Bakgrund: Åldersgruppen 18–30 år har ett genomsnittligt intag på 35 g/dag och är den grupp med lägst fullkornsintag. En potentiell lösning för att öka intaget av fullkorn är att modifiera produkter med raffinerat spannmål till att inkludera spannmålsfullkorn. Syfte: Huvudsyftet är att undersöka 18–30 åringars preferens och grad av acceptans för chokladkaka bakad med fullkornsmjöl respektive chokladkaka bakad med siktat mjöl. Syftet är också att undersöka hur konsumenter ställer sig till att konsumera ett mer hälsosamt fika med fokus på intag av fullkorn. Metod: Kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie. Konsumenttest av chokladkaka utfördes på Biomedicinskt Centrum, Uppsala universitet. Chokladkakorna som testades innehöll 100 % fullkornsmjöl respektive 100 % siktat mjöl. Till testet konstruerades en digital enkät och totalt samlades 135 fullständiga svar in och analyserades. I enkäten fick deltagarna ange acceptans och preferens till proverna, samt rapportera grad av instämmande till påståenden med en Likert-skala. Resultat: Resultatet för acceptans- och preferenstestet visar på statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan proverna. Medianen från acceptanstestet för chokladkakan bakad med 100 % siktat mjöl blev 6,0 jämfört med 5,0 för chokladkakan med 100 % fullkornsmjöl. Majoriteten av konsumenterna (61,5 %) föredrog chokladkakan bakad med 100 % siktat mjöl. Övervägande del av konsumenterna (80,0 %) angav att de under det senaste året konsumerat fikabröd minst en gång i veckan. Slutsats: Då majoriteten av deltagarna uppgav att de konsumerar fika minst en gång i veckan, lever den väletablerade fika-traditionen vidare. För att kunna möta Livsmedelsverkets råd kring att välja fika och andra söta livsmedel med omsorg, kan modifiering av befintliga livsmedel vara ett förslag. Aktuell studie tyder på att chokladkaka berikat med fullkorn har en hög grad av acceptans bland konsumenterna, trots en lägre preferens.

ABSTRACT The contribution of genetics to sexual differentiation, aside from those involved in sex determination and gonadal differentiation, is poorly understood, even though the effects of sex hormones on sexual differentiation have been extensively researched. Although the human central nervous system remains highly similar irrespective of sex in terms of the general morphological and physiological characteristics, specific features still appear dimorphic. In this research, the relative expression rate of 18 selected candidate genes, was compared using quantitative real-time PCR. These candidate genes were sexually differentially expressed at early as well as late stages of the differentiation via RNAseq in 7 embryonic stem cell lines (4 females and 3 males). Samples were acquired from a neural differentiation experiment of the stem cells that lasted 37 days. This study intends to evaluate RNA sequencing results from a previous study carried out on the selected genes. The result of the study indicated several significant sexual dimorphisms between male and female human embryonic stem cells such as the higher expression of 10 of the assayed genes in the male stem cells and 4 genes in the female stem cells. Four of the 18 selected genes showed no significant sex differences between the male and female stem cells. These results support the significance of the outcome of the previous RNA sequencing results as both showed a similar pattern of sexual dimorphism in selected genes across different time points.

No description available.

Food fraud is deceptive and intentional manipulation of products or ingredients either to increase their economic value or to reduce production costs. It has both short and long-term negative health effects on consumers. The purpose of the study was to investigate how food fraud affects consumer confidence and to identify strategies to improve consumers' knowledge and safety when purchasing food. Data was collected through a survey among students (n=51) at Umeå University, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show that a large proportion of consumers have been victims of food fraud, and consumers believe that meat products, fish products, and fruits and vegetables are the most affected food groups. Of all those who have been victims of food fraud, only 30% of those affected acted on their suspicions, and of these, only 32% contacted relevant authorities. The results also show that consumers do not have much confidence in the information from the relevant authorities about their preventive measures against food fraud. The majority of consumers think that food fraud is a serious problem. The fact that 91% of consumers believe it is a serious problem with food fraud and that only 6% have experienced negative consequences of food fraud indicates that consumers are generally aware of the problem and can avoid fraudulent food, which is good. Although they are aware of food fraud, they do not cooperate enough with the authorities to reduce this problem.

Wood density, a key ecological trait, exerts a profound influence on plant characteristics andbehaviours, shaping their adaptive strategies and survival mechanisms. The purpose of this study isto investigate the complex relationship between wood density and the composition of fibres, vessels,and total parenchyma within the wood structure of eleven tree species in the wet tropical forests ofPuerto Rico. I aimed to discern the primary anatomical traits that underlie variation in wood densityacross and within the study species. Furthermore, we sought to elucidate the distribution of tissuefractions and wood density both at the interspecies and intraspecies levels.We first quantified the proportions of fibres, vessels, and parenchyma (ray, axial, and total),and then used correlation analysis to relate tissue fractions with wood density. There was a significantdifference between species in the density of wood, ranging from 0.37 to 0.64 g cm-3. Diverse tissuefraction proportions were also observed among species. There was a positive correlation betweenwood density and total parenchyma fraction. In our variance partitioning analysis, we found that mosttraits vary between species, rather than within species.Overall, our study revealed a relationshipbetween wood density and tissue fractions in tropical trees, revealing complex interactions that drivewood density variation.

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No description available.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how seven experienced teachers in grades F-3 use visual support in their teaching, both in all teaching and specifically in science teaching. The study also examines what challenges the teachers see in using visual support in specific science teaching. The purpose of the study is answered through a qualitative research approach in the form of individual semi-structured interviews. All data has been analyzed based on a thematic analysis method. The theoretical starting point is based on a social semiotic theory. The theory is based on studying different semiotics, for example speech, writing, gestures or images. The result shows that the teachers use visual support throughout the day in the form of, for example, picture charts. The teachers' use of visual support specifically in science teaching turned out to vary from teacher to teacher. An example was that they used schematic images specifically for their science lesson. The main challenge with visual support that was highlighted was the difficulty in finding relevant images. Our conclusion is that all teachers see several advantages with visual support, both in general teaching and/or specifically in science teaching.

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This intervention study aims to investigate how adventure pedagogy can influence students' curiosity, motivation, and desire to learn, especially in science subjects. By combining theoretical perspectives and practical experiences from both adventure pedagogy and cooperative learning, I aim to highlight the method's potential to enrich and improve the learning environment for today's students. I conducted an adventure sequence in which a group of five students participated, with the assistance of three older students. After the sequence, I conducted two group interviews. The observation was recorded using a mobile phone, and the interviews were recorded in the same manner. Following this, three categories were selected: students' experiences related to adventure pedagogy as a motivating factor, students' engagement and cooperation, and the conditions and challenges of applying adventure pedagogy in schools. Segments from the interviews and the observation attempt to answer the study's research questions. In summary, the study's results provide a comprehensive understanding that adventure pedagogy and outdoor education promote students' motivation, engagement, and desire to learn. However, there are challenges in applying adventure pedagogy in all school contexts.