Notre réflexion postule une invention conceptuelle de l'enseignement secondaire qui se distingue d'une invention historique. À travers l'étude des débats suscités par l'élaboration de réformes ou de lois sur l'enseignement secondaire dans les États-providence, nous souhaitons démontrer que le XXe siècle est celui de l’invention philosophique de l’enseignement secondaire. Cette invention se concrétise par la constitution de modèles nationaux d’enseignement secondaire. Nous comparons le modèle républicain français aux modèles libéral anglais, nationaliste allemand, idéaliste italien, libéral états-unien et social-démocrate finlandais. Ces modèles nationaux, aux traditions culturelles et idéologiques différentes, sont confrontés, tout au long du XXe siècle, à des enjeux communs quant à l’accueil et à l’éducation de l’adolescence. Notre réflexion s’étend jusqu’à l’entrée dans le XXIe siècle, par la mise en évidence d’un modèle international d’enseignement secondaire, qui tend à influencer – voire à dissoudre – les modèles nationaux. Nous proposons d’interpréter les processus successifs de démocratisation et de modernisation, de féminisation et de mixité, d'égalité des chances et de mise en place de l'école unique, comme trois phases d'une invention philosophique du secondaire et comme trois moments constitutifs des modèles nationaux d'enseignement secondaire ; modèles qui se trouvent mis en danger à l’entrée dans le XXIe siècle. / This reflexion postulates a conceptual invention of secondary education which differs from a historical invention. The study of the debates which followed the development of reforms or laws on secondary education in welfare states, demonstrates that the twentieth century is the century of the philosophical invention of secondary education. This invention materializes in the formation of national models of secondary education. This work proposes to compare the French Republican model to the English liberal model, the nationalist German model, the idealistic italian model, the liberal model of the United States of America and the social democratic Finnish model. Throughout the twentieth century, these national models, with different cultural and ideological traditions, face,with common issues regarding the reception and education of adolescence. This reflexion extends to the entry into the twenty-first century, highlighting an international model of secondary education, which tends to influence – or even to dissolve – the national models. The successive processes of democratization and modernization, feminization and coeducation, equal opportunities and implementation of the comprehensive school, are interpreted as three phases of a philosophical invention of the secondary education and as three moments constituting national models of secondary education ; models which are in danger at entry into the twenty-first century.

Интерес к вопросу выбора эффективной модели корпоративное управления не спадает вот уже три десятилетия. Причиной этому стали крупные события и тенденции, повлиявшие на развития мировой экономики: мировая волна приватизации последних трех десятилетий; волна поглощения в 1980-х годах; дерегулирование и интеграция рынков капитала; кризис в Восточной Азии 1998 г., который поставил в центр внимания корпоративное управление на развивающихся рынках (страны БРИК); скандал с Enron и его банкротство вызвали серьезные сомнения в защите инвесторов в США и привели к еще большему реформированию и регулированию финансового рынка во всем мире. Эффективная система корпоративного управления призвана обеспечить успешное долгосрочное развитие экономики стран, привлечь инвестиции и повысить доверие инвесторов. Объектом исследования являются механизмы корпоративного управления стран БРИК и условия их формирования. Предметом исследования являются особенности национальных моделей корпоративного управления в странах БРИК. В связи с этим цель исследования – на основе сравнительного анализа выявить основные особенности национальных систем корпоративного управления в странах БРИК для разработки рекомендаций по политике их совершенствования. Были получены следующие выводы: Сформулированы ключевые характеристики и особенности страновых моделей корпоративного управления. Выявлены, что для всех стран БРИК характерна достаточно высокая концентрации собственности, инсайдерский контроль. Найдены ключевые недочеты в имплементации принципов корпоративного управления: прозрачности и раскрытия информации, защиты прав акционеров, гендерного разнообразия советов директоров, выполнения рекомендаций по доле независимых директоров. Выявлен критерий эффективности стран (совокупные инвестиции) и разработаны рекомендации по их совершенствованию. / Interest in the issue of choosing an effective corporate governance model has not subsided for three decades. The reasons for this were major events and trends that influenced the development of the world economy: the global wave of privatization of the last three decades; absorption wave in the 1980s; deregulation and integration of capital markets; the 1998 East Asian crisis, which brought corporate governance in emerging markets (BRIC countries) into focus; The Enron scandal and bankruptcy have raised serious doubts about protecting US investors and led to further reform and regulation of the financial market around the world. An effective corporate governance system is designed to ensure the successful long-term development of countries' economies, attract investment and increase investor confidence. The object of the research is the corporate governance mechanisms of the BRIC countries and the conditions for their formation. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of national models of corporate governance in the BRIC countries. In this regard, the purpose of the study is, on the basis of a comparative analysis, to identify the main features of the national systems of corporate governance in the BRIC countries in order to develop recommendations for the policy of their improvement. The following conclusions were obtained. Formulated key characteristics and features of country models of corporate governance. It was revealed that all BRIC countries are characterized by a fairly high concentration of ownership, insider control - It was found key gaps in the implementation of corporate governance principles: transparency and disclosure of information, protection of shareholders' rights, gender diversity of boards of directors, implementation of recommendations on the share of independent directors. A criterion for the effectiveness of countries (total investment) was identified and recommendations for their improvement were developed.

Strategic narrative is a communicative tool for political elites to construct a shared meaning to the international politics, to articulate state's interests, to change the discursive environment, and to shape the behaviour of other actors. It has three different dynamics, which proceed simultaneously and reinforce each other: formation of the narrative within the given state, its projection in the international arena, and its reception in other states. Theory of strategic narratives fits well into the framework of new regionalism, which tries to analyse relations between the processes of globalization, globalism, regionalization, and regionalism. Until recently, such analyses were conducted from state-level and positivist perspective. As a result, the dimension of reception remained understudied. The presented thesis is an attempt to fill this gap. It analyses global political economy from the interpretivist constructivist perspective: it uses the leading local newspaper as a data sources and analyses media (news) discourse as one form of a broad societal discourse. Such an analysis can help us to analyse how local society assesses and reacts to strategic narratives and their internalization or rejection by local elites. In my thesis, I focus on narratives of the three superpowers (the US, the EU,...