Thesis (Ph.D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009. / "Submitted to Department of Mathematics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves [57]-62)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, August 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59) Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73) Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2006. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Baylor University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-114).

This thesis examines the interactions between road users and the factors that contribute to the occurrence of traffic accidents, and discusses the implications of these interactions with regards to driver behaviour and accident prevention measures. Traffic accident data is collected on a macroscopic level by local police authorities throughout the UK. This data provides a description of accident related factors on a macroscopic level which does not allow for a complete understanding of the interaction between the various road users or the influence of errors made by active road users. Traffic accident data collected on a microscopic level analysis of real world accident data, explaining why and how an accident occurred, can further contribute to a data driven approach to provide safety measures. This data allows for a better understanding of the interaction of factors for all road users within an accident that is not possible with other data collection methods. In the first part of the thesis, a literature review presents relevant research in traffic accident analysis and accident causation research, afterwards three accident causation models used to understand behaviour and factors leading to traffic accidents are introduced. A comparison study of these accident causation coding models that classify road user error was carried out to determine a model that would be best suited to code the accident data according to the thesis aims. Latent class cluster analyses were made of two separate datasets, the UK On the Spot (OTS) in-depth accident investigation study and the STATS19 national accident database. A comparison between microscopic (in-depth) accident data and macroscopic (national) accident data was carried out. This analysis allowed for the interactions between all relevant factors for the road users involved in the accident to be grouped into specific accident segmentations based on the cluster analysis results. First, all of the cases that were collected by the OTS team between the years 2000 to 2003 were analysed. Results suggested that for single vehicle accidents males and females typically made failures related to detection and execution issues, whereas male road users made diagnosis failures with speed as a particularly important factor. In terms of the multiple vehicle accidents the interactions between the first two road users and the subsequent accident sequence were demonstrated. A cluster analysis of all two vehicle accidents in Great Britain in the year 2005 and recorded within the STATS19 accident database was carried out as a comparison to the multiple vehicle accident OTS data. This analysis demonstrated the necessity of in-depth accident causation data in interpreting accident scenarios, as the resulting accident clusters did not provide significant differences between the groups to usefully segment the crash population. Relevant human factors were not coded for these cases and the level of detail in the accident cases did not allow for a discussion of countermeasure implications. An analysis of 428 Powered Two Wheeler accidents that were collected by the OTS team between the years 2000 to 2010 was carried out. Results identified 7 specific scenarios, the main types of which identified two particular looked but did not see accidents and two types of single vehicle PTW accidents. In cases where the PTW lost control, diagnosis failures were more common, for road users other than the PTW rider, detection issues were of particular relevance. In these cases the interaction between all relevant road users was interpreted in relation to one another. The subsequent study analysed 248 Pedestrian accidents that were collected by the OTS team between the years 2000 to 2010. Results identified scenarios related to pedestrians as being in a hurry and making detection errors, impairment due to alcohol, and young children playing in the roadside. For accidents that were initiated by the other road user s behaviour pedestrians were either struck after an accident had already occurred or due to the manoeuvre that a road user was making, older pedestrians were over-represented in this accident type. This thesis concludes by discussing how (1) microscopic in-depth accident data is needed to understand accident mechanisms, (2) a data mining approach using latent class clustering can benefit the understanding of failure mechanisms, (3) accident causation analysis is necessary to understand the types of failures that road users make and (4) accident scenario development helps quantify accidents and allows for accident countermeasure implication discussion. The original contribution to knowledge is the demonstration that when relevant data is available there is a possibility to understand the interactions that are occurring between road users before the crash, that is not possible otherwise. This contribution has been demonstrated by highlighting how latent class cluster analysis combined with accident causation data allows for relevant interactions between road users to be observed. Finally implications for this work and future considerations are outlined.

O presente trabalho apresenta proposições para criação de agrupamentos homogêneos de trabalhadores, através de suas curvas de aprendizado e utilizando técnicas de análise multivariada. Desta forma, os objetivos desta dissertação são: (i) Apresentar o estado da arte das principais aplicações das curvas de aprendizado; (ii) Estudar os principais modelos matemáticos para curvas de aprendizado; (iii) Propor metodologias de formação de agrupamentos homogêneos de trabalhadores utilizando as curvas de aprendizado; e (iv) Integrar técnicas de análise multivariada com teorias sobre curvas de aprendizado. São apresentados três artigos que contemplam os objetivos citados. São propostos dois métodos para formação de agrupamentos homogêneos de trabalhadores. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram avaliados através da aplicação de estudos de caso. Os métodos aplicados apresentaram bons resultados, obtendo-se agrupamentos de trabalhadores com perfis homogêneos de aprendizado. De tal forma, deseja-se diminuir a formação de gargalos de produção em linhas de montagem baseadas em procedimentos manuais. Conclui-se que os métodos propostos são adequados para a formação de agrupamentos de trabalhadores com perfis de aprendizado similares. / This dissertation presents new approaches to create homogeneous groups of workers based on their learning curves and multivariate analysis tools. The objectives of this dissertation are: (i) Unveil the state of the art of the main applications of learning curves, (ii) Study the main learning curves models, (iii) Propose methods for creating homogeneous groups of workers using learning curves, and (iv) Integrate multivariate analysis with learning curve theory. There are three articles that address the objectives outlined. Two methods are proposed for the formation of homogeneous groups of workers. The proposed methods were evaluated through case studies on examples with real data. The proposed methods yielded good results, creating homogeneous groups of workers in production lines and reducing the formation of bottlenecks in manual-based assembly lines. Results displayed the proposed methods as suitable for the formation of groups of workers with similar learning profiles.

Restos de moluscos acumulados na superfície do sedimento marinho (i.e., assembleias mortas, retrabalhadas ou não) podem ser os principais testemunhos do efeito de fatores ambientais (oceanográficos, sedimentares, climáticos) sobre o modo como os moluscos fósseis são preservados. Ou seja, o quanto o meio ambiente é responsável pela fossilização de restos esqueléticos só pode ser medido, com máxima fidelidade, através do estudo de assembleias modernas que possuam restos refratários (e.g., conchas). Fatores ambientais atuais podem influenciar o dano tafonômico em moluscos de depósitos retrabalhados. Embora muitos estudos atualísticos tenham estabelecido relações entre determinados fatores ambientais e danos causados às conchas, poucos i) enfocam a fração de microclastos (< 4 mm), são comuns em amostras de subsuperfície, ou ii) analisam essas relações utilizando escalas espaciais maiores que local (e.g., regional, diferentes províncias marinhas), especialmente com o propósito de testar certos fatores ambientais em escala local e ampla (e.g., temperatura local vs. faixas de temperatura). Os raros estudos existentes tratam-se meta análises. No registro fóssil, muitas vezes, apenas gradientes ambientais amplos são recuperados. Por isso é importante avaliar a relação destes fatores (modernos) com as assinaturas tafonômicas em moluscos. O objetivo desta tese foi determinar até que ponto variações em fatores ambientais (salinidade, temperatura, velocidade de corrente, granulometria e composição do sedimento) geralmente observados em escala local, influenciam o tipo de dano tafonômico em micro e macroclastos de moluscos marinhos, se analisados em escala mais ampla. Grande parte do material analisado esteve representado por clastos de remaniés existentes na Plataforma Sul Brasileira (PSB). Desta forma, o presente estudo também investigou se fatores ambientais atuais podem ser deduzidos a partir de perfis tafonômicos de assembleias mortas retrabalhadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, na PSB, i) apesar de diferentes em termos absolutos, o perfil de dano de cada amostra analisada não varia entre macro e micromoluscos, e que ii) quando o estudo é conduzido em escala espacial mais ampla, até 60% da variação no perfil tafonômico pode ser explicada pela variação ambiental. Ainda nesta região, os principais fatores ambientais que afetaram o dano em microclastos de bivalves são: i) salinidade, que reflete o aporte de água doce (e da circulação oceânica como um todo), e ii) proporção de carbonato no sedimento, que reflete, primariamente, a existência de depósitos bioclásticos (constituídos de conchas de moluscos retrabalhadas, ou remaniés biológicos). Os depósitos bioclásticos mais proximais (ao sul da desembocadura da Lagoa dos Patos) apresentaram maior evidência de dissolução e retrabalhamento físico, enquanto que os bioclastos do depósito mais distal (entre as profundidades de ~ 100 e 200 m) apresentaram melhor preservação tafonômica. Além disso, também pôde ser determinado que a alteração de cor dos bioclastos na PSB (bastante ubíquo em amostras concentradas em cascalho e carbonato) está vinculada, significativamente, a estados de oxidação/redução do sedimento. Estes, por sua vez, estão relacionados à presença de elementos metálicos (como ferro e manganês), importantes na mineralização do carbono de origem biológica, e na geoquímica da zona tafonomicamente ativa, em ambiente marinho. Na análise conduzida em escala espacial geográfica, incluindo material do Plataforma do Nordeste do Brasil, pode ser determinado que profundidade, um fator ambiental com influência significativa sobre o perfil de dano na PSB, perde importância. Em diferentes províncias geográficas, os principais fatores que influenciaram as assinaturas tafonômicas estão vinculados à velocidade da corrente, salinidade e proporção de carbonato no sedimento. Estes refletiram a influência de diferentes massas d‟água (Corrente Norte do Brasil e Corrente das Malvinas) e diferentes regimes de sedimentação (siliciclástica relíquia e carbonática atual). / Dead molluscan remains (i.e., death assemblages, reworked or not), accumulated on the marine sedimentary surface, can preserve most of the environmental factors (oceanographic, sedimentary, climatic) which control fossil mollusk preservation. That is, how much the environment is responsible on skeletal remain fossilization can only be measured, with the highest fidelity, by studying modern assemblages possessing refractory parts (such as shells). Present-day environmental factors can influence the taphonomic damage on reworked mollusk remains. Although atualistic studies had constrained some environmental factors and shell damage, a few i) focuses mesh sizes lower than 4 mm (microclasts), which are common in subsurface samples, or ii) analyze these relationships using spatial scales larger than local (e.g., regional, different marine provinces), especially with the explicit purpose of to test some environmental factors on local and large scale (e.g., local temperature vs. temperature ranges). The rare studies available are meta-analysis. In the fossil record, sometimes only large environmental gradients can be recovered. That is why it is important to evaluate the relationship between modern environmental factors and taphonomic signatures in mollusks. The subject of this thesis is to determine to which degree the variation in environmental factors (salinity, temperature, current velocity, sediment granulometry and composition), usually observed in local scale, do influence the kind of taphonomic alteration in micro and macroclasts of marine mollusks, when analyzed in large scale. Most of the studied material was represented by clasts from remaniés localized in Brazilian South Shelf (PSB). In this way, the present study also investigated whether modern environmental factors can be deduced from taphonomic profiles of reworked death assemblages. The results here obtained show that, in the PSB, (i) despite absolute differences, the taphonomic profile of micro and macroclasts does not vary, and that (ii) when the study is conducted in larger spatial scales, up to 60% of variation in the taphonomic profile can be explained by the environmental variation. Still in this region, the main environmental factors influencing the damage in bivalve microclasts are: i) salinity, which regards the freshwater input (and also the oceanic circulation as a whole), and ii) the proportion of carbonate in the sediment, which reflects, primarily, the existence of bioclastic deposits (constituted mostly by reworked molluscan shells, or biological remaniés). The proximal bioclastic deposits (south of Lagoa dos Patos outflow) presented the higher evidence of dissolution and physical reworking, while the distal bioclastic deposits (located within the batimetric range of 100 and 200 m) showed better taphonomic preservation. Beyond this, it was also possible to determine that color alteration in bioclasts from PSB (a ubiquitous feature in samples concentrated with gravel and carbonate) is significantly linked to sediment redox status. The color alteration, by turn, are related to the presence of metallic elements (such as iron and manganese), which are important in the biological carbon mineralization, and in the TAZ geochemistry in marine environment. The analysis conducted at geographic spatial scale, including material from Northeastern Brazilian Shelf allowed determining that depth, a significant environmental factor influencing taphonomic damage in PSB, lost importance in large scale. In different geographic provinces, the main factors influencing taphonomic signatures are linked to current velocity, salinity and sedimentary carbonate. These environmental factors reflect the influence of differing water masses (North Brazilian Current and Malvinas Current) and different sedimentary regimes (relict siliciclastics and modern carbonatic).

Sorghum is the fifth most produced crop worldwide, yet despite its exceptional advantages over other major cereals, its inferior reputation and low commercial value have left it under-represented in both research and the international market. The importance of subsistence sorghum calls for targeted research on the local relationships between agriculture and the surrounding environment to establish and quantify the impacts of major players on sorghum output. This three-article style dissertation investigates the major factors that impact sorghum production, with a focus on northern Nigeria in the West Sahel. In the first study I explored the developments in sorghum production within six major producing countries across the globe and identified key factors that have notable effects on overall sorghum production. Next, I employed a time-series analysis to determine the responses in sorghum yield induced by a set of variables in nine northern Nigerian states based on historical trends. Finally, I investigated the association between the spatial distribution of sorghum yield and a separate set of explanatory variables, whilst comparing the results and performance of different spatial multivariate methods. The results revealed ten major influential factors that impact sorghum production within the leading production regions: climate change, agricultural input, population/economic growth, biodiversity, agricultural resource scarcity, other crop demand, price, non-food demand, cultural influence and armed conflict. In northern Nigeria, precipitation, temperature and soil moisture were shown to have substantial temporal and spatial influences on sorghum production. There was also evidence on the important roles played by producer price and genetic variation in the abundance and distribution, respectively, of sorghum production in the study area. These findings imply the need to increase efforts in soil conservation programs and champion the adoption of soil-moisture-dependent masakwa cultivation of sorghum wherever appropriate. Sustaining lucrative producer prices and encouraging the trading of seeds to promote genetic variation are likely to lead to improved sorghum yield in the area. However, the development of policies that bind government and intuitional agencies to the commitment of improvements in farmer welfare would also be critical. Post production support would include: development of better and safe transportation routes to reduce high transportation costs, price stabilization, improved sorghum markets and establishment of local trade associations. Future inquiries can be further focused on more localized investigations that further develop the description of the location–specific variables impacting sorghum production and the nature of their influence on sorghum yield in these vulnerable regions.