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A água doce é um recurso mineral finito e essencial para sustentar a vida na terra. Para um bom gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos em uma bacia hidrográfica é importante que se conheça a curva Cota-Área-Volume (CAV) dos reservatórios. Concessionárias de energia e empresas públicas se pautam nesta relação em suas tomadas de decisões considerando os usos múltiplos que os reservatórios apresentam atualmente. Devido ao processo de assoreamento que o reservatório apresenta, é necessário que esta relação seja atualizada com certa frequência, tendo como base os levantamentos batimétricos atualizados. Entretanto, quanto maior o espaçamento entre as seções batimétricas maiores são as falhas que a modelagem do terreno apresenta e maiores os erros que as curvas CAV apresentam. Este estudo visa aprimorar os procedimentos realizados para modelagem de dados batimétricos em reservatórios, apresentando o método denominado Inserção de Malha de Pontos (IMP), que gera uma malha de pontos entre as seções levantadas corrigindo os efeitos de borda gerados pelo interpolador TIN. Com o intuito de otimizar e reduzir o tempo de obtenção dos resultados também é apresentada a ferramenta computacional CAV-NH, desenvolvida em linguagem Python, que utiliza a biblioteca do Arcgis 9.3 para realizar a modelagem do terreno e calcular a curva CAV como resultado final. Para a avaliação e validação do método foi realizada uma batimetria detalhada do reservatório do Lobo-SP, com intervalos entre as seções batimétricas de 10 metros, a qual foi comparada com diferentes espaçamentos até o intervalo de 600 metros. O método também foi aplicado aos reservatórios de Bariri e Ibitinga para a verificação de sua eficácia. Para todos os 1830 casos analisados houve uma melhora significativa na precisão, tendo uma redução no erro do volume calculado maior que 50% para o caso do distanciamento de 200 metros entre as seções, para a cota 703 metros. As análises indicam que o método IMP provê uma modelagem mais condizente com o relevo do terreno de fundo, obtendo-se uma maior acurácia e possibilitando a diminuição do trabalho de coleta de dados em campo sem prejudicar o cálculo do volume do reservatório. O CAV-NH foi utilizado em todas as simulações e se mostrou uma ferramenta de fácil utilização, proporcionando uma maior agilidade em todo processo. Conclui-se que o método IMP juntamente com a ferramenta computacional CAV-NH são importantes contribuições para a definição de uma curva Cota-Área-Volume de qualidade, sendo esta de grande importância para sistemas de suporte à decisão e para um bom gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. / Freshwater is a finite mineral resource and essential for sustaining life on earth. For proper water resource management in the watershed, it is important to know the reservoirs Elevation-Area-Volume (EAV) curve. Energy companies and government agencies use this curve for their decision-making, considering the multiple uses of the reservoirs. Due to the reservoir sedimentation process, it is necessary to update this curve frequently, based on the bathymetric surveys. However, a greater space between transects causes failures in the terrain model and also in the EAV curve. This study aims to improve the procedures used for modeling reservoir survey data, introducing the method called Insertion of Mesh Points (IMP), that generates a mesh of points between transects correcting the edge effects caused by TIN interpolation. In order to optimize and reduce work time for obtaining the results, a computational tool CAV-NH, which was developed in Python language, is also presented. It employs the Arcgis 9.3 library to generate the terrain model and obtain the EAV table. For the evaluation and validation of the method, a detailed bathymetry of the Lobo reservoir was carried out, with 10 meter intervals of survey lines, which was compared with different survey lines spacing up to 600 meters. To verify its effectiveness the method was also applied to Bariri and Ibitinga reservoirs. For all 1830 cases analyzed there was a significant accuracy improvement. For the case of 200 meter line spacing and 703 meters elevation, the error of volume obtained was reduced by more than 50%. The analysis showed that the IMP method provides a terrain model more suited, resulting in greater accuracy and allowing the work reduction of reservoir survey without affecting the volume calculation. The CAV-NH was used in all simulations and proved an easy tool to use, providing greater agility in the whole process. It is concluded that the IMP method and the computational tool CAV-NH are important contributions to achieve a quality relationship of elevation-area-volume.

A água doce é um recurso mineral finito e essencial para sustentar a vida na terra. Para um bom gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos em uma bacia hidrográfica é importante que se conheça a curva Cota-Área-Volume (CAV) dos reservatórios. Concessionárias de energia e empresas públicas se pautam nesta relação em suas tomadas de decisões considerando os usos múltiplos que os reservatórios apresentam atualmente. Devido ao processo de assoreamento que o reservatório apresenta, é necessário que esta relação seja atualizada com certa frequência, tendo como base os levantamentos batimétricos atualizados. Entretanto, quanto maior o espaçamento entre as seções batimétricas maiores são as falhas que a modelagem do terreno apresenta e maiores os erros que as curvas CAV apresentam. Este estudo visa aprimorar os procedimentos realizados para modelagem de dados batimétricos em reservatórios, apresentando o método denominado Inserção de Malha de Pontos (IMP), que gera uma malha de pontos entre as seções levantadas corrigindo os efeitos de borda gerados pelo interpolador TIN. Com o intuito de otimizar e reduzir o tempo de obtenção dos resultados também é apresentada a ferramenta computacional CAV-NH, desenvolvida em linguagem Python, que utiliza a biblioteca do Arcgis 9.3 para realizar a modelagem do terreno e calcular a curva CAV como resultado final. Para a avaliação e validação do método foi realizada uma batimetria detalhada do reservatório do Lobo-SP, com intervalos entre as seções batimétricas de 10 metros, a qual foi comparada com diferentes espaçamentos até o intervalo de 600 metros. O método também foi aplicado aos reservatórios de Bariri e Ibitinga para a verificação de sua eficácia. Para todos os 1830 casos analisados houve uma melhora significativa na precisão, tendo uma redução no erro do volume calculado maior que 50% para o caso do distanciamento de 200 metros entre as seções, para a cota 703 metros. As análises indicam que o método IMP provê uma modelagem mais condizente com o relevo do terreno de fundo, obtendo-se uma maior acurácia e possibilitando a diminuição do trabalho de coleta de dados em campo sem prejudicar o cálculo do volume do reservatório. O CAV-NH foi utilizado em todas as simulações e se mostrou uma ferramenta de fácil utilização, proporcionando uma maior agilidade em todo processo. Conclui-se que o método IMP juntamente com a ferramenta computacional CAV-NH são importantes contribuições para a definição de uma curva Cota-Área-Volume de qualidade, sendo esta de grande importância para sistemas de suporte à decisão e para um bom gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. / Freshwater is a finite mineral resource and essential for sustaining life on earth. For proper water resource management in the watershed, it is important to know the reservoirs Elevation-Area-Volume (EAV) curve. Energy companies and government agencies use this curve for their decision-making, considering the multiple uses of the reservoirs. Due to the reservoir sedimentation process, it is necessary to update this curve frequently, based on the bathymetric surveys. However, a greater space between transects causes failures in the terrain model and also in the EAV curve. This study aims to improve the procedures used for modeling reservoir survey data, introducing the method called Insertion of Mesh Points (IMP), that generates a mesh of points between transects correcting the edge effects caused by TIN interpolation. In order to optimize and reduce work time for obtaining the results, a computational tool CAV-NH, which was developed in Python language, is also presented. It employs the Arcgis 9.3 library to generate the terrain model and obtain the EAV table. For the evaluation and validation of the method, a detailed bathymetry of the Lobo reservoir was carried out, with 10 meter intervals of survey lines, which was compared with different survey lines spacing up to 600 meters. To verify its effectiveness the method was also applied to Bariri and Ibitinga reservoirs. For all 1830 cases analyzed there was a significant accuracy improvement. For the case of 200 meter line spacing and 703 meters elevation, the error of volume obtained was reduced by more than 50%. The analysis showed that the IMP method provides a terrain model more suited, resulting in greater accuracy and allowing the work reduction of reservoir survey without affecting the volume calculation. The CAV-NH was used in all simulations and proved an easy tool to use, providing greater agility in the whole process. It is concluded that the IMP method and the computational tool CAV-NH are important contributions to achieve a quality relationship of elevation-area-volume.

This study investigated the behavior of porous silicon gas sensors under exposure to CO, NO, and NH3 gas at the part per million level. Parameters of interest in this study included the electrical, environmental, and chemi-resistive performance associated with various porous silicon morphologies. Based upon the variability of preliminary results, a gas pulsing method was combined with signal processing in order to analyze small impedance changes in an environment of substantial noise. With this technique, sensors could be effectively screened and characterized. Finally this method was combined with various post-treatments in order to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of individual sensors.

This diploma thesis is divided into two parts. In the first, literary one, a basic overview of materials, the reasons for use of surface treatment and its impact on the environment is mentioned. Also, the thesis contains a vast chapter on paints. In the second, exprimental part, the thesis deals with properties of three considered UV cured paints applied on two underlying materials, one of which was inert (plate glass) and the second one was a veneered component (chipboard, 8 mm thickness + venner of spruce, cherry tree and walnut tree). The paints mentioned were applied on the underlying material by glass rod and plastic spatula. Then they were cured within UV tunnel, manufactured by a company called FUSION. The curing took place under two different conditions, which had significant influence on the final properties - those conditions were different settings of transportation belt speed in the tunnel and different average intensity of the quicksilver lamps. Properties and endurance of these paints were verified by four selected tests. First of them verified hardness of the finished surface in accordance to methodology of determination of coat hardness by pendulum impact testing machine, which is based on standard ČSN 67 3076, the second test verified coats´ grinding ability using device Erichsen 255. Another test verified so-called chemical resistances of the finished surface according to standard ČSN EN 12 720: Assessment of surface resistance to cold liquids. Verifying of assessed paints´ mechanical endurance was integral to this thesis´ experimental part, where verifying of coat´s resistence to the abrasion in accordance to standard ČSN 91 0276 was chosen. Afterwards, on the basis of the knowledge gained from the experimental part of the diploma thesis a methodology for verifying of assessed properties of UV curable paints and its utilization in practice was suggested.

Les fortes précipitations sont parmi les phénomènes météorologiques les plus dangereux pouvant causer des dégâts matériels, des blessés et des morts. Le programme de recherche HyMeX (Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean eXperiment) s'intéresse à leur étude sur le bassin méditerranéen et plus particulièrement sa partie nord occidentale. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont porté en particulier sur l'étude des mécanismes associés aux événements de fortes précipitations (High Precipitation Events, HPE) se produisant en Corse. Une climatologie des HPE en Corse sur une durée de 31 ans a été réalisée ainsi que l'étude détaillée de trois HPEs de l'automne 2012 pendant la campagne de mesures d'HyMeX. Ces trois cas d'études sont abordés par le biais de l'analyse des données et par celui de la modélisation. L'étude climatologique a montré que 173 HPEs (caractérisés par plus de 100 mm de précipitations en 24h) se sont produits en Corse sur la période 1985-2015. Ils sont principalement caractérisés par le fait qu'ils affectent plutôt la partie orientale de la Corse, plus particulièrement son orographie. Ces HPEs se produisent surtout de septembre à décembre avec un maximum en octobre. Une analyse en composantes principales a permis de classer ces événements en trois catégories. Les dépressions méditerranéennes chaudes d'automne, celles d'hiver froides, et une catégorie dite mixte associée aux dépressions atlantiques de grande échelle. Les précipitations les plus fortes sont observées quand l'orographie corse fait obstacle à un flux de sud-est chaud et humide. Les cas d'études présentés sont tous les trois différents en terme de mécanismes impliqués. Le cas du 4 septembre 2012 est associé à une dépression stationnaire donnant des précipitations sur toute la Corse avec un maximum sur le littoral et le relief de l'est de l'île. Celui du 31 octobre correspond à une dépression se déplaçant rapidement et induisant une évolution en plusieurs phases associée à un flux de basse couche initialement de sud-est tournant à l'ouest, associé à des précipitations d'abord convectives le long du relief oriental puis évoluant au fur et à mesure en pluies stratiformes sur l'ouest et le sud-est de l'île. Le dernier cas, du 23 octobre, est composé d'une ligne de cellules convectives résultant d'une convergence stationnaire au sud-est, sous le vent de la Corse. Les cellules convectives sont advectées vers l'île par le flux de sud-est de moyenne et haute altitude. Cette configuration permet la stationnarité de la ligne convective, provoquant un épisode de précipitations relativement court et très localisé. Les résultats de ce travail confirment que le modèle numérique Meso-NH permet de bien simuler ce type de phénomène avec une précision satisfaisante à une résolution horizontale de 2,5 km. Cependant, cette étude met également en évidence l'importance de la bonne représentation des conditions initiales. En outre, la distribution spatiale des précipitations dépend fortement de la représentation de l'orographie dans le modèle et de la résolution horizontale. Elle est améliorée quand on utilise une résolution de 500m. / Heavy precipitation is one of the primal meteorological reasons for property damage, injuries, and deaths. In the framework of the Hydrological Cycle of the Mediterranean (HyMeX) program, heavy precipitation is analyzed throughout the entire Mediterranean basin with a special focus on the northwestern Mediterranean. This work studies in particular the mechanisms of high precipitation events (HPEs) on Corsica. For this purpose, a 31 year (1985 - 2015) climatology of HPEs on Corsica is presented. In addition, three HPEs during autumn 2012 are analyzed in detail using observations and numerical modeling. A climatology of 173 events shows that the eastern half of Corsica, specifically the orography, is most affected by high precipitation events. The months from September to December, most of all October, are identified as most prone to heavy precipitation events over Corsica. A principal component analysis is used to classify the events into three categories, which correspond to warm autumn and cold winter Mediterranean cyclones as well as a mixed category which contains also larger scale Atlantic cyclones. The heaviest precipitation is observed when warm moist southeasterly flow encounters the Corsican orography. In addition, three case studies are presented, each with different mechanisms involved. A stationary cyclone on 4 September 2012 led to widespread precipitation over Corsica with the most intense rain observed over the east of the island, along the coast and the orography. On 31 October, a fast moving cyclone caused a multi-phase event, which was characterized by low level wind turning from southeast to west while precipitation gradually changed from convective along the orography in the east of the island to stratiform mainly over the west and southwest. The last event, 23 October 2012, was comprised of a line convective cells which formed over stationary lee side convergence southeast of Corsica. The convective cells were advected toward the island by the mid- and upper level southeasterly wind. These conditions allowed the convective line to remain stationary, resulting in a highly localized and relatively short event. The findings confirm that the numerical model Meso-NH is well capable of simulating such events with satisfactory precision at a grid spacing of 2.5 km. However, the studies also underline the importance of well captured initial conditions. Additionally, the spatial distribution of precipitation is highly dependent on the representation of the orography in the model as well as the horizontal grid spacing and is improved when using a horizontal grid spacing of 500 m instead.

Les précipitations en Afrique septentrionale se produisent principalement pendant la saison des moussons. Elles résultent de l'interaction des processus atmosphériques dans une large gamme d'échelles, ce qui rend leur prévision difficile. Les mécanismes de contrôle des précipitations sont examinés au cours d'un épisode bien documentée d'émission et de transport de poussières du 9 au 14 juin 2006. La même méthode pour la détection et le suivi des nuages a été appliquée sur les observations par satellite et plusieurs simulations numériques (avec convection explicite ou paramétrée) pour étudier les systèmes précipitants. Parmi les différents types de systèmes identifiés, les systèmes convectifs de mésoéchelle (MCS) produisent la majeure partie de la précipitation totale, avec une contribution observée de 66%. Les plus grands producteurs de précipitation sont les MCS à longue durée de vie (c'est-à-dire de plus de 6 h), à l'origine de 55% des précipitations. Ces MCS deviennent plus organisés, c'est-à-dire plus grands, plus longs et plus rapides, alors qu'ils propagent vers l'ouest. Les simulations permettant la convection reproduisent la partition de pluie, mais ne reproduisent pas complètement l'organisation des MCS à longue durée de vie. La simulation avec convection paramétrée ne parvient pas à représenter correctement la partition de pluie. Cela montre la valeur ajoutée apportée par les simulations permettant la convection. L'effet radiatif des poussières est ensuite analysé en comparant deux simulations permettant la convection, avec et sans interaction poussière-rayonnement. Les effets directs sont un réchauffement de niveau moyen et un refroidissement à proximité de la surface, principalement dans les parties occidentales de l'Afrique septentrionale, qui tendent à stabiliser l'atmosphère inférieure. Un effet semi-direct est une diminution des précipitations. Cette baisse des pluies s'explique par un nombre trop faible de MCS à longue durée de vie qui, néanmoins, ont une durée de vie plus longue et sont plus efficaces en termes de production de précipitations. La diminution du nombre de MCS à longue durée de vie est due à la stabilisation de l'atmosphère qui inhibe le déclenchement de la convection. / Precipitation in northern Africa occurs mainly during the monsoon season. It arises from the interaction of atmospheric processes across a wide range of scales, making its prediction challenging. The control mechanisms on precipitation are examined during a well-documented case study of dust emission and transport on 9-14 June 2006. The same method for cloud detection and tracking was applied on satellite observations and several numerical simulations (with explicit or parameterized convection) to investigate the precipitating systems. Among the various types of systems identified, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) yield most of the total precipitation, with an observed contribution of 66%. The greatest precipitation producers are the long-lived MCSs (i.e., that last more than 6 h), at the origin of 55% of precipitation. These MCSs become more organized, i.e., larger, longer-lived and faster, as they propagate westward. The convection-permitting simulations capture the rainfall partition, but do not fully reproduce the organization of the long-lived MCSs. The simulation with parameterized convection fails to correctly represent the rain partition. This shows the added-value provided by the convection-permitting simulations. The radiative effect of dust is then analyzed, by comparing two convection-permitting simulations, with and without dust-radiation interaction. The direct effects are a mid-level warming and a near-surface cooling mainly in the western parts of northern Africa, which tend to stabilize the lower atmosphere. One semi-direct effect is a decrease in precipitation. This rainfall drop is explained by a too low number of long-lived MCSs which, nevertheless, are longer-lived and more efficient in terms of precipitation production. The diminution in the number of long-lived MCSs is due to the stabilization of the atmosphere inhibiting the triggering of convection.

Les océans couvrant plus de 70 % de la surface de la Terre, les aérosols marins sont une des composantes les plus importantes en terme de concentration atmosphérique. De part leur large gamme de taille, ils interagissent à la fois dans les courtes et grandes longueurs d’onde et impactent ainsi le bilan radiatif à la surface et au sommet de l’atmosphère. Cependant, l’amplitude de cet impact climatique est encore soumise à de nombreuses incertitudes. Actuellement en modélisation, il existe très peu de cas d’études centrés sur les aérosols marins au niveau régional, la plupart étant réalisés au niveau global. Dans ce cadre et afin d’améliorer la connaissance des propriétés des aérosols marins et leurs effets radiatifs dans le bassin méditerranéen, le projet ChArMEx qui s’est déroulé pendant les étés 2013 et 2014, a permis la mise en place de plusieurs sites de mesures, notamment a Ersa (Cap Corse), ainsi que des observations aéroportées. Les observations réalisées à Ersa ont permis de repérer dans une première étude une période (22-26 juin) influencée majoritairement par les aérosols marins lors de l’été 2013 et de caractériser leurs propriétés physico-chimique, optiques et radiatives. De plus, l’impact de ces aérosols marins a pu être comparé à l’influence d’autres types d’aérosols présents dans le bassin méditerranéen (poussières désertiques, aérosols anthropiques et issus de feux de biomasse) également observés pendant la campagne de mesure. L’étude combinée de la composition chimique des aérosols marins et des rétro-trajectoires issues du modèle FLEXPART a permis également de mettre en évidence les multiples origines des aérosols marins, avec des émissions locales et des aérosols âgés associés à du transport longue distance. En se basant sur cette analyse, le modèle MesoNH a été utilisé pour étudier dans un premier temps les émissions, le transport et la concentration atmosphèrique des aérosols marins à l’échelle régionale, sur cette période d'étude. Pour cela, un nouveau schéma d’émission basé sur une paramétrisation récente (Ovadnevaite et al., 2014) a été implémenté dans le modèle. Celle-ci dépend, en plus de la vitesse du vent à la surface, de l’ etat de la mer (représenté par la hauteur des vagues, la température de surface de l’eau ainsi que la salinité). Une première simulation tri-dimensionnelle comprenant trois domaines imbriqués a donc été réalisée sur un domaine méditerranéen du 12 au 27 juin 2013. Les observations réalisées pendant la campagne de mesure ChArMEx-ADRIMED ont permis d’évaluer la capacité du modèle à simuler la concentration en masse et en nombre des aérosols marins ainsi que leur distribution granulométrique. Un deuxième cas d’étude, se déroulant pendant un cas de mistral/tramontane dans le golfe du Lion en juillet 2014, a également été simulé afin d’évaluer dans un second temps les effets radiatifs directs à la surface et au sommet de l’atmosphère (dans les courtes et grandes longueurs d’ondes). Cette simulation est supportée par des observations aéroportées réalisées dans le cadre de la campagne SAFMED+ ainsi que par des observations satellitaires et de télédétection (réseau AERONET). Ce travail indique également un forçage radiatif direct négatif des aérosols marins à la surface, qui est compensé, pour une très faible part, par le forçage radiatif positif exercé dans les grandes longueurs d’ondes. / As the oceans cover more than 70 % of the surface area of the Earth, marine aerosols compose one the most important aerosol types in term of atmospheric burden. As their size distribution comprises submicron and supermicron ranges, marine aerosol interacts with both shortwave and longwave radiation, leading to a radiative impact at the surface, within the atmosphere, and at the top of the atmosphere. However, the magnitude of its climatic impact is still subject to many uncertainties. Most model studies of marine aerosol emissions and their radiative impacts have focused on the global scale rather than the regional scale. In this context and in order to improve the knowledge of aerosol properties in the Mediterranean, and in particular, their impact on regional climate, the ChArMEx-ADRIMED field campaign took place in the Western Mediterranean Basin during the summer 2013. Several ground-based stations were operated throughout the Mediterranean Basin, including a station in Ersa (Corsica). During the ChArMEx-ADRIMED observation period, a major influence of marine aerosols was detected (22-26 June), allowing the characterization of their physical, chemical, optical and radiative properties. Moreover, the radiative impact of marine aerosols was compared to the influence of other types of aerosols usually present in the Mediterranean Basin (desert dust, anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols) also observed during the field campaign. The combined study of the chemical composition of marine aerosols and backward trajectories using the FLEXPART model was used to characterize aging and origins of marine aerosols observed at the Ersa Station. For this work, the regional scale MesoNH model has been modified to study the radiative effect of marine aerosols on the Mediterranean Basin using a new marine aerosol emission scheme based on a recent parameterization (Ovadnevaite et al., 2014). This parameterization depends not only on the wind speed but also on the sea state (represented by wave height, sea surface temperature and the surface water salinity). A three-dimensional simulation including three nested domains was then conducted on a Mediterranean domain from 12 to 27 June 2013. The observations made during the ChArMEx-ADRIMED field campaign were used to evaluate this parameterization, via comparisons of the modeled and measured mass and number concentration of marine aerosols, as well as their size distribution. Another case study was conducted to assess the shortwave and longwave direct radiative effect, at the surface and top of the atmosphere, of marine aerosol during a period of strong winds (> 20 m s-1; Mistral) in the Golf of Lion (Western Mediterranean Basin). This simulation was conducted in conjunction with airborne observations (during the SAFMED+ field campaign), satellite and remote sensing (AERONET network) observations. Furthermore, this work indicate a negative direct radiative effect at the surface, only partly counterbalanced by a positive forcing in the longwave radiation.

Ces travaux s'articulent autour de la détection et de la prévision des phénomènes turbulents dans la couche limite atmosphérique. Nous proposons tout d'abord une méthode stochastique innovante de reconstruction locale de l'atmosphère. Nous utilisons des systèmes de particules pour modéliser l'écoulement atmosphérique et sa variabilité interne. L'apprentissage des paramètres turbulents et la mise à jour des particules se font à l'aide d'observations mesurées par un lidar Doppler 3D. Nous présentons ensuite une nouvelle méthode de descente d'échelle stochastique pour la prévision de la turbulence sous-maille. A partir du modèle en points de grille Meso-NH, nous forçons un système de particules qui évolue à l'intérieur des mailles. Notre méthode de descente d'échelle permet de modéliser des champs sous-maille cohérents avec le modèle en points de grille. Dans un troisième et dernier temps nous introduisons les problèmes de remontée d'échelle. La reconstruction de l'atmosphère modélise la turbulence dans un volume restreint qui couvre au plus quelques mailles des modèles météorologiques en points de grille. L'objectif de la remontée d'échelle est de construire une méthode d'assimilation de l'atmosphère reconstruite. En utilisant l'algorithme de nudging direct et rétrograde, nous explorons les problèmes liés à la taille du domaine observé. Nous proposons finalement un algorithme de nudging avec apprentissage de paramètre, illustré sur un cas simple. / Our work aims to improve the turbulent phenomena detection and forecast in the atmospheric boundary layer. First, we suggest a new stochastic method to reconstruct locally the turbulent atmosphere. Particle systems are used to model the atmospheric flow and its internal variability. To update particles and lean the turbulent parameters 3D Doppler lidar measurements are used. Then, a new stochastic downscaling technic for sub-grid turbulence forecast is presented. From the grid point model Meso-NH, a sub-grid particle system is forced. Here, the particles evolve freely in the simulated domain. Our downscaling method allows to model sub-grid fields coherent with the grid point model. Next, we introduce the upscaling issue. The atmosphere reconstruction covers at best few cells of meteorological grid point models. The issue is to assimilate the reconstructed atmosphere in such models. Using the back and forth nudging algorithm, we explore the problems induced by the size of the observed domain. Finally we suggest a new way to use the back and forth nudging algorithm for parameter identification.

Le principal objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de développer de nouvelles techniques de spectroscopie moléculaire afin obtenir de nouvelles données spectroscopiques dans le visible et le proche infrarouge pour des molécules, radicaux ou ions d’intérêt astrophysiques. La première partie de ce travail a consisté en l’étude d’harmoniques élevés, très faibles en intensité, de bandes vibrationnelles de la molécule HC₃N (cyanoacetylène), par la technique de spectroscopie CRDS. La deuxième partie a consisté en l’étude spectroscopique d’espèces instables radicalaires. Pour cela, une décharge inductive Radio Fréquence a été couplée au montage CRDS. Le plasma ainsi créé a été caractérisé et sa capacité à produire des anions a été démontrée via notamment la mesure quantitative du rapport C₂ / C₂⁻pour une grande variété de conditions expérimentales. De même, une analyse spectroscopique quantitative a été menée sur les radicaux isotopomères ¹⁴NH₂ et ¹⁵NH₂. Cette étude valide certaines hypothèses faites dans de précédents travaux ayant permis de mesurer le rapport isotopique ¹⁵N/¹⁴N dans les comètes, pour la première fois à partir de raies d’émission de ces 2 isotopomères portant un groupe amino. La troisième et dernière partie de ce travail a consisté en le développement d’une nouvelle technique expérimentale appelée Broad-Band Dual Etalon Frequency COMb. Cette technique expérimentale basée sur l’utilisation de 2 cavités optiques de haute finesse devrait permettre d’obtenir une spectroscopie avec une résolution spectrale ultime non limitée par la source laser nanoseconde large bande mais par l’intervalle spectral libre des cavités de haute finesse utilisées. / The main objective of this PhD was to develop spectroscopic techniques using high finesse optical cavities. These were applied to the measurement of quantitative spectroscopic data for neutral, radical and ionic molecular species of astrophysical interest in the near infrared and visible spectral range. The first part was devoted to the measurement of the oscillator strength of high vibrational overtone bands of the cyanoacetylene (HC₃N) molecule with the Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. The second part was devoted to the study of the spectroscopy of transient neutral and ionic species. For that, an inductively radio frequency (RF) discharged has been coupled to the CRDS set up. The pertinence of this plasma to efficiently produce anions was demonstrated via the quantitative measurement of the C₂ / C₂⁻ ratio in a wide variety of conditions. A quantitative spectral analysis of the radical isotopomers ¹⁴NH₂ and ¹⁵NH₂ was also performed for the first time. This study provides experimental data that will allow to better constraint the ¹⁵N/¹⁴N isotopic ratio in comets through the emission lines of these two amino bearing isotopomers. The third and last part of the work was devoted to the development of a CRDS scheme called Broad Band Dual Etalon Frequency Comb Ring Down Spectroscopy. This new heterodyne technique, based on the use of the microsecond frequency combs generated by two high finesse optical cavities, should allow performing molecular spectroscopy with ultrahigh spectral resolution. First proof experiments were performed and perspective’s for improvement of the method is provided.