published_or_final_version / abstract / Music / Master / Master of Philosophy

Orientador: Marcos Fernandes Pupo Nogueira / Banca: Graziela Bortz / Banca: Carlos Di Stasi / Banca: Paulo de Tarso / Banca: Nílvia Pantaleoni / Resumo: A música erudita ocidental do século XX tem sido objeto de muitos estudos, no entanto, a perspectiva difundida de que este é um repertório de pluralidade extrema tende a isolar as diferentes vertentes estético-composicionais. Se por um lado esta perspectiva trouxe grandes avanços no conhecimento das peculiaridades de cada vertente, por outro lado ela tem impedido a reflexão sobre suas similaridades e confluências. Particularmente importante é o fato de que as obras musicais contemporâneas, independentemente da vertente à qual pertencem, são fruto de estratégias composicionais que almejam algum tipo de diálogo com seus ouvintes, do frequentador da sala de concerto, ao teórico/analista profissional. Este diálogo tem como ponto de partida a constituição de um salto qualitativo, onde os diferentes materiais sonoros são percebidos como integrantes de uma unidade maior e mais complexa, a obra musical, cuja percepção somente é possível se for estabelecida alguma correlação entre a organização formal da obra e as capacidades interpretativas do ouvinte. Cabe aos campos da Teoria e da Análise Musical a consideração desta questão, entretanto, eles se mostram tão complexos quanto a própria pluralidade sonora contemporânea que tentam compreender uma vez que há, na atualidade, uma grande diversidade de ferramentas analíticas que se baseiam em arcabouços teóricos distintos, muitas vezes conflitantes. Buscando confrontar este quadro de aparente relativismo total em relação à possibilidade de compreensão do repertório contemporâneo, consideramos que há padrões de organização musical que transcendem as diferenças estilísticas, os quais podem ser compreendidos a partir da perspectiva de que a música é uma linguagem. Este trabalho busca defender esta tese, partindo da discussão de um conjunto de pressupostos a ele relacionados: 1) que os processos de escuta e de análise ... / Abstract: The XXth-century Western Art Music has been the object of many studies, however, the widespread vision that this is an extremely plural repertoire tends to isolate the different aesthetical-compositional trends. If this perspective has allowed many advances regarding the knowledge of their particularities, it also has hindered the comprehension of their similarities and confluences. Particularly important is the fact that contemporary musical compositions, regardless of the trends they are associated with, are the product of compositional strategies that aim to establish some kind of dialogue with the listeners, from the concert hall public to the professional theorist/analyst. The starting point for this dialogue is the constitution of a qualitative leap, where the different sound materials are perceived as integrating a larger and more complex unity, the musical composition, which is only possible if it is established come correlation between the formal organization of the composition and the interpretative capacities of the listener. It is up to the fields of Musical Theory and Analysis to ponder upon this matter, nonetheless they are themselves as complex as the contemporary musical plurality they try to comprehend: nowadays, there is a considerable diversity of analytical tools, which are based on distinct (even conflicting) theoretical grounds. Against this seeming frame of total relativity regarding the possibilities of comprehension of the contemporary musical repertoire, it is proposed here that there are patterns of musical organization that transcend the stylistic differences, which can be grasped from the perspective that music is a language. This thesis is supported by the discussion of a group of central tenets: 1) that the processes of musical listening and musical analysis are directly dependant of a system of categorization structured around our perceptual and cognitive mechanisms ... / Doutor

Orientador: Florivaldo Menezes Filho / Banca: Vladimir Pinheiro Safatle / Banca: Yara Borges Caznok / Banca: Mauricio Funcia De Bonis / Banca: Paulo Roberto Ferraz von Zuben / Resumo: A partir de meados década de 1950, momento em que a música serial entra em uma profunda crise, constatamos o surgimento de novas poéticas na música contemporânea. Como resultado, além de um cenário estilisticamente heterogêneo - fruto da ausência de um sistema musical em comum - testemunhamos no âmbito da composição musical uma retomada da expressividade. Isso ocorreu porque desde meados da segunda metade do século XIX - a partir da emergência de uma estética da música de cunho formalista - o ceticismo emotivo que inicialmente estava limitado ao debate estético foi, a partir da década de 1920, tomado como cerne de algumas práticas composicionais, especialmente naquelas de índole serial. Entretanto, antes de a criação musical contemporânea voltar a se dedicar à expressividade, houve, a partir da década de 1940, uma revisão de ordem estética tanto da tese formalista como da própria tese expressiva. Tal revisão mostrou-se fundamental na consolidação de uma nova ideia de expressividade musical, que por sua vez substanciou novos patamares técnicos e estilísticos para uma composição musical afetivamente orientada. Nestes termos, além de uma profunda modificação do papel da harmonia, constatamos o surgimento de uma nova noção de timbre, agora não mais limitado a um simples parâmetro, uma vez que alçado à condição de material musical, e desta feita suscetível a todas as ações previstas por uma escritura musical plena. No âmbito da música vocal, soma-se ainda uma profunda modificação ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: From the mid-1950s, a moment when serial music enters a deep crisis, we can detect the emergence of new poetics in terms of contemporary music. As a result, in addition to a stylistically heterogeneous scenario - due to the absence of a common musical system - we observed, in the context of musical composition, a resumption of the issue of expressiveness. Such resumption came to happen due to the fact that, since the mid-second half of the nineteenth century - from the emergence of a formalist aesthetic of music - the emotive skepticism, initially restricted to the aesthetic debate, had been taken as the core of some compositional practices, especially those of a serial nature, from the 1920s on. However, before the contemporary musical composition went back to the issue of expressiveness, a revision of the aesthetic order of both the formalist and the expressive thesis took place as of the 1940s. Such revision proved to be fundamental in the consolidation of a new idea of musical expressivity. These new ideas substantiated new technical and stylistic dimensions of an affectively oriented musical composition. In these terms, in addition to an in-depth modification of the role of harmony, we see the emergence of a new notion of timbre, no longer limited to a simple parameter, now raised to the condition of a musical material, and thus susceptible to all actions supported by a full musical writing (écriture). In terms of vocal music, an in-depth modification of the role and tre... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientadora: Dorotéa Machado Kerr / Co-orientador: Marcos José Cruz Mesquita / Banca: Lutero Rodrigues / Banca: Mauricio Funcia de Bonis / Banca: Beatriz Magalhães Castro / Banca: Diósnio Machado Neto / Resumo: O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é o processo intervalar na construção composicional de Almeida Prado em suas três fases pós-ruptura, chamadas de Pós-Tonal, Síntese e Pós-Moderna. A concepção intervalar do compositor é demonstrada por análises realizadas em três obras, uma de cada fase pós-ruptura: Sonata n. 3, Cartas Celestes I e Noturno n. 7, respectivamente. A análise tem sua metodologia baseada em um recorte arbitrário que buscou compreender três intervalos básicos que podem ser somados a outros três intervalos enarmônicos como ampliação das possibilidades intervalares na escrita. O desenvolvimento teórico da pesquisa aprofundou-se a partir de um foco e uma análise intervalar que, conceitualmente, buscaram uma superação terminológica de uma formulação anterior nomeada como expressividade intervalar (SANT'ANA, 2009) para a atualização terminológica definida como intervalo característico. O embasamento teórico para essa concepção intervalar deu-se a partir das proposições de Boulanger (1926), Costère (1954, 1962), Forte (1973), Straus ([1990] 2013), Pousseur ([2005] 2009) e Menezes (2002). Como contextualização crítico-histórica, foi realizada uma revisão sucinta de tendências teórico-analíticas e seus problemas, reconsiderando-se as observações de Schoenberg ([1922] 2001, [1954] 2004), Kerman ([1985] 1987), Cook (1987, 2007) e Kramer (2015). Para se validar a construção e o caráter da ferramenta teórico-analítica aqui empreendida, utilizou-se a teoria de Lacey (2008) asso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The object of study this work is the interval process in the compositional construction of Brazilian pianist and composer Almeida Prado in his three post-rupture phases, called PostTonal, Synthesis and Post-Modern. The intervalar conception of the composer is demonstrated by analyses carried out in three works - one from each post-rupture phase (Sonata n. 3, Cartas Celestes I and Noturno n. 7). The analysis has its methodology based on an arbitrary crop that sought to understand three basic intervals that can be added to three other enharmonic intervals as an extension of the interval possibilities in writing. The theoretical development of the research was deepened from a focus and an interval analysis that, conceptually, sought a terminological overcoming of an earlier formulation named as intervalar expressivity (SANT'ANA, 2009) for the terminological update defined as a characteristic interval. The theoretical basis for this interval conception came from the propositions of Boulanger (1926), Costère (1954, 1962), Forte (1973), Straus ([1990] 2013), Pousseur ([2005] 2009) and Menezes (2002). As a critical-historical context, a brief review of theoretical-analytical trends and their problems was carried out, reconsidering the observations of Schoenberg ([1922] 2001, [1954] 2004), Kerman ([1985], 1987), Cook (1987, 2007) and Kramer (2015). To validate the construction and character of the theoreticalanalytical tool undertaken here, Lacey (2008)'s theory was used associated w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This examination of my own works (presented largely in chronological order) and of related music by others, broadly concerns itself with appropriation and allusion on the part of twentieth and twenty-first century composers. It considers how the deliberate synthesis of existing works affects the responding composers' own output. To this end, whether surveying my own music or others', I do so within a four-pronged framework: 1. The philosophical premise and aesthetic of pieces which somehow appropriate existing composition (as claimed overtly by the composer, or inferred from available research). 2. The compositional procedure and techniques employed in the process of composing works which allude to or synthesise other pieces. 3. The product resulting from the interaction of the above two factors (naturally the latter is more concrete). 4. Critics' and scholars' responses: the basic phenomenology of the allusive element, synthesis, or stylistic appropriation, and the ethical problems surrounding any appropriation. My analyses address one or more of these connected points. They raise a number of significant questions. Is synthesis and re-composition (the latter taken to be more specifically referential) affective or effective? That is to say, is it aesthetically prescriptive? Can composers manage to quarantine 'Les objets trouvés' from their individual practice? Of interest are composers with individual credibility as innovators, whose craft is its own defence against criticism on dogmatic grounds. I consider what is to be gained, in terms of technique, and in terms of developing an aesthetic, from the process of specifically engaging with other pieces, and explore the effects of differing methods of synthesis as compared across compositional practices.

Willy Burkhard (1900–1955) was one of the most prolific Swiss composers of the twentieth century. His works comprise ninety-nine opuses and include a multitude of genres. Burkhard was awarded the Swiss Composersʼ Prize and the Music Prize of the City of Zürich. He held teaching positions at the conservatories in Bern and Zürich and was a Swiss Musiciansʼ Society board member for thirteen years. Indicating his importance to Swiss musical history, the Willy Burkhard Gesellschaft was founded in Bern in 1964. This dissertation examines Burkhardʼs solo and chamber music for flute, including the Suite en miniature für Flöte und Klavier, Op. 71, No. 2 (1944), the Serenade für Flöte und Gitarre, Op. 71, No. 3 (1944), the Serenade für Flöte und Klarinette, Op. 92 (1953), and the Suite for Flöte solo, Op. 98 (1955). These works represent Burkhardʼs mature compositional style and their study provides insight into Burkhardʼs musical language and processes. Burkhardʼs music straddles the line between the tonal and atonal worlds. He often creates a tonal center through repetition of the tonic pitch class or harmony. However, he avoids diatonic scales in favor of chromatic and octatonic pitch sets. The formal structure of the music is closely related to Burkhardʼs treatment of tonality. Pitch and rhythmic motives are integral to Burkhardʼs music and appear in both melodic and secondary lines. He uses ostinato figures in the accompaniment that may either complement or contradict the melody. Burkhardʼs use of intervals is deeply intertwined with all of these elements, as he is partial to the minor second, minor third, major third, and perfect fourth. These intervals serve to create both local and long-distance connections. Of lesser importance is Burkhardʼs use of harmony, in which he generally chooses smooth linear motion and color over function. Burkhard also explores different textures in his music, regardless of instrumentation. The knowledge gained through analysis is then used as a basis for notes regarding the performance of these works, with the goal of inspiring an appropriate stylistic interpretation. In addition to these suggestions, technical information and practice ideas are provided when applicable. / Suite en miniature für Flöte und Klavier, op. 71, no. 2 -- Serenade für Flöte und Gitarre, op. 71, no. 3 -- Serenade für Flöte und Klarinette, op. 92 -- Suite für Flöte solo, op. 98. / School of Music

John Corigliano's Etude Fantasy (1976) is a significant and challenging addition to the late twentieth century piano repertoire. A large-scale work, it occupies a particularly important place in the composer's output of music for piano. The remarkable variety of genres, styles, forms, and techniques in Corigliano's oeuvre as a whole is also evident in his piano music. This profusion of sources and its application to the Etude Fantasy are explored in the introduction, which is a general discussion o f the composer's background and aesthetic stance. The intriguing title of the Etude Fantasy implies the coexistence of two genres and raises the issue of the role of each genre in the thematic and structural organization o f the work. It is this issue which is the principal subject of inquiry in the thesis. Chapter I examines the historical background o f the etude genre, discussing similarities between the pianistic techniques employed in Corigliano's work and those found in specific historical instances of the etude genre over two centuries. Chapter II focuses on the historical background of the fantasia genre, emphasizing contrasting characters, textures, and keys as the main indicators o f a free form, and at the same time drawing attention to thematic transformation as a device of structural unification. Chapter III concentrates on elements that produce structural and formal coherence in John Corigliano's Etude Fantasy. These elements are motivic, intervalic, melodic, and harmonic in nature.

Discussion in this dissertation is directed toward the lute, vihuela and guitar's notational systems and practices: chapters two, three, four, and five are concerned with the stylistic changes in the notations. The history of the tablatures is presented in a paralled fashion with that of the four-course and five-course guitars. An attempt is made to eliminate the guitarist's lack of knowledge about most practices and about subtle differences in performance. This is accomplished by presenting the development of these notations from the Renaissance to the present day.This study is concerned with the mastery and understanding of notation. After an introduction, the second chapter discusses three main tablatures for the lute and vihuela. It is important to confine oneself to the tablatures, in order that they be throughly understood. Thusthe third chapter deals with ornamentations, the fourth chapter with four-course, five course, six-course and six-string guitar notations, and the fifth chapter encompasses progressive notationfor the modern guitar. Systems for folk and commercial music are not addressed in this paper.The author hopes that with the use of this dissertation, tablatures can be handled with less difficulty and put into proper perspective. Careful thought has been given in selecting representative examples and notational literature excerpts as illustrations for the reader and/or performer. These examples need not only be studied but can be used as preparation for any other related composition. The purpose of this study is to supply teachers, students, and guitarists with a ready-reference guide to the notational practices for the lute, vihuela and guitar, a subject previously shrouded in confusion. / School of Music

The study has identified seven Puerto Rican composers that shared a common bond as first products of the recently established system of post-secondary music education of the island of Puerto Rico. A review of relevant literature produced only one fugitive document with any information about these composers. Through the use of a questionnaire and documents supplied by the composers, information available about these artists was collected and updated in order to provide accurate documentation of their artistic activities. An orchestral work from each of these composers was examined in order to give an insight into some aspects of their individual style, although it was not possible to make generalizations about each composer's style due to the limits of the sample.The study demonstrated the existence of significant works for orchestra by these composers and provided, for each of these artists, a short biographical sketch and a complete list of works up to the present. The composers and works studied were:Esther Alejandro, El zapatero prodigioso Carlos Cabrer, CanticosErnesto Cordero, Concierto evocativo (guitar concerto)Jose Daniel Martinez, Tiempo sinfdnicoJose A. Montalvo, Canto para la America sufridaRoberto Sierra, PolarizacionesCarlos A. Vazquez, Casa LlenaDuring preliminary research, the study also identified substantial errors and omissions in general reference works in music on the subject of Puerto Rican music. The first chapter includes a review of all available literature on the subject of the study, covering published and fugitive sources. The bibliography includes a section with annotated newspaper articles on some of the composers appearing in the study. Computer print-outs from searches of the Comprehensive Dissertation Index and the Repertoire International de Literature Musicale on key words "Puerto Ric" and "music" appear in the appendices.

French composer Eugene Bozza (1905-1991) has made significant contributions to the repertoire of wind instruments in the twentieth century. Not least among his compositions are the clarinet concerto, the eleven works for clarinet and piano, chamber works involving the clarinet, and numerous etudes for clarinet. Information gathered throughout the course of the study demonstrates why the concerto is a significant work for clarinetists, demanding from the performer technical prowess, tonal control, and mature musicianship. The additional works for clarinet and piano are mostly sectional pieces written in a morceau de contours vein challenging the performer's lyrical and technical playing.This study reveals through analysis a number of compositional devices used by the composer that are stylistic threads running through virtually all the works for clarinet. Harmonically, these devices include extended tertian chords used in succession, parallel chord movement, and quartal and quintal harmonies. Melodic resources include diatonic scales, chromatic scales, some transposed modes, and a limited use of whole tones. The composer prefers homophonic textures, but uses countermelodies and the occasional use of the unaccompanied soloist for contrast. Bozza uses the element of rhythm dynamically, featuring rhythmically-charged motives throughout much of his composition. Numerous expressive modifiers are included in the works, but leave the performer enough latitude for supplementary dynamics and rubato.In addition to analyses of the concerto and the works for clarinet and piano, the study addresses the orchestration of the concerto. This discussion shows the ways in which Bozza uses orchestral colors and alerts the performer to discrepancies between the orchestral score and the piano reduction. Few of the changes from the score to the reduction are significant. Many changes are cosmetic involving the deletion of color effects and short countermelodies in the reduction to allow for idiomatic piano writing.The study offers the performer recommendations for the successful performance of the concerto and the works for clarinet and piano. The recommendations include supplemental expressive modifiers, fingering choices, additional phrasing choices, and practice techniques. As an introduction to the study, biographical information was gathered to provide the reader with a concise sketch of the life and style of Eugene Bozza. Correspondence received from Alphonse Leduc gives additional information on Bozza's works for clarinet. / School of Music