Les ATPases F1F0 sont présentes chez la majorité des bactéries, notamment les mycoplasmes qui sont caractérisés par un génome réduit et un mode de vie parasitaire. En plus de l’opéron codant l’ATPase F1F0, des clusters apparentés de sept gènes ont été identifiés dans le génome de nombreux mycoplasmes. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons cherché à caractériser l’évolution et la fonction de ces clusters supplémentaires. Quatre des protéines codées par ces clusters présentent des similarités structurales avec les sous-unités α, β,  et ε de l’ATPase F1F0, résultant en une potentielle structure F1-like. Les trois autres protéines ne présentent aucune similarité avec des protéines connues. Une localisation transmembranaire est prédite pour deux d’entre elles. Deux types d’ATPase F1-like, Type 2 et Type 3, ont été identifiés. Les clusters de Type 2 et de Type 3 pourraient être originaires du groupe phylogénétique Hominis, les clusters de Type 3 ayant vraisemblablement été disséminés par des transferts horizontaux de gènes entre mycoplasmes colonisant le même hôte. Les gènes du cluster de Type 3 de Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sont organisés en opéron et exprimés en milieu axénique. Des études de mutagénèse et de complémentation démontrent que le cluster de Type 3 est associé à une activité ATPase majeure des fractions membranaires. Des analyses biochimiques suggèrent que l’activité ATPase du cluster est sensible au ∆pH mais pas au ∆Ψ. Ces analyses suggèrent que le sodium et le potassium ne sont pas impliqués dans le fonctionnement de l’ATPase F1-likeX0. Les sous-unités des ATPases F1-likeX0 et F1F0 présentent un comportement différent en présence de détergents. L’ensemble de ces expériences suggèrent que l’ATPase F1-likeX0 est un complexe plus fragile que l’ATPase F1F0. Nos résultats montrent qu’en dépit d’une tendance à la réduction de génome, les mycoplasmes ont développé et échangé des ATPases sans équivalent chez d’autres bactéries. Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel une structure F1-like est associée avec un domaine hypothétique X0, enchâssé dans la membrane des mycoplasmes. / F1F0 ATPases have been found in most bacteria, including mycoplasmas that are characterized by drastically reduced genomes and a parasitic lifestyle. In addition to the typical operon of eight genes encoding genuine F1F0 ATPase, related clusters of seven genes were identified in many mycoplasmas. In this work, we investigated the evolution and the function of these supplementary clusters. Four proteins encoded by these clusters present structural similarities with subunits α, β,  and ε of F1F0 ATPases, resulting in potential F1-like structures. The three other encoded proteins did not show any similarity to known proteins. Transmembrane helices were predicted for two of them, suggesting a membrane localisation. Two types of F1-like ATPases, Type 2 and Type 3, were identified. Clusters encoding Type 2 and Type 3 ATPases were assumed to originate from the Hominis group of mycoplasmas. Further spreading of Type 3 ATPases towards other phylogenetic groups by horizontal gene transfers in between mycoplasmas sharing a same host was proposed on the basis of phylogenetic trees and genomic context. Functional analyses indicated that genes of Type 3 cluster in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides were organized as an operon. Proteomic analyses indicated that the seven encoded proteins were produced during growth in axenic media. Mutagenesis and complementation assays demonstrated that Type 3 cluster was associated with a major ATPase activity of membrane fractions. Biochemical analyses indicated that this ATPase activity was sensitive to ΔpH but not to ΔΨ. These analyses suggested that Na+ and K+ were not involved in the F1-likeX0 functioning. Our results indicated a behaviour of F1-likeX0 ATPase subunits that is different to that of F1F0 ATPase subunits in presence of detergents. Altogether, these analyses suggest that the F1-likeX0 complex could be more fragile than the F1F0 complex. Our results showed that despite their tendency to genome reduction, mycoplasmas have evolved and exchanged specific F1-like ATPases with no known equivalent in other bacteria. We propose a model in which the F1-like structure is associated with a hypothetical X0 sector embedded in the membrane of mycoplasmal cells.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a severe infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (M. mycoides SC) and is a vast problem in Africa. Current CBPP prevention is based on attenuated live strain vaccines, but these are limited by factors such as short-term immunity, cold-chain dependence and retained virulence. CBPP can be diagnosed using post-mortem examination, identification of the agent using culture and PCR based methods as well as serological diagnostic methods, but the latter are generally not sensitive enough and there is also demand for an inexpensive, pen side field test.The research presented in this thesis was focused on using recombinantly expressed surface proteins from M. mycoides SC to characterize humoral immune responses to CBPP. Thereby candidate proteins to be used in development of serological diagnostic methods and possibly subunit vaccines could be identified. As a first step, five putative variable surface proteins of M. mycoides SC were expressed and purified from E. coli in Paper I. These proteins were analyzed using immunoblotting techniques and results showed that one protein, MSC_0364, was variably expressed on the surface of M. mycoides SC in vitro. Paper II presents expanded efforts including cloning and expression of 64 recombinant surface proteins and an assay for high throughput analysis of protein-specific IgG, IgA and IgM titers in hundreds of sera using a bead-based screening assay. The assay was evaluated by protein-specific inhibition experiments, comparisons to Western blotting and monitoring of immune responses over time in a study with sera taken from eight animals over 293 days from a previous vaccine trial.Papers III and IV present applications using the recombinant proteins and bead-based screening assay wherein proteins for diagnostic and vaccine development were identified. In Paper III, the assay was used to screen 61 proteins using well-characterized serum samples from cattle with CBPP and healthy controls, resulting in selection of eight proteins suitable for diagnostic use. These proteins were combined and evaluated in a proof-of-concept ELISA with a discriminative power that enabled 96% correct classification of sera from CBPP-affected and CBPP-free bovines. Paper IV reports the results and protein-specific analyses of a vaccine trial using the recombinant putative variable surface proteins presented in Paper I as a subunit vaccine. The vaccine conferred no protection, but a weak vaccine response could not be excluded as the cause of failure. In an effort to identity other protein candidates to be used in a subunit vaccine, protein-specific analysis of humoral immune responses elicited by the currently approved live strain vaccine, T1/44, were investigated. Here, five proteins with high IgG titers associated to immunity were identified: LppQ, MSC_02714, MSC_0136, MSC_0079 and MSC_0431. These proteins may be important in the development of a novel subunit vaccine against CBPP. / QC 20100719