This study deals with an important concept in fiqh known as ḍamān. Despite its universal usage in various areas of law, including that of criminal law and law of torts especially in facilitating award of compensation, this study will confine its survey within the bounds of commercial transactions. Ḍamān forms one of the most complicated subject-matters in the Islamic Law of Obligation. In this context, ḍamān is generally perceived as civil liability in the widest meaning, arising from the non-performance of contractual obligation, violation of trust, misrepresentation and unlawful enrichment. Firstly, this study will discuss suretyship, as ḍamān is, to some extent, treated as synonymous with kafālah by the jurists. Secondly, ḍamān will be surveyed as a method of redress of any contractual irregularities under the notion of gharāmah. Such practices are motivated by the Sharī'ah doctrines of maqāṣid shar'iyyah (objectives of the law), upholding the concept of lā ḍarara wa lā ḍirār (no harm shall be inflicted or reciprocated) and respecting the notion of sanctity of legitimate ownership (ḥurmat al-milkiyyah) and freedom of contract (ḥurriyat al-ta'āqud). Methods of establishing liability (ṭuruq ithbāt al-ḍamān) and its waivers (al-i'fā') min al-ḍamān), provision of redress (mabda' al-ta'wīḍ) and the institutional framework which are involved in it are then discussed. The study will be concerned with the prescriptions of the Qur'ān and Sunnah on ḍamān and their explanations in the classical manuals of Islamic Law. In addition, certain post-classical texts offering specific treatment of ḍamān, particularly al-Baghdādī's Majma' al-Ḍamānāt and al-Ma'danī's Taḍmln al-Ṣunnā' will be studied. Also, decisions by juristconsults of various localities, recorded in various collections of fatāwā and court decisions in the literature of adab al-qaḍā, will be examined to enhance our knowledge of the way ḍamān has been treated. For the purpose of systemization, texts of Uṣūl al-Fiqh and Qawā'id Fiqhiyyah are essential. Similarly, evidence on the economic history of Muslim civilization in the form of actual contracts, letters, business records and institutional operations, are examined. The research also relies heavily on the codifications of Islamic law like the Ottoman Majallat al-Aḥkām al-'Adliyyah, Qadrī Bāshā's Murshid al-Ḥayrān and the Ḥanbalīs Majallat al-Aḥkām al-Shar'iyyah. Finally, an analysis of the contemporary legislations in Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia will prove that a classical concept like ḍamān is still vital for modem commerce. This also lays stress on the importance of neo-ijtihād to ensure ability and competence to apply ḍamān to fresh problems in commercial life.

Sibyl cycles in Northern and Central Italy, in the Early Renaissance. Previous published scholarship listed twenty-two sites. I now know of forty. Twenty-three of these may be considered Early Renaissance works of art and are the subject of this study. This study is not primarily engaged with history of Art but with the history of Ideas. That is, it is not a study of the painters. their methods and status but rather with the study of the development of the genre. its textual sources, the content of the inscribed oracles. the development of the pictorial conventions and symbolism. the transmission of these and the cultural significance of the genre. The dissertation is concerned with artistic styles and techniques only in so far as they illuminate the pictorial origin of the works and their iconographic significance in terms of the ideas conveyed. It describes and defines regional sub-genres. each with clear rules and conventions. These have not previously been identified and no comprehensive national conspectus exists. Structure of the Dissertation The dissertation is in three parts. The first part addresses the nature and origin of Sibyls (who and what they were) and their significance in cultural history until the Renaissance. Part Two is concerned with the origins and transmission of text and iconographic conventions in the Renaissance Sibyl cyeles. Pari three is a catalogue and survey of each Sibyl cycle site in Central and Northern Italy, along with a comprehensive photographic record. Great destruction of some cycles has taken place since the 1960s and the compilation of a complete photographic record is urgent and a significant aim of the present work. There are few published coloured photographs of the full cycles. none complete except for Siena. This dissertation is wide in scope and is in large part a catalogue and survey of all known Italian Sibyl cycles. Because of the limitations of a Doctoral dissertation. at times the transition from one site to another may appear abrupt and disjunct. Nonetheless, the structure is logical and careful. Sites are arranged chronologically, according to genre. The reader is directed to the detailed table of contents, if a review of structure and order be required. Research Method The method of research was to form a comprehensive list of Sibyl sites in Italy by consulting published English and Continental books. journals and locally produced historical papers as well as word of mouth advice in Italy. I visited all the sites and made a photographic record. Origin and transmission of text was established by consulting contemporary manuscripts that either specify the oracle text or describe the original Orsini. and other, frescos. These manuscripts are widely scattered in Europe and difficult of access so, where possible, a significant example of each kind of manuscript is reproduced in photographs or photocopy, transcribed and translated in the Appendices to the dissertation.

The generalisability of case study findings is heavily criticised in the scientific community. This study attempts to answer to what extent generalisation is possible, through a literature review. Resources were collected by searching in databases and in reference lists. A presentation of arguments from both sides will follow, finding that generalisation is possible to almost the same extent as quantitative research, if done correctly and carefully, with great concern and accuracy.

The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the properties of the Cantor set and to extend the idea of this set to metric spaces, in general, and to other sets of real numbers and sets in N-dimensional Euclidean space, in particular.

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate other paramagnetic salts to determine whether the W. B. perchlorate type peak was more common than previously suspected. An organic salt, picryl-n-amino-carbazyl, was chosen.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This practice based research seeks to explore and extend the potential of camera obscura projections to perceptually transform objects and spaces by using their unique visual qualities. These pertain to immediacy and directness. Although apparently tangible, the projected images appear to reside in a void where there is an absence of surrounding visual reference. This causes the images to appear disconnected from any context, thereby prompting associations with Freud's notions of the uncanny and Proust's narrative of the transitional. The research consists of a sequence of practice based studies. These commenced with an exploration into the perceptual ambiguities of reflection and shadow. Perceptual ambiguity was further explored through the distorting effects of curved pinhole cameras. The latter began to suggest using the camera itself as an object within which something could be viewed. With the incorporation of focusing lenses, this led to projections where the observer was situated within the camera obscura. Throughout the research, the objects projected were always ordinary and familiar, commencing with a light bulb. The addition of lighting sequences thus enabled further exploration of various phases of ambiguity, as well as enhanced definition and recognition of the projected image. This was followed by projections of other objects, which sought to place them in a particular visual context; for example a mug projected into' an actual microwave located within a kitchen. Although this produced surreal connotations, the surrounding visual material diluted the impact of the projected image. A decision was therefore made to concentrate entirely on the presentation of the projected images by refining projection techniques to enhance their quality and definition. The introduction of movement subsequently heightened perceptual ambiguity, as did the addition of the multiplication of images. This led to a rich variety of projected imagery which ranged from the perceptible to the imperceptible, involving synchronicity, transparency, juxtaposition, transposition from line to plane, and contrast between stasis and movement. The increasingly extraordinary images prompted a reevaluation of the observer's visual assumptions. These practical investigations, together with historical, literary, and philosophical issues, combine to extend the possibilities of the camera obscura in terms of contemporary artistic practice.

Un xénobiotique subit plusieurs étapes de biotransformations simultanées ou successives dont les principaux sites sont les tissus situés à l’interface entre l’organisme et le milieu extérieur, à savoir : le tube digestif, l’appareil respiratoire, le rein et le foie. Ce dernier étant fonctionnellement le plus important. Les phases réactionnelles principales constituant les étapes de détoxification, phase I, phase II et phase III, ne sont possibles que par l'intervention de systèmes enzymatiques spécifiques. Etant donné la grande diversité des xénobiotiques auxquels l'organisme est exposé, il existe une multitude d'enzymes présentant des spécificités variées. Les réactions de biotransformation des xénobiotiques s'enchaînent rarement de façon linéaire, car deux voies ou plus prennent souvent naissance à partir d'un métabolite donné. On comprend dès lors que l'existence d'un variant enzymatique défectif pour l'une de ces voies réactionnelles pourra orienter le métabolisme d'une substance donnée vers une autre voie. Cette dernière, généralement mineure, prendra donc une grande importance et les polymorphismes qui la concernent pourront orienter le devenir des métabolites ainsi formés. La famille des N-acétyltransférases (NATs) fait partie des enzymes assurant principalement la réaction de conjugaison de la phase II de détoxification des xénobiotiques. Le polymorphisme des NATS représente l'un des exemples de variation pharmacogénétique décrit, et de l'un des plus documentés, depuis sa découverte au début des années 50, en même temps que la découverte de la grande efficacité de l’isoniazide (INH) dans le traitement de la tuberculose.Les travaux de cette thèse avaient pour objectif d’étudier le profil d’acétylation de la NAT2 dans la population sénégalaise afin de les répartir en acétyleurs lents et en acétyleurs rapides, et de déterminer la cinétique de l’isoniazide chez des sujets tuberculeux en corrélation avec les résultats de génotypage. L’étude des mutations du gène NAT2 a été effectuée par PCR-séquençage directe et a permis de mettre en évidence 11 variants alléliques dans la population sénégalaise.l’activité enzymatique de la NAT2 a été déterminée par utilisation du test à la caféine et le rapport des ratios des métabolites majeurs a permis classer les sénégalais en acétyleurs lents et rapides. La cinétique de l’isoniazide a utilisée la chromatographie UPLC-MS/MS. Ce travail présente les premiers résultats de l’étude de la NAT2 dans la population sénégalaise qui pourront être utilisés pour une meilleur optimisation de l’utilisation de l’INH dans la prise en charge de la tuberculose, maladie à forte prévalence en Afrique. / Xenobiotic biotransformation undergoes several stages of simultaneous or successive whose main attractions are the tissues at the interface between the organism and the external environment, namely: digestive, respiratory, kidney and liver. The latter being the most important functionally. The reaction phases constituting the main stages of detoxification, phase I, phase II and phase III, are possible only through the intervention of specific enzyme systems. Given the wide diversity of xenobiotics to which the organism is exposed, there are a multitude of enzymes with various specificities. The biotransformation reactions of xenobiotics are linked linearly rarely, because two or more lanes are often born from a given metabolite. It is therefore understandable that the existence of an enzyme variant defective for one of these reaction pathways can direct the metabolism of a given substance to another track. The latter, usually minor, will therefore important and polymorphisms that concern will guide the fate of metabolites thus formed. The N-acetyltransferases (NATs) is part of enzymes that primarily the conjugation reaction of phase II detoxification of xenobiotics. The polymorphism of NATS is one of the examples of pharmacogenetic variation described, and one of the most documented since its discovery in the early \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'50s, along with the discovery of the high efficacy of isoniazid (INH) in the treatment of tuberculosis. The work of this thesis aimed to study the profile of the NAT2 acetylation in the Senegalese population in order to distribute them in slow acetylators and rapid acetylators, and determine the kinetics of isoniazid in tuberculous subjects correlated with the results of genotyping. The study of mutations of the NAT2 gene was performed by PCR-direct sequencing and allowed to identify 11 allelic variants in the Senegalese population. The enzymatic activity of NAT2 was determined by using caffeine test and the ratios of major metabolites allowed Senegalese classify fast and slow acetylators. The kinetics of isoniazid used UPLC-MS/MS chromatography.

This thesis details investigations into organocatalytic reactions promoted by N Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) that proceed via an assumed azolium enolate intermediate. Initial research focused on the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of β-lactones via an NHC-catalysed formal [2+2] cycloaddition of alkylarylketenes and chloral. This process operated in good yield (typically >70%) and moderate diastereoselectivity (typically ~75:25 dr, anti:syn) for a range of alkylarylketenes. The enantioselectivity was consistently high for the major anti diastereomer (typically >80% ee) and minor syn diastereomer (typically >70% ee). Interestingly, when a ketene bearing a 2 substituent on the aryl ring, or one that included an α-branched alkyl group was used, an exclusive asymmetric chlorination pathway was accessed. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first use of chloral as an electrophilic chlorination agent. This methodology was found to be applicable to a range of 2-arylsubstituted alkylarylketenes in good yield and enantioselectivity (typically >70% yield and up to 92% ee). The scope of this reaction with respect to the aldehyde moiety was then analysed with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde providing β-lactone products in excellent dr (up to 94:6 syn:anti) and with good yield and enantioselectivity (typically >60% yield and >80% ee). Importantly these β-lactone products were amenable to further derivatisation with transformation to β-amino- and β-hydroxy acids. Following the identification of an NHC-catalysed chlorination reaction using chloral, the development of a general procedure was undertaken. Following a wide screen of electrophilic chlorination sources, 2,3,4,5,6,6 hexachlorocyclohexa 2,4 dienone was identified as optimal, operating in excellent yield (up to 97%) but in moderate to poor levels of enantioselectivity (21−61% ee). Efforts to expand the practicality of azolium enolate processes focused on the use of α-aroyloxyaldehydes as bench stable mono-substituted ketene surrogates. A range of differentially substituted α-aroyloxyaldehydes allowed access to δ-lactones via the NHC-catalysed [4+2] cycloaddition between azolium enolates and β,γ unsaturated α ketoesters. Following initial optimisation the reaction proceeded in exquisite diastereo- and enantiocontrol (typically >95:5 dr and >99% ee).

This thesis explores the importance of the United Kingdom’s composition as a multinational state to the decoration of the new Houses of Parliament, constructed by Sir Charles Barry following the destruction of most of the old Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834. Over seven chapters, it examines the decorative schemes undertaken between the 1840s and 1860s by Barry and the Fine Arts Commission, followed by later, individual programmes, the last of which was completed in 1928. This study develops the twin notions of the art of union and the art of disunion to analyse the complex relationship between the Union and Parliament’s decorative schemes. The art of union is used to identify the elements of the New Palace of Westminster’s planned or completed decoration that validated and promoted the Union. Meanwhile, the art of disunion is deployed as a means of analysing the works of art that caused disunity and division. Examples of the art of union in the Houses of Parliament have led to it being described as a very British building. However, this thesis argues that this is an inadequate description. Though Scotland, Ireland and Wales are represented in the building’s decoration, it is England that dominates. Therefore, this study argues that Anglo-British is the most accurate term with which to describe the sense of national identity embodied by the Palace of Westminster. However, the Anglo-Britishness presented over the lengthy period covered in this thesis is not a consistent and homogenous vision, but one that is varied, complex and, at times, contradictory. There is also a clear development in the general form that it takes: beginning with a relatively inclusive Anglo-Britishness that gives some recognition to the UK nations other than England, it becomes increasingly Anglocentric and imperialist over the period examined.