Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2010. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:49:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuyAAL_DISSERT.pdf: 2128055 bytes, checksum: 8d6cb4ba8070b2733dd933f1021d095c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligatory symbiotic organisms that associate with roots of a large number of plant taxa, and are found in all terrestrial ecosystems. These fungi promote greater tolerance to environmental stresses to associated plant, favoring the establishment of plant communities, especially where soil fertility is a limiting factor, as in the Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian domain that has been focus of research due to its great biodiversity that can help clarify the history of vegetation in South America. Because of the ecological importance of AMF, the limited number of jobs and the potential diversity of the Caatinga, this work aims to inventory the diversity and determine AMF communities in areas with different faces occurrent in FLONA Araripe, Cear? (CE). The sample collection occurred in four periods at the beginning and end of the dry season (August and December 2011, respectively) and rainy (February and June 2012, respectively) in an area of marsh and woodland altitude of the Araripe, Crato, CE. The glomerosporos were extracted by wet sieving and centrifugation in water and sucrose (50%) mounted between slide and coverslip using PVLG and PVLG + Reagent Melzer. In total, we found 46 species of AMF distributed in eight families and 16 genera: Acaulospora (6), Ambispora (1), Cetraspora (2), Dentiscutata (5), Fuscutata (2), Gigaspora (6), Glomus (13) Intraornatospora (1), Kuklospora (1), Orbispora (1), Paradentiscutata (1), Quatunica (1), Racocetra (1), Scutellospora (2), Septoglomus (2) and a new genus. analysis showed that ecological each area of study has its own seasonal dynamics, with an area of woodland with a greater diversity of species throughout the year, while the marsh elevation showed greater variation in species found among the collection periods, showing that vegetation and rainfall has strong influence on the seasonal dynamics of AMF, as well as the availability of nutrients and soil pH so / Os fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (FMA) s?o organismos simbiontes obrigat?rios de ra?zes de vasto n?mero de t?xons vegetais, sendo encontrados em todos os ecossistemas terrestres. Estes fungos promovem maior toler?ncia a estresses ambientais aos vegetais associados favorecendo o estabelecimento de comunidades vegetais, especialmente quando a fertilidade do solo ? fator limitante, como em ?reas de Caatinga, dom?nio exclusivamente brasileiro que vem sendo foco de pesquisas em fun??o da particular biodiversidade que pode proporcionar maior compreen??o da hist?ria vegetacional de parte da Am?rica do Sul. Devido ? import?ncia ecol?gica dos FMA, ao limitado n?mero de trabalhos e o potencial em diversidade da Caatinga, este trabalho visa inventariar a diversidade e determinar as comunidades de FMA em ?reas com diferentes fisionomias ocorrentes na FLONA Araripe, Cear? (CE). A coleta das amostras ocorreu em quatro per?odos, no in?cio e final da esta??o seca (agosto e dezembro de 2011, respectivamente) e chuvosa (fevereiro e junho de 2012, respectivamente) em uma ?rea de brejo de altitude e de cerrad?o da Chapada do Araripe, Crato, CE. Os glomerosporos foram extra?dos por peneiramento ?mido e centrifuga??o em ?gua e sacarose (50%), montados entre l?mina e laminula utilizando PVLG e PVLG + Reagente de Melzer. No total, foram encontradas 46 esp?cies de FMA distribuidas em oito fam?lias e 16 g?neros: Acaulospora (6), Ambispora (1), Cetraspora (2), Dentiscutata (5), Fuscutata (2), Gigaspora (6), Glomus (13), Intraornatospora (1), Kuklospora (1), Orbispora (1), Paradentiscutata (1), Quatunica (1), Racocetra (1), Scutellospora (2), Septoglomus (2) e um novo g?nero. An?lises ecol?gicas mostraram que cada ?rea de estudo apresenta din?micas sazonais pr?prias, com a ?rea de cerrad?o com maior diversidade de esp?cies ao longo do ano, enquanto que o brejo de altitude mostrou maior varia??o nas esp?cies encontradas entre os periodos de coleta, mostrando que a vegeta??o e a pluviosidade tem forte influ?ncia na din?mica sazonal dos FMA, assim como a disponibilidade de nutrientes e o pH so solo

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Bruno da Silva Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 2213963 bytes, checksum: 9d6325fb6aaf93b0f49154c30b557bc0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Different management strategies are necessary for the control of plant nematodes. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been an option as potential microorganisms for biological control. There is a demand of ways to manage plant parasitic nematode with less environmental impact and lower cost. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey nematodes and AMF in cotton producing areas in the state of Goiás and evaluate the interaction between AMF and nematodes, and relate their populations to the physical and chemical soil traits. The survey was conducted during two crop seasons (June/2013 and February/2014) in ten cotton producing areas. Three samples composed of ten subsamples were collected in each area. Soil and roots were collected in the depth of 0 to 20 cm. For quantification and identification of AMF and nematodes soil and root analysis were carried out in the laboratory. There was also the analysis of physical and chemical soil properties. For data analysis we used the Pearson correlation coefficient, principal component analysis (PCA) and the diversity indexes of Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Margalef. In all sampled areas was observed occurrence of nematodes, the main genera being Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Aphelenchus and Criconemoide. The Helicotylenchus and Pratylenchus genres presented higher abundance in the two years of study, followed by Meloidogyne. The major cause of cotton damage, Rotylenchulus sp. was not observed in 80% of the sampled areas, with presence only in two areas in the first crop season (2013). Different AMF species were found, being the main genre Glomus, with most species. AMF were distributed evenly among the evaluated areas and in the two crop seasons. The correlation between Aphelenchus species and AMF Cetraspora pellucida was positive, as well as between Meloidogyne and Glomus sp. On the contrary, the correlation between G. macrocarpum and Pratylenchus was negative. The largest quantity of organic matter negatively affected Helicotylenchus sp. and positively the AMF R. intraradices. The higher phosphorus content influenced positively the population of Glomus sp. Areas cultivated with cotton in the state of Goiás with greater presence of AMF have a lower number of nematodes in the soil and roots. / Para o controle dos fitonematoides é necessário que se utilize diferentes estratégias de manejo. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) são empregados como uma opção de microrganismos com potencial controle de patógenos. Existe uma demanda por formas de manejo de fitonematoides com menor impacto ambiental e de menor custo. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o levantamento de fitonematoides e de FMAs em áreas produtoras de algodão no estado de Goiás e avaliar a interação entre FMAs e fitonematoides, além de relacionar com os atributos físico-químicos do solo de Cerrado. Foi realizado o levantamento de espécies de FMAs e fitonematoides associados à cultura do algodoeiro em dois anos de cultivo agrícola (junho/2013 e fevereiro/2014) em dez áreas no estado de Goiás. Em cada área foram coletadas três amostras compostas por dez pontos (subamostras). Em cada ponto retirou-se solo e raiz na profundidade de 0 a 20 cm. Para quantificação e identificação de FMAs e fitonematoides em solo e raiz realizou-se análises em laboratório. Também realizou-se a análise dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais (PCA) e os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, Simpson e Margalef. Em todas as áreas amostradas foi observada ocorrência de fitonematoides, sendo os principais gêneros Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Aphelenchus e Criconemoide. Os gêneros Helicotylenchus e Pratylenchus apresentaram maior abundância nos dois anos de estudo, seguido de Meloidogyne. Um dos principais causadores de danos em algodoeiro, o gênero Rotylenchulus não foi observado em 80% das áreas amostradas, com presença apenas em duas áreas na primeira amostragem (2013). Foram encontradas diferentes espécies de FMAs, sendo o principal gênero Glomus, com maior número de espécies. Os FMAs distribuíram- se uniformemente entre as áreas avaliadas e entre os anos avaliados. A correlação entre Aphelenchus e a espécie de FMA Cetraspora pellucida foi positiva, bem como, entre Meloidogyne e Glomus sp. Ao contrário disso a correlação entre G. macrocarpum e Pratylenchus foi negativa. A maior quantidade de matéria orgânica afetou de forma negativa Helicotylenchus sp. e positiva o FMA R. intraradices. O maior teor de fósforo influenciou de maneira positiva a população de Glomus sp. Áreas cultivadas com algodão no estado de Goiás com maior presença de FMAs apresentam menor número de nematoides no solo e nas raízes.

nÃo hà / Os Fungos MicorrÃzicos Arbusculares - FMA sÃo microrganismos chave tanto em agroecossistemas como em ecossistemas naturais. SÃo responsÃveis por uma simbiose que ocorre com a maioria das plantas vasculares. Atuam em mutualismo com as plantas, auxiliando-as na absorÃÃo de nutrientes pouco mÃveis no solo, alÃm de aumentar a absorÃÃo de Ãgua e protegÃ-las contra patÃgenos, sendo fortemente influenciados por prÃticas agrÃcolas e variaÃÃes ambientais. Neste trabalho avaliaram-se as influÃncias de parÃmetros quÃmicos do solo, perÃodos do ano e quatro diferentes agroecossistemas com fruteiras tropicais (cajueiros - Anacardium occidentale (2 pomares), coqueiros - Cocos nucifera, e gravioleiras - Annona muricata), na diversidade de FMA em comparaÃÃo com uma Ãrea de mata nativa adjacente aos plantios, partindo da hipÃtese de que estes fatores alteram a composiÃÃo da comunidade desses fungos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20 cm, no perÃodo chuvoso (abril/2009) e seco (outubro/2009), e utilizados Ãndices ecolÃgicos como forma de avaliar as alteraÃÃes entre os sistemas e os perÃodos. No total foram identificados 35 diferentes morfotipos de esporos de FMA. Entre os parÃmetros quÃmicos do solo, o pH mostrou-se negativamente correlacionado com a densidade mÃdia de esporos, o Mg com a riqueza de espÃcies e o Zn com ambos. A densidade mÃdia de esporos foi influenciada negativamente pelos agroecossistemas, pois os maiores valores foram encontrados na Ãrea de mata em ambos os perÃodos, e exceto pela cultura do coqueiro, todas as outras tiveram aumento significativo no perÃodo seco. A riqueza de espÃcies de FMA mostrou-se estÃvel, sendo que apenas a gravioleira apresentou diferenÃa em relaÃÃo aos outros sistemas no perÃodo chuvoso. Jà no perÃodo seco nÃo houve diferenÃa na riqueza entre os sistemas, sendo detectado um aumento na riqueza de espÃcies, comparado ao perÃodo chuvoso. A abundÃncia relativa indicou uma maior dominÃncia nas comunidades no perÃodo chuvoso, e a freqÃÃncia relativa demonstra a prevalÃncia de espÃcies do gÃnero Glomus em todos os sistemas. A maior diversidade de FMA foi constatada no solo cultivado com coqueiro. Houve um aumento generalizado da diversidade no perÃodo chuvoso comparada com o perÃodo seco. A dominÃncia avaliada pelo Ãndice de Simpsom corrobora os resultados obtidos pela abundÃncia relativa, demonstrando que no perÃodo chuvoso a concentraÃÃo de dominÃncia foi maior em todos os sistemas A anÃlise de similaridade, utilizando o Ãndice de Bray-Curtis, demonstra que o perÃodo seco tornou os sistemas mais similares, uma vez que apresentaram maiores valores nesse perÃodo. A anÃlise de agrupamento baseada no Ãndice de similaridade demonstra que, apesar das variaÃÃes de riqueza de abundÃncia, os sistemas foram agrupados igualmente em ambos os perÃodos. A gravioleira formou um grupo isolado, enquanto a Ãrea de mata mostrou-se mais similar a cultura do cajueiro velho. O outro agrupamento foi formado pelo coqueiral e a plantaÃÃo de cajueiro novo. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir: as atividades agrÃcolas alteraram a composiÃÃo da comunidade de FMA em relaÃÃo à mata nativa; o agroecossistema cultivado com coqueiro apresentou a maior biodiversidade de FMA dentre os sistemas avaliados; as espÃcies do gÃnero Glomus foram mais abundantes tanto nos agroecossistemas como no ecossistema natural; houve diferenÃa na composiÃÃo e na diversidade da comunidade de fungos entre o perÃodo chuvoso e seco; e a diversidade de esporos de FMA no solo, nÃo se relacionou com a capacidade infectiva nas fruteiras / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi - AMF are key organisms in natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, as being responsible for a symbiosis that occurs in more than 80% of terrestrial vascular plants. Work in mutualism with plants, helping them with less mobile nutrient uptake, increase the absorption of water, protect them against diseases and are strongly influenced by agricultural practices and environmental changes. This study evaluated the influence of chemical parameters of soil, climate variation in two seasons and four different agroecosystems of tropical fruit trees (cashew- Anacardium occidentale, coconut - Cocos nucifera and soursop - Annona muricata), with the diversity of AMF compared with an area of native forest adjacent to plantations, considering the hypothesis that these factors change the community composition of these fungi. Samples were collected at depth of 0-20 cm in the rainy (April/2009) and dry season (October/2009) and used ecological indexes as a way of evaluating changes in the systems and periods. In total were identified 35 different morphotypes of spores and chemical parameters of the soil indicated that pH was negatively correlated with the average density of spores, Mg with the species richness and Zn with both. The average density of spores was negatively influenced by agroecosystems, because the highest values were found in the forested area in both periods, and except for the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) crop, all the others had a significant increase in between the periods. Species richness was found to be stable, with only the soursop culture (Annona Muricata) different compared to other systems in the rainy season. During the dry season no differences being detected in richness. The relative abundance indicates greater dominance in the communities during the rainy season and relative frequency shows the prevalence of species of the genus Glomus on all systems. The highest diversity, as measured by the Shannon- Wiener index, indicated that the soil under coconut had the highest values in both periods. There was a general increase in diversity comparing the rainy with the dry season. The dominance assessed by the Simpson index corroborates the results obtained by relative abundance, demonstrating that in the rainy season the concentration of dominance was higher in all systems. The similarity analysis using the Bray-Curtis index shows that the dry season has made the systems more similar, since they showed higher values in this period. Cluster analysis based on similarity index shows that despite the richness of abundance variations, the systems were also grouped in both periods. The soursop formed an isolated group, the area of forest was more similar to the old cashew culture. The other cluster was formed by the coconut culture and the new cashew plantation. Results of the study allowed concluding: agricultural activities have changed the community composition of AMF in relation to the native forest; the coconut agroecosystem had the highest biodiversity of AMF among all the systems evaluated; the species of the genus Glomus were the most abundant in agroecosystems and natural ecosystem; there were differences in community composition and diversity of fungi in between the rainy and dry season; and the diversity of AMF spores in soil did not correlate with the tropical fruit treeâs infective capacity.

The study of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) - the mutualist relationship between the most of land plants and evolutionary old fungal group Glomeromycota - is becoming a prestigious topic. The prevalence of and extent of physiological action of AMS on plants is very interesting for the plant biology itself, but its importance grows, notably in time of global climate change, frequent soil degradation and ascending exhaustion of mineral fertilizer reserves. Although the flows in AMS of some minerals, like of phosphorus was enlightened, carbon exchange between the symbionts is still poorly understood. In this experimental work, I utilized the boom of molecular and bioinformatic methods in the quest for completely unexplained carbon flows. The organisms used include barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), the model legume for symbiotic relationships, biotic, and abiotic stresses; Rhizophagus irregularis, the widely used fungus for such experimental studies of AMS; and Sinorhizobium meliloti, the nodulating nitrogen-fixing bacterium compatible with the barrel medic. Two variants - mycorrhizal (M+) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants were subjected to several levels of analysis. I have checked the variants, did the measurements of phosphorus and nitrogen contents, as well as I probed the plants with...

Growth and element assimilation was investigated in post oak seedlings exposed to four different treatment combinations of fertilization and ectomycorrhizal inoculation. Element concentration in excised leaves was analyzed via particle induced X-ray emission spectrometry with a 1.8 MeV proton macrobeam. Mean growth was significantly different across the treatment groups as well as mean concentration of Mg, Al, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn. The data suggest that fertilization rather than mycorrhizal inoculation had a stronger influence on plant growth and nutrient uptake. A follow up study was conducted with a 3 MeV microbeam. A 850 μm2 scanned area of a post oak leaf produced topographical maps of 11 elements.

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Orientador: Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo / Resumo: Diante da iminente escassez de fósforo (P) para utilização agrícola, surge a necessidade de estudos voltados para o melhor entendimento de estratégias de suprimento deste elemento. Estudos recentes demonstram que a atividade hormonal potencializa processos em que o P é vital para ocorrência no metabolismo, destacando os análogos de Brassinoesteróides (BR) pela influência sobre o desenvolvimento vegetal. São escassos os estudos sobre a interação P e BR e sua aplicação em grandes culturas consumidoras de fósforo, como é o caso da cana-de-açúcar. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses do análogo de BR 24-epibrassinolide (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg. L-1), associado à presença ou ausência de fertilização fosfatada sobre os parâmetros de crescimento, fosfatase, micorrização e fotossíntese de plantas jovens de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em DBC com fatorial 4x2 com seis repetições. A aplicação dos BR proporcionou um incremento nos valores de massa seca radicular até o ponto máximo da curva de 1,27 mg.L-1. A interação P com BR incrementou respectivamente em 30% e 48% os valores de massa seca aérea nas doses 0,5 e 1,0 mg.L-1 do hormônio; e apresentou uma correlação de Pearson positiva das doses de BR com adição de P sobre essa variável. A presença de P estimulou todas as variáveis de crescimento da cana-de-açúcar. O BR desencadeou um pico significativo na atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida na dose de 1,0 mg. L-1 ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In view of the imminent shortage of phosphorus (P) for agricultural use, increase the need for studies aimed at better understanding the supply strategies of this element. Recent studies show that hormonal activity potentiates processes in which it is vital for the occurrence of metabolism, highlighting the analogues of Brassinoesterteroids (BR) for their influence on plant development. There are few studies on P and BR interaction and their application in large phosphorus-consuming crops, such as sugar cane. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of applying doses of the 24-epibrassinolide dialogue (0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 mg. L-1), associated with the presence or absence of phosphate fertilization on the growth, phosphatase, mycorrhization and photosynthesis parameters of young sugarcane plants. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse, in the DBC with a 4x2 factorial with six replications. The application of BR provides an increase in the values of root dry mass up to the maximum point of the curve of 1.27 mg. L-1. A P interaction with BR increases, respectively, by 30% and 48% the values of air dry mass at doses 0.5 and 1.0 mg.L-1 of the hormone; and showed a positive Pearson correlation of BR doses with the addition of P on this variable. The presence of P stimulates all sugar cane growth variables. BR triggered a significant peak of acid phosphatase enzyme activity at a dose of 1.0 mg. L-1 and did not affect root mycorrhizal colonization. The... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The tripartite symbiosis between Phaseolus vulgaris, arbuscular-mycorrhiza and the nodule bacteria, Rhizobia have been the focus of many studies ranging over a number of decades, however these studies have failed to answer certain questions relating the role of the symbionts in regard to host nutrition and the subsequent influence of these symbionts on the host C- economy. There is little doubt over the synergistic benefits involved in the dual inoculation of bean plants, as well as the resultant C-costs of maintaining the 2 symbionts, yet the specific contribution of the individual symbionts to the hosts overall nutrient and C-economy remain to be clarified. Thus the aim of this thesis is to help clarify these points by determining the symbiont induced photosynthetic, respiratory and nutritional changes taking place in the host. This was achieved by a series of experiments in which nodulated bean plants were split into two categories-those with and without AM colonized roots. These plants were then exposed to a range of growing conditions, including hi and low P, and a series of N treatments, ranging from zero N through to 3 mM NH/. Under these differing nutrient conditions growth, photosynthetic, respiratory, nutrient and amino acid responses were monitored, thus allowing for the determination of the symbionts influence on the host and the hosts reliance on the respective symbionts. Host reliance was noted most strongly under nutrient limiting conditions. Under low P treatment AM was the dominant symbiont as far as host C was concerned, allowing for the early establishment of the AM, thus ensuring the uptake of P for both host and nodule development. High P affected AM colonization to a greater extent than it did nodule dry weight and conversely the addition of N~ + led to a greater decrease in nodule dry weight than it did AM colonization. In spite of this decline, AM benefited the host by improving host N nutrition and relieving N-feedback inhibition of the export amino acid asparagine on BNF. These AM induced benefits did come at a cost to the host though, the dual inoculated plants had higher below ground respiratory costs and subsequently higher photosynthetic rates to compensate for the increased demand for C. The higher photosynthetic rates associated with dual inoculation were as a result of symbiont induced sink stimulation and not due to the improved nutrition of the host, as shown by the photosynthetic and nutrient response ratios. However, the respiratory costs associated with the uptake of soil nutrients were lower in AM colonized roots, thus showing an increased efficiency in nutrient gain by AM colonized roots. This improvement in host N nutrition as a result of AM colonization, coupled with the lower respiratory costs of AM nutrition led to the conclusion that under certain growing conditions nodules can become redundant and possibly parasitic.

Lavender is an important medicinal plant that is sensitive to various environmental factors. Lavender essential oils have been shown to improve human health in response to many diseases. Lavender is grown all over the world, which indicates its ability to adapt to different climates. There are no reports of its commercial cultivation in Mississippi. It has been proven that there are many factors that directly affect the plant growth and concentration of essential oils in lavender. Studying these factors that affect plant growth and essential oils will be beneficial for lavender producers. The aim of this study is to increase the production of essential oil through cultural techniques and analyze the active compounds of three Lavandula species (L. intermedia, L. angustifolia, L. stoechas) using HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography, Mass spectrometer) technology. Applications of gibberellic acid, iron chelate, Mycorrhizae, humic acid, DAP, and potash fertilizer were studied to promote plant growth and production of essential oils. The essential oils were extracted using a Soxhlet distillation. The quantity and quality of the essential oils was also evaluated using HPLC and GC-MS. The linalool, linalyl acetate, and other compounds from Lavandula may be considered natural raw material source for pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. These vital components of the essential oil of lavender leaves, flowers, and stems (linalool, linalyl, and other compounds) were affected by chelated iron treatments, gibberellin, humic acid, and mycorrhizae. The essential oil compounds of L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia cultivars make them worth cultivating.