As principais propriedades físico-químicas da quitosana dependem da massa molar média, grau médio de acetilação (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA) e do parâmetro de acetilação (PA) que expressa o padrão de distribuição das unidades 2-acetamido-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose (GlcNAc) e 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose ( GlcN) ao longo de suas cadeias. A distribuição alternada, randômica ou em blocos das unidades GlcN e GlcNAc ao longo das cadeias poliméricas está diretamente relacionada com as condições de preparação da quitosana, sendo que as reações executadas em condições homogêneas geram quitosanas em cujas cadeias há o predomínio da distribuição randômica, enquanto que nas quitosanas produzidas em condições heterogêneas a distribuição em blocos predomina. Neste trabalho &beta;-quitina extraída de gládios de lulas (Loligo sp) foi submetida a 3 etapas consecutivas do processo de desacetilação assistida por irradiação de ultrassom de alta intensidade (processo DAIUS), resultando em quitosana extensivamente desacetilada (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA &asymp; 2%) e de elevada massa molar média viscosimétrica (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv &asymp; 354000 g/mol) comparada a quitosanas obtidas por outros métodos. Essa amostra, denominada amostra QSo, foi dissolvida em ácido acético aquoso e então submetida à reação de N-acetilação por 24 h à temperatura ambiente. A ocorrência de O-acetilação foi evitada pela adição de 1,2-propanodiol ao meio reacional e a variação da razão molar anidrido acético/grupos amino permitiu a obtenção de cinco amostras de quitosanas N-acetiladas, as quais foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de RMN 1H, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, difração de raios X, viscosimetria capilar, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise termogravimétrica. O parâmetro de acetilação (PA) das quitosanas N-acetiladas foi determinado a partir dos espectros de RMN 1H de modo a permitir a avaliação do tipo de distribuição de unidades 2-acetamido-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose (GlcNAc) e 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose (GlcN) predominante nos produtos. As reações de N-acetilação foram executadas em duplicata gerando as amostras dos conjuntos 1 e 2, as quais apresentaram <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA variando no intervalo 25%&lt; <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA &lt;55%, sendo constatada variação linear de <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA com a razão molar anidrido acético/grupos amino. As quitosanas N-acetiladas apresentaram parâmetro de acetilação variando com 0,9&lt;PA&lt;1,5, indicando o predomínio da distribuição randômica das unidades GlcNAc e GlcN. As quitosanas N-acetiladas apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica em comparação com a quitosana de partida (amostra QSo), devido a porcentagem de unidades GlcNAc nas cadeias dos polímeros que provocaram alterações na sua estrutura cristalina. Os ângulos de Bragg característicos de &beta;-quitina (amostra QTo) extraída de gládios de lulas foram identificados nos difratogramas das quitosanas N-acetiladas com 30%&lt; <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA &lt;55%, o que sugere que essas amostras adquiriram características semelhantes a da &beta;-quitina. Outra evidência desse fato foi comprovada através da análise das micrografias das amostras de quitosana N-acetiladas, que revelaram que as características das superfícies das partículas das amostras mais acetiladas são semelhantes a da &beta;-quitina. / The main physichochemical properties of chitosan rely on its average molar mass, average degree of acetylation (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA) and the parameter of acetylation (PA), which expresses the distribution pattern of 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-glucopyranose (GlcNAc) and 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucopyranose (GlcN) units along its chains. The occurrence of alternated, random or block-like distribution of GlcN and GlcNAc along the polymer chains is directly related to preparation conditions of chitosan. When homogeneous conditions are applied chitosan chains exhibiting random distribution are produced, while the chitosan generated from heterogeneous reactions presents block-like distribution. In this work, &beta;-chitin extracted from squid pens (Loligo sp.) was submitted to three consecutive steps of ultrasound-assisted deacetylation process (USAD process), resulting in an extensively deactylated chitosan (DA=2%) with high viscosity average molar mass (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv= 354,000 g/mol) compared to chitosan obtained by other methods. This chitosan, named sample CSo, was dissolved in aqueous acetic acid and then it was submitted to N-acetylation reaction for 24 hours at room temperature. The occurrence of O-acetylation was prevented by adding 1,2-propanediol to the reaction nedium and the variation of the molar ratio acetic anhydride/amino groups allowed the preparation of five N-acetylated chitosans, named as samples RCSon, which were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, viscometry, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The parameter of acetylation (PA) of N-acetylated chitosans was determined from the 1H NMR spectra, allowing the assessment to the distribution pattern of GlcNAc and GlcN units. The N-acetylation reactions were carried out in duplicate, generating two independent sets of N-acetylated chitosans whose average degree of acetylation ranged as 25% &lt; DA &lt; 55%, a linear increase of DA with increasing molar ratio acetic anhydride/amino groups being observed. The N-acetylated chitosans presented parameter of acetylation ranging as 0,9 &lt; PA &lt; 1,5, indicating the predominance of random distribution of GlcNAc and GlcN units. The N-acetylated chitosans showed higher thermal stability as compared to the parent chitosan (CSo sample), probably due to the changes in the degree of order resulting from the higher content of GlcNAc units present in former samples. The Bragg angles characteristic of beta-chitin (CTo sample) were identified in the XRD patterns of N-acetylated chitosans, suggesting that these samples acquired similar characteristics as beta-chitin. Further evidence of this fact was observed through the SEM analyses, which revealed that the characteristics of particle\'s surfaces of N-acetylated chitosans are similar to those of beta-chitin.

As principais propriedades físico-químicas da quitosana dependem da massa molar média, grau médio de acetilação (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA) e do parâmetro de acetilação (PA) que expressa o padrão de distribuição das unidades 2-acetamido-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose (GlcNAc) e 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose ( GlcN) ao longo de suas cadeias. A distribuição alternada, randômica ou em blocos das unidades GlcN e GlcNAc ao longo das cadeias poliméricas está diretamente relacionada com as condições de preparação da quitosana, sendo que as reações executadas em condições homogêneas geram quitosanas em cujas cadeias há o predomínio da distribuição randômica, enquanto que nas quitosanas produzidas em condições heterogêneas a distribuição em blocos predomina. Neste trabalho &beta;-quitina extraída de gládios de lulas (Loligo sp) foi submetida a 3 etapas consecutivas do processo de desacetilação assistida por irradiação de ultrassom de alta intensidade (processo DAIUS), resultando em quitosana extensivamente desacetilada (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA &asymp; 2%) e de elevada massa molar média viscosimétrica (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv &asymp; 354000 g/mol) comparada a quitosanas obtidas por outros métodos. Essa amostra, denominada amostra QSo, foi dissolvida em ácido acético aquoso e então submetida à reação de N-acetilação por 24 h à temperatura ambiente. A ocorrência de O-acetilação foi evitada pela adição de 1,2-propanodiol ao meio reacional e a variação da razão molar anidrido acético/grupos amino permitiu a obtenção de cinco amostras de quitosanas N-acetiladas, as quais foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de RMN 1H, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, difração de raios X, viscosimetria capilar, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise termogravimétrica. O parâmetro de acetilação (PA) das quitosanas N-acetiladas foi determinado a partir dos espectros de RMN 1H de modo a permitir a avaliação do tipo de distribuição de unidades 2-acetamido-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose (GlcNAc) e 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glucopiranose (GlcN) predominante nos produtos. As reações de N-acetilação foram executadas em duplicata gerando as amostras dos conjuntos 1 e 2, as quais apresentaram <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA variando no intervalo 25%&lt; <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA &lt;55%, sendo constatada variação linear de <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA com a razão molar anidrido acético/grupos amino. As quitosanas N-acetiladas apresentaram parâmetro de acetilação variando com 0,9&lt;PA&lt;1,5, indicando o predomínio da distribuição randômica das unidades GlcNAc e GlcN. As quitosanas N-acetiladas apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica em comparação com a quitosana de partida (amostra QSo), devido a porcentagem de unidades GlcNAc nas cadeias dos polímeros que provocaram alterações na sua estrutura cristalina. Os ângulos de Bragg característicos de &beta;-quitina (amostra QTo) extraída de gládios de lulas foram identificados nos difratogramas das quitosanas N-acetiladas com 30%&lt; <span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA &lt;55%, o que sugere que essas amostras adquiriram características semelhantes a da &beta;-quitina. Outra evidência desse fato foi comprovada através da análise das micrografias das amostras de quitosana N-acetiladas, que revelaram que as características das superfícies das partículas das amostras mais acetiladas são semelhantes a da &beta;-quitina. / The main physichochemical properties of chitosan rely on its average molar mass, average degree of acetylation (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">GA) and the parameter of acetylation (PA), which expresses the distribution pattern of 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-glucopyranose (GlcNAc) and 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucopyranose (GlcN) units along its chains. The occurrence of alternated, random or block-like distribution of GlcN and GlcNAc along the polymer chains is directly related to preparation conditions of chitosan. When homogeneous conditions are applied chitosan chains exhibiting random distribution are produced, while the chitosan generated from heterogeneous reactions presents block-like distribution. In this work, &beta;-chitin extracted from squid pens (Loligo sp.) was submitted to three consecutive steps of ultrasound-assisted deacetylation process (USAD process), resulting in an extensively deactylated chitosan (DA=2%) with high viscosity average molar mass (<span style=\"text-decoration: overline\">Mv= 354,000 g/mol) compared to chitosan obtained by other methods. This chitosan, named sample CSo, was dissolved in aqueous acetic acid and then it was submitted to N-acetylation reaction for 24 hours at room temperature. The occurrence of O-acetylation was prevented by adding 1,2-propanediol to the reaction nedium and the variation of the molar ratio acetic anhydride/amino groups allowed the preparation of five N-acetylated chitosans, named as samples RCSon, which were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, viscometry, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The parameter of acetylation (PA) of N-acetylated chitosans was determined from the 1H NMR spectra, allowing the assessment to the distribution pattern of GlcNAc and GlcN units. The N-acetylation reactions were carried out in duplicate, generating two independent sets of N-acetylated chitosans whose average degree of acetylation ranged as 25% &lt; DA &lt; 55%, a linear increase of DA with increasing molar ratio acetic anhydride/amino groups being observed. The N-acetylated chitosans presented parameter of acetylation ranging as 0,9 &lt; PA &lt; 1,5, indicating the predominance of random distribution of GlcNAc and GlcN units. The N-acetylated chitosans showed higher thermal stability as compared to the parent chitosan (CSo sample), probably due to the changes in the degree of order resulting from the higher content of GlcNAc units present in former samples. The Bragg angles characteristic of beta-chitin (CTo sample) were identified in the XRD patterns of N-acetylated chitosans, suggesting that these samples acquired similar characteristics as beta-chitin. Further evidence of this fact was observed through the SEM analyses, which revealed that the characteristics of particle\'s surfaces of N-acetylated chitosans are similar to those of beta-chitin.

Les chitooligosaccharides (COS) présentent des propriétés biologiques intéressantes telles que l'activité antimicrobienne, antifongique et antitumorale. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé les COS pour des applications très diverses, telles que l'ingénierie des cellules neuronales (blocage de la formation du réseau périneuronal), la complexation des cations Fe2+ et Fe3+ pour la synthèse de particules supermagnatiques et enfin pour le développement de conjugués fonctionnels à base de COS. Dans le cadre de ces études en partenariat, nous avons travaillé sur l'élaboration de chitooligosaccharides à structure contrôlée afin d’étudier leurs propriétés physico-chimiques ou biologiques. Des modifications de chitooligosaccharides ont été effectuées dans ce travail de deux façons: la modification par N-substitution et la modification par le groupe aldéhyde du résidu 2,5-anhydro-D-mannofuranose (amf) à l'extrémité réductrice des chitooligosaccharides. Les premiers types de COS consistent en la désamination suivie d'une réaction de N-réacétylation afin de contrôler (partiellement) à la fois le degré moyen d'acétylation et le degré moyen de polymérisation. La seconde stratégie consiste en la synthèse de nouveaux COS fonctionnalisés à leur extrémité réductrice par amination réductrice et oximation avec différents groupes chimiques cliquables (c'est-à-dire alcyne, alcène, azide, thiol et hydrazide). En fonction des COS fonctionnalisé ciblé, différentes techniques d'analyse ont été réalisées pour analyser pleinement leurs caractéristiques structurales telles que la spectroscopie RMN, la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF, la chromatographie HPLC, la spectroscopie RAMAN et la chromatographie SEC. Des structures chimiques spécifiques de chitooligosaccharides modifiés ont été étudiées dans le but de les utiliser pour moduler le réseau périneural de neurones et l'établissement de connexions synaptiques. Nous avons également montré que les COS solubles permettent la précipitation des nanoparticules supramagnétiques de Fe3O4 avec un revêtement COS en les rendant moins toxiques. Enfin, les COS fonctionnalisés à leur extrémité réductrice pourraient être des intermédiaires utiles pour le développement de nouveaux conjugués fonctionnels à base de chitosane / Chitooligosaccharides (COS) classically present several biological properties such as anti-microbial, anti-tumor and anti-fungal activity. In this work, we used COS for widely different applications, such as tissue engeneering of neuronal cells (blocking of perineuronal net formation), the complexation of iron cations (Fe2+ and Fe3+) for the synthesis of supermagnatic particle and finally for the development of advanced functional COS-based conjugates. In this partnership studies, we worked on the elaboration of controlled structure chitooligosaccharides in order to decipher their physico-chemical or biological properties. Further modification of chitooligosaccharides was performed in this thesis in two ways: modification via amine N-substitution and the modification via the 2,5-anhydro-D-mannofuranose (amf) aldehyde group located at the reducing end of chitooligosaccharides. The first COS types consist in the nitrous depolymerization followed by N-acetylation in order to (partly) control both the mean degree of N-acetylation and the degree of polymerization. The second consist in the synthesis of new COS-based building blocks functionalized at their reducing end by reductive amination and oximation with different clickable chemical groups (i.e. alkyne, alkene, azide, thiol, and hydrazide). Depending on the targeted functionalized COS, different analysis techniques were carried out to fully characterize such as NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, HPLC-chromotography, RAMAN spectroscopy and SEC chromatography. Specific chitooligosaccharides were studied in the objective to use them to modulate the perineuronal net of neurons, and the establishment of synaptic connections. We also showed that water soluble COS permit the precipitation of supramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a COS coating and succeded in decreasing their toxicity. Finally we have shown that COS-based building blocks could be useful intermediates for the development of advanced functional COS-based conjugates such as COS-b-PEG diblock copolymers