of offsite construction (OSC): steady growth in the construction industry, high construction wages, shortage of labors, and demand for housing – especially multifamily housing. The multifamily housing market is overheated, but many design and construction companies are still struggling to stay strong in this market, marked by tight profit margins, high competitiveness and inefficiencies. OSC presents itself as a solution to help design and construction companies to become more efficient and resilient to potential market crises. However, the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is hesitant to move to higher levels of OSC adoption, mainly because stakeholders, including owners, developers, designers, and construction companies, are not aware of the potential benefits resulting from OSC and are not prepared to promote the changes necessary for the successful adoption of OSC or for the engagement in modular construction, which would represent an important move towards industrialized construction. This study focused on how to implement strategic changes in design and construction companies, particularly small and medium-size enterprises, interested in successfully using OSC in multifamily housing projects, considering the need for more affordable and sustainable multifamily housing in the United States. Using mixed methods, the study involved five phases of data collection and data analysis and had the contribution of professionals from the AEC industry. Focusing only on the AEC industry of the United States, the researcher first identified the main factors affecting the use of OSC in multifamily projects, as well as the most important changes that design and construction companies need to adopt for the successful use of OSC in multifamily projects. The factors and the changes helped to structure and shape the scope of the principles, which were later consolidated and validated through research with professionals from design and construction companies. The final set of eight principles was divided into four topics: (1) strategy and business model, (2) people, organization, and culture, (3) technology, materials, and tools, and (4) processes and operations. In addition to helping to shape more efficient and resilient construction companies, the application of the proposed principles contributes to building more affordable and sustainable housing in the United States.</p>

Las empresas constructoras del sector inmobiliario, conforme se acercan a la fecha de entrega del proyecto, enfrentan mayor dificultad para culminarlo. Esto, por lo general, sucede cuando la obra se encuentra alrededor de un 90 % de avance, y el 10 % de avance restante no se comporta de la misma manera que lo ya realizado, generándose ampliaciones de plazo. Cuando se produce esta condición, decimos que se ha generado el Síndrome del 90 %. La gran mayoría de las empresas constructoras del sector inmobiliario plantean su programación de obra en base a la Curva S, o Curva de Avance, y descuidan el control de lo que se viene liberando en la obra. Este comportamiento es el principal motivo por el cual se genera el Síndrome del 90 %, razón por la cual se realiza el presente trabajo de investigación, para diseñar una metodología que reconozca, mitigue y revierta los efectos negativos que este síndrome pueda producir. La propuesta ha sido aplicada a un proyecto multifamiliar en curso y plantea generar una curva adicional a la tradicional Curva S haciendo uso del Last Planner® System. Se trata de la Curva de Liberación, la cual recogerá la data de cómo se están produciendo las liberaciones de partidas de nuestra obra, otorgándonos información que nos permita elaborar una programación que nos aleje del Síndrome del 90 % y de los efectos negativos que éste produce, tales como la ampliación de plazos, el incremento en los costos, las penalidades por no cumplimiento y una segura afectación a la imagen comercial de la empresa. / As the building companies in the real estate sector approach the project delivery date, they face greater difficulty finishing it. This, in general, happens when the work is around 90% complete, and the remaining 10% progress does not behave in the same way as what has already been done, generating an increase in the schedule. When this condition occurs, we say that the 90% Syndrome has been generated. The vast majority of building companies in the real estate sector plan their work schedule based on the S Curve, or progress curve, and neglect to control what is being released in the work. This behavior is the main reason why the 90% Syndrome is generated, which is why this research work is carried out, to design a methodology that recognizes, mitigates and reverses the negative effects that this syndrome may produce. The proposal has been applied to an ongoing multifamily building and proposes generating an additional curve to the traditional S Curve using the Last Planner® System. This is the release curve, which will collect the data on how the releases of items of our work are taking place, providing us with information that allows us to develop a schedule that moves us away from the 90% Syndrome and the negative effects it produces, such as the schedule increase, the cost increase, penalties for non-completion and a certain impact on the commercial image of the company. / Trabajo de investigación

Tras el éxito del Proyecto de los Juegos Panamericanos en el Perú, se dio a conocer ante la sociedad los mecanismos adoptados, por la organización, para lograr los objetivos propuestos en el proyecto. Los Contratos NEC utilizados para el proyecto de los Juegos Panamericanos es un aporte innovador para el sector construcción en nuestro país, se basa principalmente en metodologías colaborativas que enfocan todas sus directrices en el éxito del proyecto y el bienestar de todos los involucrados. El presente proyecto de tesis busca la adaptación de las formas, mecanismos y metodologías de la Gestión Colaborativa NEC en proyectos tradicionales de construcción que se realizan en el Perú, enfocándose principalmente en viviendas multifamiliares en la ciudad de Lima. La investigación plantea resolver la problemática de falta de comunicación e integración de los Stakeholders en proyectos Multifamiliares en Lima. Por ello, a partir de una encuesta de Juicio de expertos que están involucrados en gestión colaborativa de proyectos de construcción se pudo validar la problemática y obtener información valiosa para la investigación. Asimismo, se analizó el proyecto del Complejo Andrés Avelino Cáceres que se realizó dentro del proyecto especial Juegos Panamericanos bajo la metodología NEC, y en base a ello se obtuvo un análisis de riesgos, aplicación de la Junta de Solución de Disputas (DAB) y la gestión de involucrados. Todo ello, se realizó con la finalidad de obtener datos más precisos sobre la gestión colaborativa NEC. Además, en base a los procedimientos anteriores se plantea una propuesta para la gestión de Stakeholders, riesgos y el uso del DAB. Enfocándose principalmente en la integración y comunicación de los Stakeholders en las etapas de Inicio, Planificación, Ejecución y Control del Proyecto. Finalmente se proponen flujogramas para el correcto desarrollo de la gestión de Stakeholders para las diferentes etapas del ciclo de vida del proyecto y herramientas para adoptar esta metodología como: sesiones ICE, un formato para las visitas a obra por parte del DAB, control y mejora continua de la gestión colaborativa. / After the success of the Pan American Games Project in Peru, the mechanisms adopted by the organization to achieve the objectives proposed in the project were made known to society. The NEC Contracts used for the Pan American Games project is an innovative contribution to the construction sector in our country, it is based on collaborative methodologies that focus all its guidelines on the success of the project and the well-being of all involved. This thesis project seeks the adaptation of the forms, mechanisms and methodologies of NEC Collaborative Management in common projects carried out in Peru, focusing mainly on multi-family projects in the city of Lima. The research aims to solve the problem of lack of communication and integration of Stakeholders in Multifamily projects in Lima. For this reason, a survey of experts who are involved in collaborative management of construction projects was able to validate the problem and obtain valuable information for the investigation. Likewise, the project of the Andrés Avelino Cáceres Complex that was carried out within the Pan American Games project under the NEC methodology was analyzed, and based on this, a risk analysis was obtained, using the Dispute Resolution Board (DAB) and the management of involved. All this was done in order to obtain more precise data on NEC collaborative management. Based on the above procedures, a proposal is made for the management of Stakeholders, risks and the use of DAB. Focusing mainly on the integration and communication of those Involved in the Start, Planning, Execution and Control stages of the Project. Flowcharts of stakeholder management development are proposed for these stages and tools to adopt this methodology such as: ICE sessions, a format for site visits by DAB, control and improvement of collaborative management. / Tesis