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At the UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun in 2010, all the industrialised countries committed to producing long-term national strategies to achieve low levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim was to meet the goal of reducing emissions by 80-95 per cent by 2050, in line with the two-degrees-goal. In February 2011, the European Commission presented a communication on a roadmap for the EU for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050. Sweden has actively supported the conclusions within the EU that countries should draw up their own roadmaps, but Sweden has not yet produced a national roadmap to 2050. This thesis examines why the Swedish government has not yet agreed on a low-carbon development strategy to 2050 in line with the agreement at the climate conference in Cancun 2010 and the directives from the European Commission. The purpose of this study is to examine why the investigation on a Swedish roadmap 2050 produced by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, never reached the political decision agenda, in the Swedish parliament. The objective of the study is achieved by applying the Multiple Streams Model, a theory on policy processes and agenda setting, on the case of the Swedish roadmap 2050. The study concludes that (1) the level of political consensus is too low, especially in terms of the basic assumptions that underlie the roadmap; and (2) the document produced by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency was too weak to become a bill.

Smokefree policies (SFPs) have diffused throughout the US and worldwide. However, the development of SFPs in the difficult policy environment of tobacco-producing states and economies worldwide has not been well-explored. In 2007, Tennessee, the third largest tobacco producer in the US, enacted the Non-Smoker Protection Act (NSPA). This study utilizes the multiple streams model to provide understanding of why and how this policy was developed by triangulating interviews with key stakeholders and legislative debates with archival documents. In June 2006, the Governor unexpectedly announced support for SFP, which created a window of opportunity for policy change. The Campaign for Healthy and Responsible Tennessee, a health coalition, seized this opportunity and worked with the administration and the Tennessee Restaurant Association to negotiate a comprehensive SFP, however, a weaker bill was used by the legislative leadership to develop the NSPA. Although the Governor and the Tennessee Restaurant Association's support generated an environment for 100 % SFP, health groups did not fully capitalize on this environmental change and settled for a weak policy with several exemptions. This study suggests the importance for proponents of policy change to understand changes in their environment and be willing and able to capitalize on these changes.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o processo de formação da agenda na política remuneratória e de reajustes salariais da Educação do Município de São Paulo surgida em 2006. Tal política, caracterizada por reajustes dos pisos remuneratórios da categoria, seguidos de incorporações nos padrões de vencimentos parceladas nos anos subsequentes, surge no governo Serra-Kassab (2005-2008) e continua durante os governos Kassab (2009-2012) e Haddad (2013-2016), proporcionando ganhos salariais reais à categoria durante o período. Procuramos compreender as formas pelas quais o tema da valorização dos profissionais de educação ascende à agenda governamental em 2006. Para tanto, buscamos entender como os fluxos de problemas, soluções e político convergem, possibilitando a abertura de uma janela de oportunidade para que a política fosse considerada e implementada, de acordo com o Modelo de Múltiplos Fluxos, de John Kingdon. Utilizamos, ainda, o Modelo de Equilíbrio Pontuado, de Frank Baumgartner e Bryan Jones, para entendermos como a imagem do problema da valorização dos profissionais de educação se relacionou com seu contexto institucional. A partir da análise da legislação municipal, de jornais sindicais e de entrevistas com os principais atores do processo, alcançamos os seguintes resultados: os fluxos de problemas, soluções e político convergiram no governo Serra-Kassab, por meio da atuação dos empreendedores de políticas públicas e dos diversos atores que participaram do processo, possibilitando a ascensão da valorização dos profissionais de educação à agenda governamental, demandando, dessa forma, atenção especial por parte dos formuladores de políticas públicas da Administração Municipal, que, juntamente com os sindicatos, chegaram, após um longo processo de negociação, a um formato acerca da política de remuneração e de reajustes salariais / This dissertation aims to analyze the process of agenda-setting in the remuneration and salary readjustments policy of the Education of the Municipality of São Paulo which emerged in 2006. This policy, characterized by adjustments of the minimum wage of the category followed by divided incorporations in the base salaries in subsequent years, was introduced by the Serra-Kassab government (2005-2008) and kept by the Kassab (2009-2012) and Haddad (2013-2016) governments, providing real wage gains to the category during this period. We seek to understand the ways in which the theme of valuing education professionals ascended in the governmental agenda in 2006. In order to do so, we need to understand how the streams of problems, policies and politics converged, allowing the opening of a window for this policy to be considered and implemented, according to John Kingdon\'s Multiple Streams Model. Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones Punctuated Equilibrium Model was also used in order to understand how the image of the problem of valuing education professionals was related to the institutional context. From the analysis of municipal legislation, trade union newspapers, and interviews with the main actors of the process, the following results were reached: the streams of problems, policies, and politics converged in the Serra-Kassab government through the action of public-policy entrepreneurs and of various actors who took part in the process, enabling the rise of the valorization of education professionals in the governmental agenda, thus demanding special attention from public policy makers of the Municipal Administration, who, paired with trade unions, came up with, after a long negotiation process, a plan for the remuneration policy and salary readjustments

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o processo de formação da agenda na política remuneratória e de reajustes salariais da Educação do Município de São Paulo surgida em 2006. Tal política, caracterizada por reajustes dos pisos remuneratórios da categoria, seguidos de incorporações nos padrões de vencimentos parceladas nos anos subsequentes, surge no governo Serra-Kassab (2005-2008) e continua durante os governos Kassab (2009-2012) e Haddad (2013-2016), proporcionando ganhos salariais reais à categoria durante o período. Procuramos compreender as formas pelas quais o tema da valorização dos profissionais de educação ascende à agenda governamental em 2006. Para tanto, buscamos entender como os fluxos de problemas, soluções e político convergem, possibilitando a abertura de uma janela de oportunidade para que a política fosse considerada e implementada, de acordo com o Modelo de Múltiplos Fluxos, de John Kingdon. Utilizamos, ainda, o Modelo de Equilíbrio Pontuado, de Frank Baumgartner e Bryan Jones, para entendermos como a imagem do problema da valorização dos profissionais de educação se relacionou com seu contexto institucional. A partir da análise da legislação municipal, de jornais sindicais e de entrevistas com os principais atores do processo, alcançamos os seguintes resultados: os fluxos de problemas, soluções e político convergiram no governo Serra-Kassab, por meio da atuação dos empreendedores de políticas públicas e dos diversos atores que participaram do processo, possibilitando a ascensão da valorização dos profissionais de educação à agenda governamental, demandando, dessa forma, atenção especial por parte dos formuladores de políticas públicas da Administração Municipal, que, juntamente com os sindicatos, chegaram, após um longo processo de negociação, a um formato acerca da política de remuneração e de reajustes salariais / This dissertation aims to analyze the process of agenda-setting in the remuneration and salary readjustments policy of the Education of the Municipality of São Paulo which emerged in 2006. This policy, characterized by adjustments of the minimum wage of the category followed by divided incorporations in the base salaries in subsequent years, was introduced by the Serra-Kassab government (2005-2008) and kept by the Kassab (2009-2012) and Haddad (2013-2016) governments, providing real wage gains to the category during this period. We seek to understand the ways in which the theme of valuing education professionals ascended in the governmental agenda in 2006. In order to do so, we need to understand how the streams of problems, policies and politics converged, allowing the opening of a window for this policy to be considered and implemented, according to John Kingdon\'s Multiple Streams Model. Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones Punctuated Equilibrium Model was also used in order to understand how the image of the problem of valuing education professionals was related to the institutional context. From the analysis of municipal legislation, trade union newspapers, and interviews with the main actors of the process, the following results were reached: the streams of problems, policies, and politics converged in the Serra-Kassab government through the action of public-policy entrepreneurs and of various actors who took part in the process, enabling the rise of the valorization of education professionals in the governmental agenda, thus demanding special attention from public policy makers of the Municipal Administration, who, paired with trade unions, came up with, after a long negotiation process, a plan for the remuneration policy and salary readjustments

No description available.

This case study focuses on Ontario higher education policy and the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs). A sequence of policy shifts occurred during the last decade of the twentieth century and the early years of the new millennium. By 2002, the Government of Ontario had reviewed its position with regard to baccalaureate degree credentials being the exclusive domain of publicly supported universities. Governance arrangements for the CAATs had also changed. The new policy framework was set with two pieces of legislation, the Postsecondary Education Choice and Excellence Act, 2000, and the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology Act, 2002. The purpose of this case study is to explain why these policy changes occurred. To facilitate inquiry, John W. Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model was used as a platform and lens to guide data collection and organize the findings. For Kingdon, policy is the outcome of a complex pre-decision process that requires the ‘coupling’ of the problem, policy, and political streams at the time of an open policy window. A qualitative approach was adopted, and primary and secondary documents covering the period 1990 to 2002 were collected. In addition, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with key policy actors and policy entrepreneurs.  The study found evidence to support the Multiple Streams Model's contention of streams of processes. However, with respect to this study, two types of policy problems were found flowing in the problem stream: macro-structural policy problems shaped conditions and the scope of options available with respect to policy goals and policy solutions; and micro-specific policy problems were localized, actor identified, constructed, and linked to specific interests. The study also found that historical institutional structures, and intermediate institutions, had a significant impact on policy development. The policy changes occurred as the result of two open policy windows, and in both instances, policy entrepreneurs were able to couple the policy streams to effect change. In view of the findings, a Structured Dynamics Model of Policy Development is offered as an explanation of the policy changes and for consideration in future inquiry.

This case study focuses on Ontario higher education policy and the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs). A sequence of policy shifts occurred during the last decade of the twentieth century and the early years of the new millennium. By 2002, the Government of Ontario had reviewed its position with regard to baccalaureate degree credentials being the exclusive domain of publicly supported universities. Governance arrangements for the CAATs had also changed. The new policy framework was set with two pieces of legislation, the Postsecondary Education Choice and Excellence Act, 2000, and the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology Act, 2002. The purpose of this case study is to explain why these policy changes occurred. To facilitate inquiry, John W. Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model was used as a platform and lens to guide data collection and organize the findings. For Kingdon, policy is the outcome of a complex pre-decision process that requires the ‘coupling’ of the problem, policy, and political streams at the time of an open policy window. A qualitative approach was adopted, and primary and secondary documents covering the period 1990 to 2002 were collected. In addition, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with key policy actors and policy entrepreneurs.  The study found evidence to support the Multiple Streams Model's contention of streams of processes. However, with respect to this study, two types of policy problems were found flowing in the problem stream: macro-structural policy problems shaped conditions and the scope of options available with respect to policy goals and policy solutions; and micro-specific policy problems were localized, actor identified, constructed, and linked to specific interests. The study also found that historical institutional structures, and intermediate institutions, had a significant impact on policy development. The policy changes occurred as the result of two open policy windows, and in both instances, policy entrepreneurs were able to couple the policy streams to effect change. In view of the findings, a Structured Dynamics Model of Policy Development is offered as an explanation of the policy changes and for consideration in future inquiry.