Rapid development of technology, land use and climate change along with different politicaldecisions, are all examples of factors affecting Sweden's future nature with its culturallandscapes, species diversity and expected ecosystem services, all of which we depend onthrough a functioning green infrastructure. Focus of this work is the nature reserve of Valönin the municipality of Tanum in Bohuslän, and how its management plan has beenimplemented. The nature reserve of Valön was established in 1968 and the management planin 1975. After visits and observations at the site, interviews with farmers and with the trustee,it appears that the management depends, largely, on the landowners' and farmers’commitment and environmental support. To preserve and sustain the vulnerable species thatremain in the nature reserve of Valön and to improve habitat conditions for other species torecolonize the area, different types of actions are needed. In terms of management plans innature reserves, these need to be supplemented with species inventories and revised to bemore adapted to today's conditions with clear goals and they have to be analyzed to thepresent and future contexts and conditions. The regulations can be revised to improve theobligation of the landowners to better meet the management plan’s requirements. There isalso a need for relevant knowledge for all concerned, such as the public, politicians,landowners, associations and authorities of the previous traditional land use and farmingpractices for sustainable nature conservation and understand the importance why areas shouldbe protected and why they must me managed in a certain way.

No description available.

Tropical mountain forests contribute greatly to carbon sequestration and reduction of carbon levels in the atmosphere. In order to achieve the “Reducing Emission from forest deforestation and degradation” (REDD +) objectives, reliable information on carbon sequestration of all forest management areas is required. So, this study aims to determine the amount of above ground carbon bound in trees and how carbon sequestration capacity of trees varies with altitudinal change in the Magamba Nature Forest Reserve. A random stratified coordinate by elevation method was used, measuring approximately 2636 tree of 5<diameter at breast height (DBH) distributed across 29 plots with a total area of 2.03ha. The effect of altitude was tested using ANOVA and Pearson correlation test. The results show that there is a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between aboveground carbon sequestered and elevation, and that there was significant difference (p<0.02) in the amount of aboveground carbon stored between low elevation (147.5 tones ha-1) mid elevation (244.86 tonnes ha-1) and high elevation (245.4 tones ha-1). The lower amount of carbon at low elevation may be due to anthropogenic activities including logging and fuel production, since it is easier to reach lower altitude than higher altitude forest zone. To improve carbon sequestration capacity of tropical Mountain protected forests, participatory protective measure at lower elevation zones are of importance. These should even be included in management plans, detailing the involvement of adjacent community.

The browsing damage by moose ( Alces alces) is an actual and real problem that is happening in Swedish boreal forests nowadays. The browsing can be done for different types of cervids like roe deer, moose and goats, but we will focus on the browsing damage by moose because it is the main browser on pine stand and is causing the biggest problem in Sweden due to the high moose population that currently exist. The moose is the biggest species in the deer family and one of the most spread species in Sweden. We performed our study in fifteen plantation areas of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) in Gävleborg county, Sweden. Some of these plantations have a natural origin, whereas others have been created by human. The increase of browsing damage by moose have several consequences including effects on the ecological community and huge economic consequences, as the forest companies are losing, billions of Swedish crowns per year because of the browsing damage on the pine trees. The aim of this study was to investigate how the browsing damage by moose on Scots Pines varies depending on the density of the different deciduous tree species. Some of the most important results that I obtained were a negative relation between the number of deciduous trees and the browsing damage in Scots pine, the positive relation between the number of damaged deciduous trees very close to the Scots pine studied and the browsing damage in Scots pine and finally, the positive relation between the old browsing damage and new browsing damage in Scot pine. In general, I can conclude that when the number of deciduous trees increases in an area, the browsing damage in Scot pine decreases.

The purpose of this project was to provide Galderma with information regarding theabsorption processes for a selected group of active pharmaceutical ingredients andprocess materials. The acquired information can support Galderma in future decisionsfor design of process equipment and strategies for cleaning of process equipment.A UV spectrophotometric method was developed to study the absorption processesfor the three active pharmaceutical ingredients lidocaine hydriochloride, prilocainehydrochloride and mepivacaine hydrochloride in the three process materials ethylenepropylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), silicone rubber andpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Absorption profiles for the different processes werecreated in Microsoft Excel.The observed order of absorption, from highest to lowest, in both silicone and EPDMwere lidocaine hydriochloride, prilocaine hydrochloride and mepivacainehydrochloride. An overall higher absorption in silicone than in EPDM was seen for allthree active pharmaceutical ingredients. The results also showed that the selectedtime range of the experiments were not enough to achieve equilibrium for some ofthe absorption processes. It was not possible to detect any significant absorption inPTFE for any of the substances.A hypothesis that the polarity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient might bedecisive for the order of absorption is suggested in this report. It is also proposedthat absorption might be higher in silicone because of the high free volume of thesilicone polymer compared to EPDM and PTFE. Since equilibrium was never reachedfor some of the experiments it is however possible that the results presented in thisreport do not show the true order of equilibrium absorption for the threesubstances. If so, it is possible that other properties than the polarity of the activepharmaceutical ingredient play a more significant role in the latter part of theabsorption process.The following three recommendations for how to improve the method in futurework are given in this report:- Use fresh material in all experiments.- Use material with the exact same dimensions and surface area.- Conduct experiments over a longer time range.

No description available.

The tourism industry keeps growing every year, even in times of economic crises. Tourism is was the most important source of income for some countries and regions. Almost every tourism destination offer guided tours, from old quarters in capital cities to remote mountain areas. The best way for nature-based tourism companies to make a revenue is to charge for accommodation and guided tours.   This paper examined at which nature-based activities the demand for guided tours are at highest and if demographic groups differed in their view of when a nature guide was needed. The paper also examined what qualities tourists seek in a nature guide. In order to examine these fators a survey was created. The focus group of the survey was people who had participated in nature-based tours. 100 persons answered the demographic questions, hypothetical questions about guided tours and questions regarding the nature guides abilities and knowledge in different fields. The participants had the option of completing the survey in paper form or online. The survey showed that older people was more keen to hire a nature guide, they also demanded more of the nature guide in the fields of organization, knowledge about nature and safety aspects. The results showed that a nature guide was most needed in activities that were potentially dangerous and where a lot of equipment was required, such as diving and snowmobiling. With more experience the contestants felt less inclined to hire a guide. However, the participants who regard themself as beginners in outdoor life were very inclined to hire a nature guide even at simple activities like forest hikes. The conclusion is that tourist hire a guide when they feel unsafe or do not own the equipment needed.   Key words: Guided tour, guiding, nature guiding, package tours, organized tours

No description available.

Inflammatory diseases show large differences in susceptibility between men and women. In previous study, genes that showed different expression patterns between patients and healthy controls in males and females were identified using modules in disease-gene interaction networks. In this work, genes were identified using different methods based on gene expressions in public available data sets. By counting the occurrences of genes identified in the interaction network in our results, we showed that they greatly overlap with genes identified by our methods and that the disease gene-interaction networks are able to identify genes that can be identified in a gene expression based analysis as well. Gene expression analysis was implemented in an automatic pipeline, which was designed for a general use. Thereby, future research with similar problems can be simplified. The Rpackages limma and WGCNA were used to identify genes that showed differences in males and females and GO terms and KEGG pathways were used to search for enriched functions of those genes. Further, a difference between males and females was found for systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren’s syndrome data sets in the expression of genes belonging to interferon signaling. Interferons are currently examined as drug targets for SLE and a difference between men and women could lead to different results of such a medication. However, the identified genes showed changes in expressions between patients and controls for both men and women. This supports a beneficial effect of such drugs in men and women.

I studien undersöks hur universitetsstudenter arbetar med en laboration inom värmestrålning. Syftet var att studera studenternas arbete med laborationens olika moment och laborationens syfte. Studenterna arbetade tillfredsställande vad gäller att läsa laborationsinstruktionerna, ordna uppställningen och att samla mätvärden. Bristen hos laborationen visade sig i de få tillfällen där studenterna arbetade med momentet att behandla resultatet under laborationens genomförande. Bristen blev tydligast gällande hur studenterna behandlade resultatet, som också är en del av laborationens syfte. Studenterna fokuserade inte på att under laborationens gång förstå sambanden mellan de fysikaliska fenomenen. Laborationens andra syfte var att studenterna skulle bekanta sig med mättekniker, vilket studenterna gör genom att genomföra laborationen. Det uppstår dock tillfällen där studenterna visar att de inte förstår uppställningen och utrustningen. Efter analys av resultatet ges förslag på ändringar hos laborationen som enligt forskning kan öka chansen för meningsfullt lärande, ökad motivation, en insocialisering i den vetenskapliga världen och ökad hantverksskicklighet. / The study examines how university students work with a laboratory in heat radiation. The aim was to study the students' work with the different elements of the laboratory and the purpose of the laboratory. The students worked satisfactorily with reading the laboratory instructions, arranging the setup and collecting measurement values.The deficiency regarding the laboratory work done by the students was demonstrated in the \textit{few} occasions where the students worked with the element to process the result during the laboratory work. This shortcoming became most clear in \textit{how} the students treated the result, which is also part of the laboratory's purpose. The students did not focus on understanding the relationships between the physical phenomena during the course of the laboratory. The second purpose of the laboratory was that the students would acquaint themselves with measurement techniques, which the students do by carrying out the laboratory. However, there are occasions where students show that they do not understand the equipment.After analysis of the result, suggestions for changes to the laboratory are given, which, according to research, can increase the chances of meaningful learning, increased motivation, an insocialization in the scientific world and increased craftsmanship.