Purpose: This study aims to investigate, if Multinational Corporations incorporate employees’ culture while forming their organisational culture and the impact of cultural integration on the organisation’s business activities.  Design/methodology/approach: This is an exploratory research in which qualitative data is used. Interviews were administered to 14 employees at Sandvik AB, Sandviken in Sweden. As for validity and reliability, the data for this work was collected from a real life case (Sandvik) and the interview responses were transcribed and analysed in relation to what other scholars consider together with the ideas of the authors.  Findings: This study shows that MNCs incorporate employees’ culture into their organisational culture. Factors of employees’ cultures are present in the organisational culture of Sandvik. Cultural integration as indicated by this study influences job performance, job satisfaction, and give a good image to the organization. It improves team members’ skills and creates aspiration among the employees.  Originality/value and contribution: This topic seems to be one of the few studies that investigate if MNCs incorporate employees’ culture into their organisational culture. It therefore fills the theoretical gap in this area of study. The study contributes to the few studies of integrating employees’ culture into an organisational culture and acts as a start-up guide to future studies.  Limitation: Only one MNC is used in this study. Ideally, another MNC would have been investigated, so as to know if the present results are recurrent with another case. The study is also limited to only the aspect that deals with the integration of employee’s culture into an organisational culture, and not cultural diversity in its totality. It is of interest for scholars in future studies to examine the topic under review relating to several organisations.

This final thesis is dealing with transmission of CSR strategy in transnational corporations. The first theoretical part offers an introduction and explanation of CSR and several models are discussed. The transmission of the concept is analyzed in companies Tesco and Vodafone in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and in the Czech Republic. At the end the primary hypothesis is confirmed, i.e. main goals and strategies are developed in a parent company and transformed to other countries with respect to the situation on the market.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Law, 2015. / At present, international law has not succeeded in establishing a way through which multinational corporations (MNCs) can be regulated effectively and compelled to adhere to international human rights standards. This poses a problem for states that rely heavily on the investment of MNCs for economic development. African states in particular compete for investment by reducing their regulatory mechanisms in order to attract MNCs. This allows MNCs to engage in practices that violate human rights and contribute to the commission of international crimes. This thesis seeks to address this problem by exploring how MNCs can be held criminally liable in international law if they are involved in serious human rights abuses and international crimes. In the twentieth century, two seminal events in international criminal justice illustrate that there was evidence that the notion of holding multinational corporations criminally liable was possible. These include i) the jurisprudence of the Allied Tribunals at Nuremberg after World War II which contemplated the possibility of corporate criminal liability and ii) the negotiations during the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the 1990s which considered proposals for the extension of criminal liability to corporations. At the national level, many states provide for corporate criminal liability. This is often derived from the establishment of criminal liability of an official of the corporation. The United Kingdom and Australia, however, have successfully set out how a corporation may itself be found criminally liable without the need to derive its criminal liability from an official. These developments show that the idea of holding MNCs criminally liable, either through a derivative or non-derivative process, is possible and achievable. In particular, this thesis proposes that MNCs can be found criminally liable for aiding and abetting international crimes under Article 25(3)(c) of the Statute of the ICC. In proposing a way through which this can be achieved, this thesis does two things: i) it extracts principles of non-derivative criminal liability established in the United Kingdom and Australia and ii) it develops a theory of corporate criminal liability for aiding and abetting international crimes that incorporates these principles. This theory underpins the proposed new approach to the establishment of corporate criminal liability for aiding and abetting in the ICC.

The liberalization of FDI is deepening, so have the incentive schemes put in place by a number of countries. Investment promotion agencies in these countries are seen to be actively promoting their countries as the best locations for foreign direct investment (FDI). With FDI emerging as a fovourite source of capital for most countries, profound questions about the true value of FDI to host countries are addressed in this study. While incentive packages may be justified on the basis of incomplete internalization of FDI benefits by foreign firms, it still remains critical to establish whether these benefits (spillovers) are substantive. As an attempt to answer these questions, this dissertation uses both firm level and country level data to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on productivity and economic growth. The first part of the study uses cross sectional firm level data to investigate whether foreign firms are more productive than domestic firms. We further examine whether there are any significant productivity spillovers from foreign to domestic firms or not. SIn the second part, focus is on country level analysis which uses both time series and panel data techniques. In the time series analysis we use the recent Toda-Yamamoto causality testing framework to determine the direction of causality between FDI and growth for three groups of countries: developing, emerging and developed countries. This is followed by fixed effects and dynamic panel data analyses for the 37 countries (9 developing, 12 emerging and 16 developed) where we test for absorptive capacity effects. Our findings show that results are determined to a great extent by the method of analysis. Interesting findings emerge from this study. The firm level data revealed the importance of multinational corporations in improving domestic firm productivity. With this finding, we anticipate these results to filter through the macro system and show up in the time series and panel data analyses. In the case of developing economies, productivity differences between domestic and foreign firms are confirmed only where the definition of FDI is below the full ownership level. Positive but statistically insignificant spillovers are found in the developing country sample. From the emerging economy sample, we iii find neither significant productivity differences nor related spillovers from foreign to domestic firms. With regards to developed economies, as in the case of emerging economies, there are no statistically significant productivity differences between domestic and foreign firms. Interestingly, for this sample, positive and highly significant spillovers from foreign to domestic firms are documented. The Toda Yamamoto Granger causality framework shows unidirectional causality from FDI to GDP in Colombia, Egypt and Zambia. These results suggest that in these three countries, we have a case of growth enhancing FDI. There is also evidence of causality which runs from GDP to FDI in China, Indonesia, France, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom. This is a case where higher levels of economic activity attract foreign direct investment. We also find evidence of bi-directional causality for Argentina, Kenya and Thailand. No clear cut relationship between FDI and growth is established in the rest of the countries: Brazil, Chile, Ghana, India, Jordan, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa and all but four of the developed economies. The dynamic panel data analysis for the developing economy sample reveals positive effects between FDI and economic growth. A key finding from this is the negative impact of financial development, an absorptive capacity measure. This unexpected result raises the possibility of international capital flows becoming more harmful to developing economies when extensive development of the domestic financial sector makes it difficult to regulate financial transactions of relatively esoteric financial contracts. This evidence there should be a nuanced embrace of financial globalization by developing economies. In the emerging economy analysis, the roles of openness of the economy and financial development as absorptive capacity indicators are elevated. Overall, the dynamic analysis shows a largely negative and statistically insignificant effect of FDI on economic growth. For developed economies, we find that negative effects of FDI on economic growth are encountered at both the minimum and mean levels of openness. This suggests that for developed economies, a level of openness above the mean value would be ideal for economic growth to be realized through FDI. iv Corroborating our findings with the work of other scholars, we conclude that our results are complementary. It appears that the contradictions inherent in the FDI-Growth literature could be partly due to methodological differences.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a relação entre o ambiente institucional brasileiro e a conquista de mandatos mundiais pelas subsidiárias estrangeiras. Como parte de um novo modelo de empresa multinacional que precisa combinar a organização de uma rede integrada que proporcione flexibilidade, facilite o aprendizado, a transferência de conhecimento com a inovação entre as diversas unidades (BARTLETT, GHOSHAL, 1998), a subsidiária se destaca como unidade de análise na literatura em estudos que investigam os seus papéis, seu processo de evolução e a maneira como concorrem entre si em diferentes países (BARTLETT, GHOSHAL, 1986; BIRKINSHAW, MORRISON, 1995). Dependendo do mercado em que atuam, da receptividade da matriz, da sua capacidade de inovação e capacidade de criar competências podem passar por um processo de aumento gradual de suas responsabilidades e relevância estratégica, podendo conquistar o mandato mundial,ou seja, o ganho do controle estratégico pela subsidiária sobre determinadas atividades e região. Concorrendo em diferentes ambientes institucionais, as subsidiárias representam a busca das multinacionais por vantagens de localização, por fatores institucionais que estimulem a inovação e desenvolvimento tecnológico e de um aparato que o sustente como por exemplo um sistema de proteção à propriedade intelectual eficiente e incentivos fiscais. Assim, a visão deste trabalho sobre as instituições abrange os pilares regulatório, normativo e cultural-cognitivo, segundo o arcabouço teórico desenvolvido por Scott (2008). A fim de analisar o mandato mundial nas subsidiárias foi realizado um survey com 172 subsidiárias estrangeiras no Brasil. Para investigar a influência institucional no \"mandato mundial\" foi utilizada a técnica de estudo de caso com a subsidiária brasileira da Siemens AG, de origem alemã. Os resultados do survey mostraram que 25,6% das subsidiárias respondentes podem ser classificadas como de mandato mundial. O estudo de caso, por sua vez, apresentou algumas evidências de que há uma relação positiva entre ambiente institucional favorável e a conquista do mandato mundial pelas subsidiárias revelada principalmente nas leis de incentivo fiscal para a atração de centros de P&D para o Brasil, principalmente por meio da redução de custos. As certificações tri-norma também são relevantes na inserção e integração da subsidiária à a cadeia de valor global. Aspectos culturais como características da mão-de-obra brasileira também são vistos como fator de destaque da subsidiária brasileira. / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how the achievement of world mandates by foreign subsidiaries located in Brazil is related to country\'s institutional environment. As part of a new model of multinationals companies\' organization, that need to combine the organization of an integrated network that provides flexibility, learning and knowledge transfer with innovation among the various units (Bartlett, Ghoshal, 1998), the affiliated company stands out as a distinct unit of analysis. In the literature about subsidiaries there are studies investigating their roles, the process of evolution and how they compete in different countries (Bartlett, Ghoshal, 1986; Birkinshaw, Morrison, 1995). Depending on the market in which they operate, the receptivity of their parent company, their capacity for innovation and building skills, they pass through a process of gradual increase of their strategic autonomy and relevance, gaining responsibilities and finally achieving the world mandate, the strategic control by the subsidiary on certain activities and region. Competing in different institutional environments, the subsidiaries represent the search by multinational enterprises for locational advantages and institutional factors that push innovation and technological development and a famework that supports this through, for example, an efficient intellectual property protection system and tax incentives (OLIVEIRA JR et al, 2009). Thus, the view on institutions of this study covers the regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive pillars, according to the theoretical framework developed by Scott (2008). In order to analyze the word mandate of the subsidiaries a survey was conducted with 172 foreign subsidiaries stablished in Brazil. To investigate the institutions\' influence on \"world mandate\" a case study was conducted with Siemens AG\'s Brazilian subsidiary. The results of the survey showed that 25.6% of the participant subsidiaries can be classified as world mandate. The case study presented some evidences of a positive relationship between institutional environment and the achievement of world mandate by subsidiaries. This influence was perceived mainly through incentive laws in the attraction of R&D centers to Brazil, especially through cost reduction. The tri-standard certifications are helpful for the subsidiary\'s insertion and integration in the global value chain, an this fact makes the standard a requirement for all the providers of the company. The case showed that cultural features such as flexibility of Brazilian labor are a factor for subsidiary\'s success as well.

<p>The purpose of this study is to examine the relevant literatures about coordination mechanisms as well as study the use of coordination mechanisms by MNCs. Since many scholars have presented various models and claimed that their ideas are useful for MNCs and   subsidiary. This is due to getting a better understanding of how coordination works and what problems may occur.</p>

The purpose of this study is to examine the relevant literatures about coordination mechanisms as well as study the use of coordination mechanisms by MNCs. Since many scholars have presented various models and claimed that their ideas are useful for MNCs and   subsidiary. This is due to getting a better understanding of how coordination works and what problems may occur.

Since it is a normal path for business to go for internationalization through merge and acquisition, there are always cases that end up with non expectable results. Therefore, there do exist huge risks in doing merge and acquisition. However, the probability of making a successful merge and acquisition could be improved by applying for appropriate strategic concerns. Finally, it is essential for managerial implications to find out the key factors of successful merge and acquisition. The thesis tried to find out factors that affect the process, and the outcome of merge and acquisition. By interviewing these key persons of W Company, we concluded with problems including culture, leadership, organization process, and human resources management that do have significant influence on the merge and acquisition progress. Furthermore, we try conclude and making hypotheses according to our interview. The purpose of our thesis was to discuss factors that affect the performance of merge and acquisition, such as corporate culture, leadership, operation process, and organization. According to the conclusions made from Narrative Method, it showed that these factors to some extent did have significant influence on the performance of post merge and acquisition. Therefore, anyone who wants to have splendid performance of merge and acquisition could not ignore these ones. According to the results, as we defined that whenever the performance ¡§turns from loss to profit,¡¨ it means that the merger is getting into success. Therefore, as the case is making huge profit many years after the action of merger, this is really a ¡§success¡¨ case. Therefore, the propositions and survey records are really precious and referral literatures for practical and academic.

Problem: Motivation is the number one problem facing businesses today. It is essential for employers to recognize what motivates employees in order to improve productivity and ensure the success of the company (Wiley, 1997). Even though employee motivation is a well researched topic, most studies have particularly focused on small domestic companies. Opportunities within MNCs and small companies are significantly different. Qualitative methods in the field of management is very limited, which the article by Cassell, Symon, Buehring and Johnson (2006) supports.  Purpose: The purpose of this dissertation is to explore what motivates employees to work. Focus will be on employees working in multinational corporations in Sweden. In order to do so, we aim to identify key factors which have an impact on motivation at work. This study will contribute with a framework of motivational factors in a organization. It will also give an insight in employees’ attitudes towards motivation and what motivation means to them.  Methodology: This thesis will use a qualitative method. The study is based on an interpretivistic philosophy with an abductive research approach. In order to answer our research question, primary data is collected through interviews with a number of employees from multinational companies in Sweden. This research strategy enables us to make investigations about work motivation. Conclusions: After analyzing the motivational factors in our study, we can make the conclusion that motivation is highly personal and differs from individual to individual. Work motivation is also not consistent over time, meaning, the factor which motivates an individual today will most likely not be the same motivational factor a year from now. It is clear that personal circumstances will have an impact on employee motivation. Results reveal that employees who are in the same profession are similarly motivated and satisfied in their work.

Microchip¡¦s enter in 1996 pioneered the affluence of electronic firms¡¦ investments. Since then, investment environments of Taiwan pose as a luring target for foreign electronic firms, they also entered Taiwan gradually. Clustering effect is the main factor affecting Multinational Corporations¡¦ entry decision; they entered Taiwan due to this reason as well. The promising industry was thus created. Due to similarities in culture and language between Taiwan and PRC, Taiwanese firms serve PRC as the target when considering expanding strategies. Among them, electronic firms claim a large proportion. Clustering effects are also found in several coastal cities in PRC, as a consequence. It¡¦s expected that the history repeats itself in PRC as it did in Taiwan. Previous studies served situations evaluated by US electronic firms which were willing to enter Taiwan as the base, and discussed their entry modes. This thesis aims at discussing subsidiaries in Taiwan in order to understand under which circumstances of capacity or environment would result in which entry modes. This research conducted empirical studies on gathered data, and listed several measurable variables as the data used in analyses. This study categorizes entry strategy into wholly owned and partly owned, and discovered that foreign experience factor significantly affects the entry modes while other factors bear less significant explanatory powers. This research is suggesting that electronic firms could advisedly think over more factors when considering entering Taiwan or PRC, and evaluate firms and market conditions of target country in order to find the best suitable entry mode.