This thesis presents fundamental mechanisms of nucleation and early growth of and stress generation in thin polycrystalline metal films deposited using pulsed energetic deposition fluxes. The effects of a pulsed deposition flux and energetic bombardment on film nucleation was investigated using in situ stress measurements and in situ ellipsometry to determine the film thickness at which the films become continuous. Ag films where deposited using high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) in two series - one with constant low pulse power to minimize energetic bombardment while varying the pulse frequency and one with a constant pulse frequency while varying the pulse power, resulting in different amounts of energetic bombardment and different deposition rates - to separate the effects of a pulsed deposition flux and energetic bombardment. The thickness at which the film becomes continuous was found to decrease both with increasing pulse frequency and increasing pulse power. The effects of the increased energetic bombardment and deposition rate cannot be separated due to their coupling. Adatom lifetimes and the coalescence times for islands where calculated for different coverages and island sizes and compared to the time between pulses. It was found that the time between pulses was lower than the adatom lifetimes for certain conditions; this leads to an increase in the adatom density and therefore an increase of the nucleation density resulting in smaller thicknesses for the formation of continuous film. It was also found that the coalescence time for clusters becomes longer than the time between pulses, retarding the coalescence process; this leads to formation of long lived elongated clusters also resulting in a decrease of the thickness at which the films become continuous. Energetic bombardment during growth of Mo films using HiPIMS is found to result in large compressive stresses without the commonly observed defect induced associated lattice expansion seen when depositing films using energetic bombardment. This and a correlation between the magnitude of the compressive stress and the film density allow us to conclude that the compressive stress is generated by grain boundary densification. Two mechanisms leading to grain boundary densification and thus generation of compressive stresses are proposed.

No description available.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att verifiera adsorptions- och elueringsmetod för detektion av G-antikroppar. Detta för att transfusionsmedicin i Karlskrona själva ska kunna genomföra utredning av G-antikroppar. En RhD-negativ gravid kvinna som bär på ett RhD-positivt barn är i behov av RhD-profylax. Har kvinnan redan bildat antikroppar mot RhD finns inte behovet av RhD-profylax. En RhD-negativ gravid kvinna som inte får RhD-profylax kan bilda antikroppar mot fostrets RhD-positiva erytrocyter vilket kan få allvarliga konsekvenser så som hemolytisk sjukdom hos foster och nyfödda. Då RhD-profylax är en dyr bristvara tas blodprover på mamman för att kontrollera fostrets RhD och kontrollera eventuellt behov av RhD-profylax. Det kontrolleras även om kvinnan har bildat några D-antikroppar. Problem som kan uppstå är att G-antikroppar serologisk liknar D och C-antikroppar, skulle då inte Gantikropparna upptäckas utan det anses vara D-antikroppar kommer den gravida kvinnan att gå miste om RhD-profylax hon är i behov av. Att urskilja D och Cantikroppar från att vara G-antikroppar genomförs med adsorption och eluering. I dagens läge genomför inte transfusionsmedicin i Karlskrona detta själva utan skickar proverna till Lund som genomför utredningen av G-antikroppar. Verifieringen genomfördes med hjälp av Lunds metodbeskrivningar för adsorption och eluering. Till verifieringen användes 7 patientprover som alla innehöll D och C-antikroppar, varav 5 kom från gravida kvinnor. Färska erytrocyter (< 72 h) användes för adsorption och eluering av antikropparna. Resultaten visade på att ett av proverna innehöll Gantikroppar i kombination med C-antikroppar och resterande sex prover innehöll D- och C-antikroppar. Resultaten blev som förväntat och metoden kunde godkännas för användning på transfusionsmedicin i Karlskrona.

The present work investigates further development of a small-scale fixed bed batch operating gasification pilot system intended to be used as a waste-to-energy process to reduce littering of PET-bottles on Pemba Island in Tanzania. By developing a simplified gasification model and identifying the most important parameters to obtain a syngas with a lower heating value suitable for combustion and maximizing the overall efficiency and cold gas efficiency. By a literature study the most important parameters were identified along with how the methodology for developing the model and selection of modelling software. The model was developed as an equilibrium-based model in Aspen Plus representing the pilot system, the most important parameters was identified as equivalence ratio and temperature. Multiple scenarios, regarding sensitivity analysis of these parameters was conducted to determine how the outcome of the process was affected. The model was validated against a reference study and was proven to be accurate with small variations. High content of methane and carbon monoxide promoted the highest lower heating value which was at an equivalence ratio of 0.25 and a temperature of 450°C, which also indicated the highest overall efficiency. Increasing the temperature favoured the carbon monoxide content and the cold gas efficiency but indicated a decrease in lower heating value and overall efficiency. It was concluded that the optimal operational conditions were at an equivalence ratio at 0.25 and a temperature at 450°C. At these conditions, the formation of by-products from the gasification is higher than at higher equivalence ratios and temperature which needs to be further investigated through experimental work. It was also concluded that the system could benefit to operate in a semi- batch configuration with a higher equivalence ratio to utilize the excess heat from the process.

Since different patients may have different causes of getting a disease, treating every patient having a certain disease in the same manner is not always be the best way to go. A treatment having effect in one type of patients may not have the same effect in a different type of patients. This makes it possible to partition a patient population into subpopulations in which a drug has distinct expected response. In this thesis the patient population is partitioned into two subpopulations where we have prior knowledge that one of them has a higher expected response to a drug than the other. based on responses to a drug in Phase II, it has been analyzed in which of the populations Phase III should continue. The results show that the decision is highly dependent on the utility function on which the analysis is based. One interesting case is when the vast majority of the patient population belongs o the subpopulations with the higher expected response and a utility function that takes into account the prevalence of the populations. In that case the simulations show that when the difference in expected response between the subpopulations is large, it is a safer choice in continuing in Phase III in the subpopulation having the higher expected response than in the full population even though the expected utility will be less. This is an expected result which indicates that the approach used to model the situation studied in this report is reasonable.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how Swedish municipalities work with food preparedness in preparation for extraordinary events. The purpose was also to see if the preparedness differs between municipalities depending on size in terms of area and population. To answer these purposes, three questions about food preparedness, geographical areal responsibility and private actors in meal activities were raised. The method used was a questionnaire, which was sent to employees who work as meal manager, diet manager or work with food preparedness in each municipality. The results of the study indicate that municipalities with an area and population less than the median in Sweden has come further in the preparedness work. The municipalities ́ view of food preparedness linked to their delegated geographical areal responsibility cannot been clarified. Furthermore, the results indicate that one of the eight municipalities with private actors can take care of residents who receive food from the private actors and thereby follow the principle of responsibility and the Swedish model of welfare.

No description available.

Chicken is a food that is becoming increasingly common in Sweden.Consumption in 2012 was three times as high as in the 1980s. In this thesis, astudy was carried out with a company that produces various chickenproducts. In this thesis, a ready-made grilled chicken breast fillet that is readyto eat was used. Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive rod-shapedbacterium that lives as a saprophyte. It is present in food and can then pose athreat to individuals belonging to risk groups. These risk groups includepregnant and elderly, but also people with poorer immune systems. Thepurpose of this thesis was to study whether added L. monocytogenes cangrow in pre-grilled chicken at 4 °C and 8 °C respectively. This after the pregrilled chicken had been incubated for 10, 20 and 25 days after packing in amodified atmosphere (MAP). In this thesis, a patient isolate ofL.monocytogenes was used, which was propagated in broth and added to 200g of pre-grilled and sliced chicken breast fillet. Viable count determinationwas made on Brilliance Listeria Agar culture medium, a selective anddifferentiated medium. The L. monocytogenes content increased over timefor the samples incubated at 8 °C while the growth of L.monocytogenes inthe samples incubated at 4 °C decreased. The difference was statisticallysignificant with a p-value of <0,0001. L. monocytogenes had a generationtime of 64 hours at 8 °C. This means that L. monocytogenes could only growat 8 °C.

The outsourcing of the manufacturing of garments to regions with lower production costs has raised concerns over labor rights violations. Retailers and brands have responded to this by introducing codes of conduct outlining minimum requirements for working conditions at their suppliers. Has companies’ work with codes of conduct within the voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) framework managed to secure good working conditions, and if not, to drive improvements at the factory level?  This thesis examines the question empirically by analyzing code of conduct audits of garment factories conducted by Fair Wear Foundation (FWF), an independent non-profit multi-stakeholder organization. The data consist of audits of 229 sewing factories in Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Africa that supply European garment brands. Paper I analyses the non-compliances listed in the audit reports and whether factories audited several times by FWF improve over time. The results show that even rigorous multi-stakeholder factory audits have problems identifying violations of freedom of association and harassment of workers. Improvement over time could be seen between audits. However, these improvements were moderate, i.e. compliance increased by only 7–15% between audits.  Paper II examines chemical safety in the garment factories, an area where violations should be easy to identify and improvements are likely to be seen. The results show that 43% of the suppliers received remarks on chemical safety at the first audit. A model containing factors thought to be associated with better compliance was constructed including the number of previous audits, characteristics of the suppliers, and characteristics of the relationship between the brands and suppliers. The only statistically significant finding from this was that among factories audited ten or more times was there a clear increase in the number of factories receiving no remarks on chemical safety. / <p>QC 20160513</p>

As our population grows, so does the use of prescribed drugs. Pharmaceuticals are not completely degradable in the body and often end up in our sewage water. Wastewater treatment plants are not yet able to completely purify the water from medicines, which results in a large part of all medicines ending up in our watercourses and potentially affecting our aquatic ecosystems in a negative way. Hence, although pharmaceutical wastes in our waters have not yet shown any impact on humans, the increase in drugs polluting our waters may have a big effect on our public health in the future. Analysis of our sewage waters can be a good method to see if there is an increase in pollution of pharmaceuticals and can help us to put in measures and different types of water purification if needed. The purpose of this study is to investigate if there has been an increase in anti-anxiety drugs in Umeå’s sewage water since 2012, when a similar study was made, and to examine if the use varies over a week. For this study three samples were taken from Umeå’s main wastewater treatment plant and were analyzed using a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method. The result in this study shows that the use doesn’t vary during the week and gives indications of an increase in use of anti-anxiety drugs since 2012. The increase can be due to the higher population in Umeå and possibly an increase in illicit use of anti-anxiety drugs.