Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1985. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-261).

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In my thesis, Performing a Political Shift: Avant-Garde Music in Cold War Spain, I argue that towards the end of the 1950s the Spanish ultra-conservative regime of Francisco Franco started to promote avant-garde music. This music contrasted with the aesthetically conservative one that had been promoted since the end of the Civil War (1936-1939). I examine the causes of this shift and reveal for the first time that they are connected to specific trends in Spanish politics and policies. In terms of national politics, the second phase of the Spanish dictatorship, from the late 1950s until Franco’s death in 1975, was dominated by young ministers who wanted to distance themselves from previous cabinets, mostly controlled by ultra-nationalist fascist politicians. These younger politicians styled themselves as part of a ‘technocratic’ regime. Thanks to its supposed ‘objectivity’ and ‘purely musical’ ideology-free concerns, avant-garde music sat well with these technocrats’ views of modern Spain, that is, a country benefitting from ‘objective’, ideology-free progress. On an international level, the defeat in the 1940s of Mussolini and Hitler, Franco’s main allies, had resulted in isolation for Spain. In order to break this isolation, the Spanish regime started to make a sustained effort at the end of the 1950s to establish diplomatic relations with other Western countries. These relations resulted in cultural, economic and military agreements with European democracies and the US. I also consider why recent Spanish musicology has failed to confront the political implications of the promotion of avant-garde music under Franco. I connect this void with the Spanish transition to democracy (1975-1978), which recent historians have called an exercise in amnesia, a discourse of forgiveness meant to promote reconciliation between Spaniards. As a result of this transition, the political implications of the activities of the composers and musicologists during the Franco years have been ignored or forgotten. The results of my thesis challenge the widely accepted view of the European avant-garde as a left-leaning movement. The main contribution of my thesis is precisely its substantial consideration of the cultural and political meanings of the avant garde and its context, using Franco’s Spain as a case in point.

The purpose of this paper is to identify Spanish elements in the sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and to determine the extent of their use. All 555 sonatas in facsimile edition, edited by Ralph Kirkpatrick, were compared to the printed anthologies of Spanish folk music by Kurt Schindler and Felipe Pedrell as well as recordings of authentic Spanish folk music. The study concludes that Scarlatti incorporated Spanish musical elements extensively. In some sonatas, fragments of folk tunes occur, but always with some rhythmical alterations or melodic elaborations. Only K. 513 contains an entire folk tune. Scarlatti evidently wrote melodies of folk-like quality and did not merely copy the folk tunes.

Spanish and Portuguese organ music still remains a relatively unchartered area escaping the attention of most general assessments of European musical history. The work which has been done in this field has tended towards stylistic appreciations of the published large-scale compositions and the compilation of short biographies of prominent musicians. No extensive investigation has yet been undertaken which deals with such fundamental issues as the role of the organist and the origins and function of the extant organ repertory, of which a large proportion lies dormant in manuscripts, within the liturgy. Indeed, there is no monograph about organists and organ music in the Iberian peninsula as a whole. The overall aim of this thesis is to provide a musical background and liturgical context for short organ pieces called <u>versos</u> which were thoroughly integrated within a musical celebration of the Offices. For this end, a variety of musical and documentary material has been examined: practical sources of organ music; plainchant manuals; ceremonials and musical treatises. To an enormous extent this organ music was subject to long-standing liturgical customs and legislation, as well as to strongly defined traditions of musical composition. The prescriptions to the organist given in the ecclesiastical constitutions and how these may have been realized in the Canonical Hours and in the Mass constitutes the essence of part two of this thesis. This interpretation of musico-liturgical practices has entailed an examination of the relationship between plainchant and the organ verset and the technicalities of mode and tranposition which were involved when alternating the organ with choral plainchant. An analysis is also made of the musical development of versets based on the psalm-tones, organ hymns (the <u>Pange lingua</u> in particular) and the 'organ mass'. An anthology of transcriptions complementing this discussion is contained in a separate volume. As a counterbalance to the analytical discussion in part two, part one provides an historical and cultural background to the subject. An assessment is made of the contribution made by individual organists and organ 'schools' and some consideration is made of the extent to which both royal and ecclesiastical patronage was responsible for the livelihood of music and the arts.

xxii, 169 leaves : ill.

Numerous studies have shown that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Spanish churches (both metropolitan and monastic) employed bands of wind instrumentalists to play frequently in liturgies and processions throughout the church year. Exactly what this music was, though, beyond colla parte participation in masses and motets has remained conjectural because not a note of it has been found. This dissertation is a study and edition of a major, newly-discovered manuscript which contained part of the repertory of the minstrels who served the Duke of Lerma, c. 1607, in the collegial church of San Pedro in Lerma. By comparing the repertory in the manuscript with sixteenth- and seventeenth-century instructions to minstrels in Le6n and Palencia, it has been possible to establish typical ecclesiastical performance responsibilities of minstrels and deduce how such a collection of instrumental music would have been used. Furthermore, after study of the surviving inventories of San Pedro, it has been possible to reconstruct the entire polyphonic musical repertory of the church. This enables us to see the sort of musical library available to the typical succentor or chapelmaster of the time, and the place that minstrel repertory occupied. Finally, a significant number of the original Lerma manuscripts and prints have been traced into modern collections, allowing us to know much more about their origins and history than heretofore. / Plusieurs etudes ont demontre qu'au seizieme et au dix-septieme siecle, les eglises espagnoles (metropolitaines et monacales) employaient des ensembles de musiciens utilisant des instruments "hauts" pour jouer dans de nombreuses liturgies et processions tout au long de l'annee. Ce que cette musique etait precisement, au-dela de la participation dans l'accompagnement des choeurs des messes et motets, ne reste que conjectures puisqu' au aucune note n'a ete trouvee. Cette dissertation est une etude et une edition d'un manusmt d'une importance majeure et nouvellement decouvert, identifie comme ayant fait partie du repertoire des menestrels servant le duc de Lerma, c. 1607, qui etaient engages pour jouer a l' eglise collegiale de San Pedro a Lerma. En comparant le repertoire dans le manuscrit avec les instructions des menestrels du seizieme et du dix-septieme siecle a Le6n et Palencia, il a ete possible d' etablir les responsabilites musicales liturgique des menestrels et de deduire comment toute cette collection de musique instrumentale avait pu ~e utilisee. De plus, apres l' etude des inventaires subsistants de San Pedro, on a pu reconstruire le repertoire musical polyphonique dans son entier. Ceci nous permet de voir la collection musicale disponible du chantre ou maitre de chapelle typique du temps, ainsi que la place qu' occupait le repertoire des menestrels. Finalement un nombre significatif de manuscrits et imprimes a ete retrace dans les collections modemes, nous permettant d' en connaitre. fr

Enrique Granados, Frank Marshall, and Alicia de Larrocha are the chief exponents of a school of piano playing characterized by special attention to details of pedalling, voicing, and refined piano sonority. Granados and Marshall dedicated the major part of their efforts in the field to the pedagogy of these principles. Their work led to the establishment of the Granados Academy in Barcelona, a keyboard conservatory which operates today under the name of the Frank Marshall Academy. Both Granados and Marshall have left published method books detailing their pedagogy of pedalling and tone production. Granados' book, Metodo Teorico Practico para el Uso de los Pedales del Piano (Theoretical and Practical Method for the Use of the Piano Pedals) is presently out of print and available in a photostatic version from the publisher. Marshall's works, Estudio Practico sobre los Pedales del Piano (Practical Study of the Piano Pedals) and La Sonoridad del Piano (Piano Sonority) continue to be used at the Marshall Academy and are available from Spanish publishing houses. This study brings information contained in these three method books to the forefront and demonstrates its relevance to the performance of the music of Granados, specifically the Escenas Romanticas. Alicia de Larrocha, Marshall's best known pupil, currently holds the directorship of the Marshall Academy, and as such, is perhaps the best living authority on this entire line of pianistic and pedagogical thought. An interview conducted with Madame de Larrocha in April of 1983 adds detail and provides valuable perspective about the present use and relevance of these materials and concepts.

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