Multiport beam splitter is a new research topic in quantum communication. To improve the security system, the dimension/capacity of quantum communication should increase. In this thesis, design, simulation and methodology of NXN multiport beam splitter on a photonic integrated circuit is explained. Photonic integrated circuit has more advantages than other optical components to design a multiport beam splitter. Multiport beam splitter on a photonic chip gives configuration stability, a compact prototype for future quantum network.

Noise is a major environmental pollutant, which can inict physical and psychologicalinjury. An important noise contribution stems from aeroacousticsources, which are found in e.g., ventilation ducts, engine exhaust systems andairplane engines.In this thesis, research methods for low Mach number aeroacoustic sourcesin ducts are developed. The basis of the methods is the ability to describe theintrinsic linear properties of the source as an N-port (multiport), where theoutput sound eld is related to the input sound eld and the generated soundeld, all consisting of plane waves. The methods presented are both numericaland experimental. The numerical method treats the passive properties, i.e.,scattering, attenuation and amplication of incident sound, while the experimentalmethod treats the active part (intrinsic sound generation) as well. Themethods are applied in the study of noise generation by a vortex mixer plate,placed in an airow of Mach 0.2, and in the study of acoustic-hydrodynamicinteraction in a T-junction of rectangular ducts.It is found that the accuracy of the experimental methods is signicantly increasedwhen the equations are over-determined, which is achieved by addingadditional microphones to the test rig. In the frequency range studied, themixer plate is found to generate less sound when made exible, without disturbingthe mixing quality.For the numerical method { based on the linearized Navier-Stokes equations,a model of the oscillation of the Reynolds stress (\turbulent damping")due to the acoustic eld is introduced. By comparing with experimental results,it is found that not using this model results in an over-prediction of theamplication at higher frequencies with several factors in magnitude, whileimplementing the model results in a much better agreement. / <p>QC 20121123</p>

Wastewater treatment plants discharge effluents containing a number of constituents whose concentrations may negatively affect the receiving waters. Current research in mixing and transport between a point source discharge and the ambient environment attempts to reduce these effects through a better understanding of the physical processes involved and development of numerical models to better predict the fate of the effluents under different conditions. This thesis examined the mixing and transport of ammonia discharged from a multiport diffuser of a municipal wastewater treatment plant into the Ottawa River. The river reach was surveyed using an M9 acoustic Doppler current profiler to obtain spatially distributed measurements of depth and velocity. Water samples were collected at and downstream of the diffuser at multiple depths. The samples were analyzed for ammonia concentration and kinetics. The river reach was also simulated in the FLOW-3D model using available turbulence closure schemes. Comparisons were made between measured and modelled results, as well as some empirical and semi-empirical approximations. A combination of measured and modelled results helped describe (quantitatively and qualitatively) the mixing and transport between the discharged effluent and receiving river. Unionized ammonia was tested for regulatory compliance. Both measured and modelled results showed that although the regulatory end-of-pipe discharge concentrations were met, downstream regulations were not met.

L'évolution rapide dans les systèmes de communication sans fil nécessite plus de miniaturisation de divers composants électroniques en plus de l'élément majeur de la technologie sans fil : l'antenne. Dans ce cas, une antenne occupant un espace limité devrait être miniaturisée pour fonctionner aux bandes de communication souhaitées. Cependant, à mesure que la taille électrique de l'antenne diminue, ses performances se dégradent considérablement et sa bande passante, son efficacité et sa directivité sont limitées. Les techniques classiques de réduction de la taille avec chargement de matériau et mise en forme géométrique de l'antenne souffrent d'une bande passante étroite et d'une faible efficacité de rayonnement. D'autre part, les tentatives d'augmenter la directivité des petites antennes en utilisant des réseaux superdirectifs sont également associées à une faible efficacité de rayonnement bande passante très étroite. Pour pallier ces inconvénients, nous proposons de booster les performances des antennes compactes en utilisant des charges réactives embarquées. En plaçant correctement les charges (actives ou passives) à l'intérieur de l'antenne, il est possible de contrôler les courants pour améliorer de manière significative les performances de l'antenne en termes de bande passante et de directivité. Cependant, pour un succès des critères de chargement, il est obligatoire d'analyser les modes naturellement supportés par l'antenne étudiée. On les appelle les modes caractéristiques, qui fournissent des aperçus physiques profonds sur le comportement de l'antenne et ses modes de rayonnement. En combinant cette théorie avec l'algorithme d'optimisation, il devient possible de manipuler de manière optimale les courants à l'intérieur de l'antenne en utilisant des charges réactives pour obtenir des conceptions large bande, superdirectives et efficaces. / The rapid evolution in the wireless communication systems requires more miniaturization of various electronic components in addition to the major element of the wireless technology: the antenna. In this case, an antenna occupying a limited space should be miniaturized in order to operate at the desired communication bands. However, as the electrical size of the antenna decreases, its performance degrades dramatically and it becomes limited in bandwidth, efficiency, and directivity. Classical size reduction techniques with material loading and geometry shaping of the antenna suffer from narrow bandwidth and low radiation efficiency. On the other hand, attempts to increase the directivity of small antennas using superdirective arrays are also associated with low radiation efficiency and very narrow bandwidth. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose boosting the performance of compact antennas using embedded reactive loads. By properly placing loads (active or passive) inside the antenna, it is possible to control the currents to significantly enhance the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and directivity. Yet, for a successful loading criteria, it is mandatory to analyze the modes that are naturally supported by the antenna under study. These are called the characteristic modes, which provide deep physical insights about the behaviour of the antenna and its radiating modes. By combining this theory with and optimization algorithm, it becomes possible to optimally manipulate the currents inside the antenna using reactive loads to achieve wideband, superdirective and efficient designs.

The purpose of this thesis is the theoretical study of interference and correlation effects in multimode and continuum mode quantum systems. We are concerned with interference effects in multiport devices which in a sense are generalised Mach-Zehnder interferometers. It is shown how these multimode devices can be employed for the study of negative result and interaction free measurements. Interference and coherence effects are also studied in relation to the radiation fields generated by atoms through the process of spontaneous emission. Besides first order interference, higher order coherence effects are investigated with the aid of Glauber's photodetection theory and it is found that detectors that lie in spacelike regions may display nonclassical correlations under certain conditions. It is well known that the vanishing of field commutators between regions that cannot be connected by subluminal signals reflects the locality of quantum field theory. But is it possible that these spacelike regions exhibit correlations that violate Bell type inequalities? This is the main question and principal concern of the thesis and the answer is affirmative, nonclassical correlations between spacelike regions are indeed possible. A scheme of four detectors that lie in spacelike points was also studied. In this case we do not consider the radiation field but a free scalar field in vacuum state. Nevertheless the virtual quanta of this field may induce nonclassical correlations if the intervals between the detectors are spacelike but small enough. The fundamental reason for this fact is the nonvanishing of the Feynman propagator outside the light cone. Since this propagator is decaying expotentially with the distance it is demonstrated that for large spacelike intervals field correlations obey classical inequalities. We should also note that different inertial observers will agree on the violation or not of these inequalities since the results are manifestly Lorentz invariant.

The analysis of unbalanced power system problems using the method of phase co-ordinates by which the phase quantities are preserved has obvious practical advantages over the transformation methods requiring the phase quantities to be substituted by, for example, symmetrical component and d-q quantities. Since the physical identity of the system is maintained in the phase frame of reference, the matematical models of the system can be subjected to actual operating constraints enabling a unified approach to be adopted in the study of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical conditions. In this thesis the bond graph techniques are used to model power system components in terms of their phase co-ordinates. The bond graph structure, which is based on energy continuity and power balance, classifies system and sub-systems, with respect to the number of energy ports through which energy or power is exchanged with the environment as well as in terms of the particular internal energy transformations involved. The use of bond graphs for the analysis of non-linear electromagnetic systems has resulted in the evolution of a uniform diagramatic structure which, represents in a single diagram the basic field properties such as the magneto-motive force and the flux linkages together with the conjugate circuit power variables, voltage and current. As an extension of this ideal the general n-port electromagnetic and electrostatic field systems are derived in bond graph notations. A very desirable feature of this method of presentation is that there exists a one-to-one-correspondence between the bond graph and a computation structure which may be used for the purpose of simulation by either analogue or digital computers. The general n-port electromagnetic and electrostatic field systems form the basis for the effective modelling of power system components such as rotating machines, transformers and transmission lines. In the investigations of earth faults, these models are simplified in accordance with the need of the particular study but are sufficiently accurate representations to allow predictions on the overall system behaviours. The bond graph approach is ideally suited to expedite the modelling of dynamic interacting energy systems and when used in conjunction with the computation structure can provide the simulation technique required to model accurately the non-linear behaviours of multiport electromechanical energy converters. The effects of magnetic saturation in synchronous generators are presented in detail.

Des modules de supervision à base de modèle Bond Graph (BG) sont conçus pour les procédés énergétiques présents dans les industries à risques. Le BG comme outil multidisciplinaire est bien adapté à cause de la mise en jeu des énergies de nature diverse. Cet aspect de couplage (énergie, chimique...) rend les modèles dynamiques fortement non linéaires.<br />La génération systématique de modèles linéarisés des procédés complexes est considérée, le BG global d'une installation est directement obtenu à partir du Plan d'Instrumentation Détaillé (PID). Ces modèles sont valides car les processus thermofluides réels sont en général régulés autour d'un point de fonctionnement.<br />Les paramètres (coefficients hydrauliques, coefficients d'échange thermique...) n'étant pas toujours connus, la détermination directe des propriétés structurelles (commandabilité, observabilité, surveillabilité) des BGs sans<br />calcul préalable est utile pour la FDI (Fault Detection and Isolation).<br />Dans un premier temps, les modèles linéarisés sont exploités pour l'étude de la surveillance. Avant n'importe quelle implémentation industrielle (ou ajout de capteurs), la surveillabilité des composants, des actionneurs et des capteurs est considérée sans générer les Relations de Redondance Analytiques (RRA).<br />Dans un second temps, le modèle bond graph non linéaire est utilisé pour la conception des systèmes de<br />surveillance. En génie des procédés, il est possible d'identifier la catégorie des composants (actionneurs<br />hydrauliques, capteurs thermiques, etc..) à laquelle appartient l'élément défaillant. La surveillabilité de défauts simultanés d'actionneurs est considérée par une approche de platitude directe et générique.

abstract: The development of a Solid State Transformer (SST) that incorporates a DC-DC multiport converter to integrate both photovoltaic (PV) power generation and battery energy storage is presented in this dissertation. The DC-DC stage is based on a quad-active-bridge (QAB) converter which not only provides isolation for the load, but also for the PV and storage. The AC-DC stage is implemented with a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) single phase rectifier. A unified gyrator-based average model is developed for a general multi-active-bridge (MAB) converter controlled through phase-shift modulation (PSM). Expressions to determine the power rating of the MAB ports are also derived. The developed gyrator-based average model is applied to the QAB converter for faster simulations of the proposed SST during the control design process as well for deriving the state-space representation of the plant. Both linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and single-input-single-output (SISO) types of controllers are designed for the DC-DC stage. A novel technique that complements the SISO controller by taking into account the cross-coupling characteristics of the QAB converter is also presented herein. Cascaded SISO controllers are designed for the AC-DC stage. The QAB demanded power is calculated at the QAB controls and then fed into the rectifier controls in order to minimize the effect of the interaction between the two SST stages. The dynamic performance of the designed control loops based on the proposed control strategies are verified through extensive simulation of the SST average and switching models. The experimental results presented herein show that the transient responses for each control strategy match those from the simulations results thus validating them. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011

The purpose of this thesis is the theoretical study of interference and correlation effects in multimode and continuum mode quantum systems. We are concerned with interference effects in multiport devices which in a sense are generalised Mach-Zehnder interferometers. It is shown how these multimode devices can be employed for the study of negative result and interaction free measurements. Interference and coherence effects are also studied in relation to the radiation fields generated by atoms through the process of spontaneous emission. Besides first order interference, higher order coherence effects are investigated with the aid of Glauber's photodetection theory and it is found that detectors that lie in spacelike regions may display nonclassical correlations under certain conditions. It is well known that the vanishing of field commutators between regions that cannot be connected by subluminal signals reflects the locality of quantum field theory. But is it possible that these spacelike regions exhibit correlations that violate Bell type inequalities? This is the main question and principal concern of the thesis and the answer is affirmative, nonclassical correlations between spacelike regions are indeed possible. A scheme of four detectors that lie in spacelike points was also studied. In this case we do not consider the radiation field but a free scalar field in vacuum state. Nevertheless the virtual quanta of this field may induce nonclassical correlations if the intervals between the detectors are spacelike but small enough. The fundamental reason for this fact is the nonvanishing of the Feynman propagator outside the light cone. Since this propagator is decaying expotentially with the distance it is demonstrated that for large spacelike intervals field correlations obey classical inequalities. We should also note that different inertial observers will agree on the violation or not of these inequalities since the results are manifestly Lorentz invariant.

Dense wastewater discharges into marine environments can severely impact water bodies. This study addresses the disposal of hypersaline brines from desalination plants through multiport diffusers into seas and oceans. Accurate prediction of the mixing of discharges with the receiving water bodies is crucial for the optimal design of outfall systems. Designers can enhance mixing and increase dilution by modifying outfall properties. However, the interaction of discharges from multiport diffusers poses a significant challenge, impairing the mixing process. The main aim of this study is to improve multiport diffuser designs by limiting the negative effects of jet interaction on mixing. This research applies a three-dimensional numerical model, the Launder, Reece, and Rodi (LRR) turbulence model, to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) for multiple dense jets and to explore the mixing characteristics and merging process of multiple jets. To validate the model, its predictions are compared with available experimental data. The LRR model showed good agreement with the experimental measurements, and the model outperformed the standard and re-normalization group (RNG) 𝑘−𝜀 turbulence models, making it a promising tool for studying the mixing behavior of multiport diffusers. This study proposes multiport diffusers with non-uniform port orientation as a means for mitigating the negative effect of jet mering on the mixing process and increasing dilution. Using the validated numerical model and the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, the effect of non-uniform port orientation on the mixing process is explored. The numerical results indicated that the orientation of adjacent jets significantly affected the behavior of individual jets. An individual jet exhibited a longer trajectory and higher dilution when its neighboring jets were disposed of with a different angle, compared to that of uniform discharges. Laboratory experiments on uniform and non-uniform diffusers, with varying port angles in the range of highest reported dilution rates for single discharges (40o-70o), are reported, and the major flow properties and merging processes are compared. Investigations revealed that non-uniform diffusers achieved overall higher mean dilutions due to different mixing behavior in the interaction zones. Non-uniform port orientation provided more space between the jets to expand before interacting with their neighbors, resulting in higher dilutions. This study challenges the application of formulae obtained from single discharge experiments for multiport diffuser designs and emphasizes the importance of considering source characteristics specific to multiport diffusers, such as angle difference, for efficient desalination outfall. The new data and analysis provided in this study can benefit the design of desalination discharge systems with considerable potential cost savings, especially for tunneled outfalls, due to shorter diffusers with non-uniform port orientations and environmental risk reductions.