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A thorough literature review resulted in limited research concerning facial feminization surgery for transgender women, specifically concerning postoperative satisfaction. However, sufficient research referencing the historical overview of gender recognition and evolution of facial feminization surgery into a multi-procedural process has been completed. Studies evaluating the Marquardt mask are also scarce and none existed regarding the application of the mask as a means of feminizing transgender women. The proposed study intends to expand upon this current paucity of research by photographing men ranging from the age of twenty-five to thirty-five and digitally superimposing the Marquardt mask. The before and after images will be rated based on masculinity and femininity in an effort to gage if the Marquardt mask is successful in feminizing the male face. If successful, this method could be helpful in preoperative planning in transgender women seeking facial feminization surgery.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Chardie L. Baird / Despite the predictions that the influence of women into male-dominated fields would eventually eliminate women’s disadvantaged positions in paid work, most research finds that feminization results in the reconfiguration of gender inequality. These studies tended to investigate the material consequences and conditions of feminization and how the “gendering” of the occupation develops to justify the reconfiguration of inequality. Scholarship has begun to examine how individuals in occupations negotiate the existing occupational gender-type and how this shapes gender inequality in feminizing occupations. My dissertation takes up this call by looking at the relationship between gender-typing (i.e., how occupations or jobs come to be understood as appropriate for men or women) and feminization (i.e., women in a formerly male-dominated occupation) in the funeral industry. The funeral industry has traditionally been a male-dominated and gender-typed masculine occupation; however, since the 1970s funeral directing has been experiencing feminization. In recent history, women were not seen as appropriate for funeral directing. They were considered too physically and emotionally “unfit;” however, the movement of women into the occupation complicates how funeral directing was traditionally gender-typed. Using text excerpts about gender (n=101) from 35 funerary trade journal articles ranging from 1995-2013, my dissertation explores competing cultural beliefs about gender at the occupational-level (“old boy,” gender essential, gender blind, and gender-progressive) accompanying women’s movement into funeral directing. Through semi-structured interviews with twenty (11 women, 9 men) mortuary science students who are studying to become funeral directors and twenty-two (13 women, 9 men) licensed funeral directors, I explore how these occupational scripts about gender affect workplaces in terms of the workplace experiences (practices and hiring, the division of labor, relations between employees and supervisors) and educational experiences (occupational entry, structure and training); and how current and future funeral directors negotiate cultural gender beliefs about funeral directing to challenge existing explanations and create new explanations about women’s suitability for funeral directing. My findings indicate that occupational cultural beliefs about gender are both reproduced and challenged in workplace and educational settings and in how students and funeral directors negotiate cultural gender beliefs.

Poverty is one of the most important internationally recognized problems. The first Millennium Development Goal declared by the United Nations (UN) is to &ldquo / Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger&rdquo / . Women rank first among groups most affected by poverty. Based on the argument that women compose two-thirds of the poor, the term &ldquo / feminization of poverty&rdquo / took its place in the development discourse in the 1970s. There is an inverse relationship between development and women&rsquo / s poverty, making women&rsquo / s poverty a crucial agenda item of poverty alleviation strategies. Microcredit systems have spread all over the world beginning in Bangladesh and have now become an important poverty alleviation tool both in developed and developing countries. From the beginning of this millennium, microfinance institutions started to spread in Turkey and Turkish Grameen Microfinance Program (TGMP), a commercial affiliate of Turkish Foundation for Waste Reduction, is the leading organization. It is one of the crucial microfinance institutions in Turkey. Women are the primary target group of microcredit and this makes microcredit today&rsquo / s most popular poverty alleviation tool. The impact of microcredit on women is examined through interviews with women who registered with the Ankara TGMP v office. In this context, this study investigates microcredit&rsquo / s effectiveness as a poverty alleviation tool for women in the light of the correlation between development and women&rsquo / s poverty. Based on the fact that poverty is a multidimensional concept, positive and negative aspects of microcredit are revealed in this research, however, no conclusion is made as to microcredit&rsquo / s success or failure as an independent poverty alleviation tool. Rather, it is concluded that microcredit should be integrated with other actors and poverty alleviation tools and should be supported with other relevant institutions and policies.

Both The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and My Ántonia by Willa Cather depict characters that perform non-traditional gender roles. In these novels, there are expectations about how women and men should act. The purpose of this comparative study is to look at how the female and male protagonists’ actions correspond to, or differ from, these expectations and if they do so in similar ways. The analytical approach is based on Judith Butler’s theory of gender performance. This study also examines in what ways the characters’ actions conflict with, or conform to, social norms of the time by investigating the social expectations for women in the Puritan society and in the late nineteenth century. Even though the settings are separated by two hundred years, this study shows that the protagonists challenge traditional gender role norms in similar ways and that both female protagonists show a feminist desire to exist outside the binary understanding of gender.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia.pdf: 949459 bytes, checksum: dc4b83806c217a20f893479e5fa5e4a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / This study is the of a qualitate research conducted ina a public school in city of São Luís MA, with the aim of analyzing the gaze of women primary school teachers about the identity and feminization of the teaching profession. This goal emerge some questions, surch as: recognize the implications of the feminine condition for the exercise of teaching in the early years of elementary school in the face of the presence of rare teachers at this level of education and, as most perceive teaching performance of teachers in the early years of elementary education and the role of teachers and teachers in the final years of the same level. To approach the answers we propose to revist the teaching profession and identily en the anciet ages, middle, modern and contemporary; treat feminization of teaching in Brazil and Maranhão, more precisely, in São Luís and; present representations of teachers rises feminization teaching. For the composition of our theoretical framework, discourse about women, identily, teaching and feminization, which form our main categories. Their study was possible due to the contributions of Perrot (2005, 2007), Dubar (1997, 2005, 2009), Nóvoa (1992, 1995) and Yannoulas (1994). Analysed the identily and feminization of teaching through narratives of women teachers supported focus group technique and content analysis based on Bardin (2010). Through identily categories and teaching realize that even being silenced, women exercised great influence on the male thinking. When we walk the path of feminization teaching in Brazil and Maranhão, more precisely, in São Luís, we can identify that the interest in replacing men in the profession provived and opportunity for women, access to public life. We can understand that the feminization teaching is represented as natural due to the gift of motherhood, being men the practice of teaching in higher education levels. We note, the need for gender to be included in initial and continuing teacher education as a means to contribute to overcoming these representations. / O presente estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada numa escola da rede pública municipal de São Luís-MA, com o objetivo de analisar o olhar das mulheres professoras do ensino fundamental acerca da identidade e feminização da profissão docente. Desse objetivo emergem alguns questionamentos, tais como: se reconhecem as implicações da condição feminina para o exercício da docência nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental; se compreendem os significados da maior presença feminina na docência nos primeiros anos do ensino fundamental em face da rara presença de professores nesse nível de ensino e; como percebem a maior atuação docente de professoras nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental e a atuação de professores e professoras nos anos finais do mesmo nível de ensino. Para nos aproximarmos das respostas propomos revisitar a identidade e profissão docente nas idades antiga, média, moderna e contemporânea; tratamos da feminização docente no Brasil e no Maranhão, mais precisamente, em São Luís e; apresentamos as representações das professoras sobe a feminização docente. Para a composição de nosso aporte teórico, discorremos sobre mulher, identidade, docência e feminização, que formam nossas categorias principais. Seu estudo nos foi oportunizado mediante as contribuições de Perrot (2005, 2007), Dubar (1997, 2005, 2009), Nóvoa (1992, 1995) e Yannoulas (1994). Analisamos a identidade e feminização docente através das narrativas das mulheres professoras apoiadas na técnica de grupo focal e na análise de conteúdo com base em Bardin (2010). Por meio das categorias identidade e docência percebemos que, mesmo sendo silenciadas, as mulheres exerceram grande influência sobre o pensamento masculino. Ao percorrermos o trajeto da feminização docente no Brasil e no Maranhão, mais precisamente, em São Luís, conseguimos identificar que o interesse em substituir os homens na profissão oportunizou às mulheres, o acesso à vida pública. Conseguimos perceber que a feminização docente é representada como natural devido ao dom da maternidade, cabendo aos homens o exercício da docência em níveis de ensino mais elevados. Constatamos, também, a necessidade de que as questões de gênero sejam incluídas na formação docente inicial e continuada, como meio de contribuir para a superação destas representações.

Until recently, rural households in southeastern Mexico have survived on subsistence and chili farming. But over the last decade, male out-migration to the United States has also become a popular livelihood strategy. This case study used data from semi-structured qualitative interviews to assess the effects of male out-migration on women's lives in three areas: households' financial and material situation, issues of infidelity and women's vulnerability to abandonment, and the gendered division of labor. Overall, this study found that male out-migration had both positive and negative effects on the women left behind. First, the financial outcomes of migration were mixed. A few women received large, steady remittances while the majority received minimal, sporadic remittances. These various financial outcomes had different effects on women's lives. Second, some women experienced marital separation or abandonment, and many others feared this could happen to them. Women also experienced increased 'policing' of their actions. These outcomes had a negative effect on most women by placing them in a financially precarious position and limiting their freedom and mobility. Third, women's roles in agricultural production changed in two ways: 1) increased attendance at the monthly community meeting and 2) increased contracting and supervising of day laborers. For most women, however, their agricultural field labor participation did not increase. Women's new roles created a shift in gender relations, but most women said that they were more 'uncomfortable' with, than empowered by, these new roles. Despite the lack of empowerment noted by the women themselves, it is important to consider that, over time, these changes in gender roles and gender relations may influence gender ideologies (e.g., perceptions of what women can and should do) and increase women's empowerment. The contributions of these findings to the literature and policy are discussed in the conclusion.

Desde sua eclosão na década de 1980 na forma de epidemia, a AIDS tem sido principalmente associada a homossexuais masculinos: inicialmente partindo da literatura médica, essa visão espalhou-se também para o público leigo e mantém-se viva no imaginário popular, ainda que, a partir da década de 1990, tenha havido um movimento para reconhecer a parcela cada vez mais vitimada pela síndrome: mulheres heterossexuais. A essa progressão, deu-se o nome de feminização do HIV/AIDS, uma narrativa sobre uma suposta mudança no perfil da epidemia. No entanto, é possível encontrar informações sobre ocorrências da doença em mulheres desde muito antes, e é por meio de uma análise discursiva acerca do tema que este trabalho nasce: embora a epidemia da AIDS nunca tenha deixado de ter mulheres como parte expressiva de seus portadores, os discursos e narrativas desde 1980 vêm sistematicamente falhando em incluí-las e direcionar políticas de prevenção e combate que levem em consideração as particularidades das vivências femininas ou a complexidade de sua vulnerabilidades – parte de um sistema intricado de influência bidirecional entre cultura e materialidade. Utilizando metodologias, conceitos e textos de diversas áreas de produção de conhecimento, me proponho a analisar a inserção do corpo feminino na narrativa da epidemia HIV/AIDS privilegiando a historicidade e as diferentes versões desse objeto. / Since its occurrence in the 1980s in epidemic form, AIDS has been mainly associated to homosexual males: initially put forth by medical literature, this view spread to the non-expert audience as well and is kept alive in people’s imaginations, even though by the 1990s there has been a movement towards recognizing the group increasingly victimized by the syndrome: heterosexual women. This progression has been dubbed feminization of HIV/AIDS, a narrative about a supposed change in the profile of the epidemic. However, it is possible to find information about occurrence of the disease in women since much earlier, and it is through a discoursive analysis around the subject that this work came to be: even though the AIDS epidemic has never been without women as an expressive part of its carriers, mainstream discourse and narratives have since the 1980s systematically failed to include them and direct prevention and treatment politics that take into account particularities of femalehood or the complexity of its vulnerabilities – part of an intricate system of bidirectional influence between culture and materiality. By using methodologies, concepts, and texts from several fields of generation of knowledge, I propose to analyze the insertion of the female body in the HIV/AIDS epidemic focusing on the historicity and the different versions of this object.

Desde sua eclosão na década de 1980 na forma de epidemia, a AIDS tem sido principalmente associada a homossexuais masculinos: inicialmente partindo da literatura médica, essa visão espalhou-se também para o público leigo e mantém-se viva no imaginário popular, ainda que, a partir da década de 1990, tenha havido um movimento para reconhecer a parcela cada vez mais vitimada pela síndrome: mulheres heterossexuais. A essa progressão, deu-se o nome de feminização do HIV/AIDS, uma narrativa sobre uma suposta mudança no perfil da epidemia. No entanto, é possível encontrar informações sobre ocorrências da doença em mulheres desde muito antes, e é por meio de uma análise discursiva acerca do tema que este trabalho nasce: embora a epidemia da AIDS nunca tenha deixado de ter mulheres como parte expressiva de seus portadores, os discursos e narrativas desde 1980 vêm sistematicamente falhando em incluí-las e direcionar políticas de prevenção e combate que levem em consideração as particularidades das vivências femininas ou a complexidade de sua vulnerabilidades – parte de um sistema intricado de influência bidirecional entre cultura e materialidade. Utilizando metodologias, conceitos e textos de diversas áreas de produção de conhecimento, me proponho a analisar a inserção do corpo feminino na narrativa da epidemia HIV/AIDS privilegiando a historicidade e as diferentes versões desse objeto. / Since its occurrence in the 1980s in epidemic form, AIDS has been mainly associated to homosexual males: initially put forth by medical literature, this view spread to the non-expert audience as well and is kept alive in people’s imaginations, even though by the 1990s there has been a movement towards recognizing the group increasingly victimized by the syndrome: heterosexual women. This progression has been dubbed feminization of HIV/AIDS, a narrative about a supposed change in the profile of the epidemic. However, it is possible to find information about occurrence of the disease in women since much earlier, and it is through a discoursive analysis around the subject that this work came to be: even though the AIDS epidemic has never been without women as an expressive part of its carriers, mainstream discourse and narratives have since the 1980s systematically failed to include them and direct prevention and treatment politics that take into account particularities of femalehood or the complexity of its vulnerabilities – part of an intricate system of bidirectional influence between culture and materiality. By using methodologies, concepts, and texts from several fields of generation of knowledge, I propose to analyze the insertion of the female body in the HIV/AIDS epidemic focusing on the historicity and the different versions of this object.

Desde sua eclosão na década de 1980 na forma de epidemia, a AIDS tem sido principalmente associada a homossexuais masculinos: inicialmente partindo da literatura médica, essa visão espalhou-se também para o público leigo e mantém-se viva no imaginário popular, ainda que, a partir da década de 1990, tenha havido um movimento para reconhecer a parcela cada vez mais vitimada pela síndrome: mulheres heterossexuais. A essa progressão, deu-se o nome de feminização do HIV/AIDS, uma narrativa sobre uma suposta mudança no perfil da epidemia. No entanto, é possível encontrar informações sobre ocorrências da doença em mulheres desde muito antes, e é por meio de uma análise discursiva acerca do tema que este trabalho nasce: embora a epidemia da AIDS nunca tenha deixado de ter mulheres como parte expressiva de seus portadores, os discursos e narrativas desde 1980 vêm sistematicamente falhando em incluí-las e direcionar políticas de prevenção e combate que levem em consideração as particularidades das vivências femininas ou a complexidade de sua vulnerabilidades – parte de um sistema intricado de influência bidirecional entre cultura e materialidade. Utilizando metodologias, conceitos e textos de diversas áreas de produção de conhecimento, me proponho a analisar a inserção do corpo feminino na narrativa da epidemia HIV/AIDS privilegiando a historicidade e as diferentes versões desse objeto. / Since its occurrence in the 1980s in epidemic form, AIDS has been mainly associated to homosexual males: initially put forth by medical literature, this view spread to the non-expert audience as well and is kept alive in people’s imaginations, even though by the 1990s there has been a movement towards recognizing the group increasingly victimized by the syndrome: heterosexual women. This progression has been dubbed feminization of HIV/AIDS, a narrative about a supposed change in the profile of the epidemic. However, it is possible to find information about occurrence of the disease in women since much earlier, and it is through a discoursive analysis around the subject that this work came to be: even though the AIDS epidemic has never been without women as an expressive part of its carriers, mainstream discourse and narratives have since the 1980s systematically failed to include them and direct prevention and treatment politics that take into account particularities of femalehood or the complexity of its vulnerabilities – part of an intricate system of bidirectional influence between culture and materiality. By using methodologies, concepts, and texts from several fields of generation of knowledge, I propose to analyze the insertion of the female body in the HIV/AIDS epidemic focusing on the historicity and the different versions of this object.