This work is aimed to design power supply for nodes of wireless sensors networks using solar energy in indoor spaces. The proposal is made for the particular layout, but the process described can be applied generally. The result is the proposed involvement of the operating power circuit for node of wireless sensor network used indoors.

As the demand on resources is increasing worldwide, the process of recycling material has become more important. The specific recycling of metals used in car batteries, and more specifically in the large batteries used in hybrid electric vehicles, is a rising concern where the industrially implemented recycling processes concerning these batteries that exist today are often highly pollutant and energy consuming. In the present study, an alternative hydrometallurgical recycling process of the previously and to some extent presently widely used battery type for hybrid electric vehicle applications, namely the Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery, has been investigated. The focus was to evaluate different routes of recovering Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Al and residual Y from a NiMH battery leach solution as obtained in a priorly conducted leaching study. Three different possible products were chosen for closer investigation, a mixed metal hydroxide where all of the metals would be precipitated together, a new NiMH cathode material where a controlled precipitation of Ni, Co and Zn together would be implemented and last a pure Ni salt product where a selective separation of Ni from the other metals would be required. Two of the three products, the mixed metal hydroxide and the pure Ni salt, were found suitable for the specific system and it was concluded that a pure Ni salt production would be most justifiable. The separation of Ni from the other metals present in the solution was here proposedly achieved by an extraction process using supported liquid membranes. A mathematical model was used in Matlab in order to evaluate the separation efficiency and to determine the optimum process conditions for the extraction process and a hydroxide precipitation experimental study was conducted in order to determine both the process streams in the production of a mixed metal hydroxide and the solution behavior during the pH increase in the Ni salt production extraction process. The results suggested a low loss of valuable metals and due to this, both the process of producing a mixed metal hydroxide and the process of producing a pure Ni salt could be found to be economically justifiable. / I samband med den ökande efterfrågan på råmaterial världen över så har processer för att återvinna material blivit mer och mer viktiga. Den specifika återvinningen av metaller som använts i bilbatterier, och än mer specifikt återvinningen av de stora batterier som används i hybridbilar är just nu en ökande oro då de rådande återvinningsprocesser som används idag ofta är högst energikrävande och har en stor förorenande inverkan på naturen. I denna studie har en alternativ hydrometallurgisk återvinningsprocess granskats i syfte att återvinna de metaller som används i nickelmetallhydridbatterier (NiMH) som brett har använts för just hybridbilsapplikationer. Fokus har legat på att utvärdera olika möjligheter att återvinna Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Al och överbliven Y från en laklösning som är ett resultat av en tidigare genomförd lakstudie angående NiMH-batterierna. Tre möjliga produkter valdes för närmare granskning, en blandad metallhydroxid där alla metaller samutfälls ur lösningen, en ny NiMH-katod där en kontrollerad samutfällning av Ni, Co och Zn implementeras och sist ett rent nickelsalt där a selektiv separation av Ni från de övriga metallerna är nödvändig. Två av de tre produkterna, den blandade metallhydroxiden och det rena nickelsaltet, befanns vara lämpliga för det specifika systemet och slutsatsen drogs att en nickelsaltsproduktion var mest berättigad. Den föreslagna separationstekniken för att separera Ni från de andra metallerna i lösningen var en extraktionsprocess användandes av en vätskemembranteknik. En matematisk modell användes med hjälp av Matlab för att utvärdera separationseffektiviteten och för att bestämma optimala processförhållanden. En experimentell hydroxidutfällningsstudie genomfördes även för att bestämma både procesströmmarna i en produktion av en blandad metallhydroxid och för att undersöka lösningens beteende under pH-ökningen i den föreslagna produktionsprocessen av ett nickelsalt. Enligt resultaten är förlusten av värdefulla metaller låga i båda processerna och i enlighet med detta kunde både produktionsprocessen av en blandad metallhydroxid och av ett rent nickelsalt befinnas ekonomiskt hållbara.

The possibility of measuring the state of health of a NiMH battery without doing it in a lab is evaluated, the goal was to see if it was possible to perceive any differences between batteries of different states of health and whether it’s worth further exploring this solution in a more detailed manner. In order to try and extract and analyze the state of health of the batteries a series of tests consisting of discharging batteries at different lengths of times and different resistive loads were made, the voltage of the batteries being captured by a multimeter. The study shows that getting the state of health of a battery with simple components is a possibility and is useful for battery-powered items. Situations where batteries can’t deliver enough energy for the item to function can be prevented by measuring the health of the batteries and then subsequently switching out the batteries if needed.

Deals with analysis and battery charging NiCd, NiMH, Li-Ion through a series of microcontroller from Atmel AVR controlled and powered from a PC via USB. Part is devoted to the characteristics of the USB interface and software capabilities to the enumeration AVR microcontroller. It also contains the basic characteristics of charged batteries, including the known methods of charging. The second half of the tehesis then provides a complete design and implementation of battery chargers, which consists of electronic parts, ATMEGA168 microcontroller program and the program for the PC. Presents circuit diagram of the charger and flowcharts of the main features of the program. The result of this thesis is functional battery charger above types. Attachments include a proposal DPS, a full circuit diagram and the charge and discharge characteristics of cells. The thesis is also referred to annex to the optical disk. Here it is mainly programs for microcontroller and PC. They are listed here as well as individual projects for AVR Studio, Borland Builder C + + and Eagle, which was created by chargers.

This thesis deals with design of microprocessor controlled battery charger with support of NiCd, NiMH and Li-Ion cells. The project focus is aimed within circuits design at algorithm of charge detection implemented into microprocessor. User interface is formed by PC application which communicates with charger via USB. PC connection allows recording of charging characteristics behaviour. The result of thesis is completely designed and created battery charger including microprocessor and PC application source codes.

In this thesis suggest the involvement of appropriate driver for mobile phone travel charger. The work is a treatise on the available accumulators, which can be used as a source for the proposed power converter.

This dissertation work deals with analysis of nickel hydroxide phases, their oxidation compounds, their stability and degradation mechanisms of electrochemically more active alpha phase on standard beta phase. The active material was prepared by both methods, electrodeposition and chemical precipitation. Main analysis method was Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance in combination with common analytical methods (cyclic voltammetry, potenciometry) can resolute between alpha and beta phases and quantitatively describe differences in main reaction by monitoring mass changes in the active material. Poor stability of the ?-Ni(OH)2 were improved by adding cations with valence two three and four into the structure instead of Ni atoms. The most important role plays cobalt and its hydroxide. Totally new way is to use titanium in combination with other cations. In electrolyte the most significant addition is LiOH, which has beneficial influent on cycle ability, stability in strong alkaline medium and cycle life.

The aim of the project was to develop a method to measure and studythe degree of activation of the negative electrode (MH) in a NiMH battery.This was done by characterization of the gases produced during charge of a battery – O2 and H2 – using a Gas Chromatograph. The current applied in the very first charge of the battery was varied in order to examine how this affects the gas evolution. In the developed method, batteries were charged to 8Ah with 9A, after which a gas sample was taken and analyzed with Gas Chromatography. An additional goal was to use the method to examine the difference in activation between virgin and recycled negative electrode material. A module charged stepwise with 0.07C followed by 0.2C had the lowest share of H2 after two cycles, indicated best activation. However, a higher amount of H2 in the beginning of the activation process could possibly enhance the degree of activation during the following cycles. The method indicated that the module with recycled MH was better activated than the virgin MH. To improve the technique, repeated measurements to get better statistics should be done. Gas samples should be taken at dV/dt=0 in order to take samples at same SoC. The charge current should be adjusted so that the same C rate is always used. This would make the results easier to interpret.

Dans une démarche globale d'asservissement du bilan énergétique et climatique de son pack d'engins ferroviaires, et pour acquérir le savoir-faire en matière de spécification de futures locomotives électriques multi-tensions dépendant d'un kit autonome hybride, ALSTOM Transport s'intéresse de près à la problématique de l'hybridation ferroviaire pour des locomotives électriques multi-tensions en leurs intégrant une source d'énergie hybride embarquée. C'est dans cet élan que s'inscrit le projet d' "Etude et développement d'un concept de locomotive hybride à chaîne de traction électrique autonome propre et durable ". Ce projet a été réalisé dans le cadre d'une thèse CIFRE lancé par l'Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique (ANRT) et mené par la société ALSTOM Transport et le laboratoire SET-UTBM. Il a pour but d'étudier et de développer un kit autonome hybride respectant l'environnement, à intégrer dans une locomotive électrique multi-tensions à chaîne de traction électrique, en prenant en compte l'encombrement disponible ; ceci est prévu pour des applications dans les domaines de locomotives tirant jusqu'à 1800 Tonnes et circulant en Europe, remplaçant ainsi les locomotives de manoeuvre dans certains bouts de lignes non-électrifiées afin d'éviter le trafic ferroviaire, et les temps d'attente en réduisant ainsi les coûts d'exploitation, et en minimisant fortement la consommation du carburant, et les émissions du CO2. Ce qui ramène la nouveauté dans le projet est de pouvoir intégrer un groupe hybride autonome dans une locomotive électrique multi-tension sans effectuer des modifications dans son architecture. Les travaux réalisés ont consisté dans un premier temps à définir les différentes missions ferroviaires auprès des opérateurs privés sur des bout de lignes non-électrifiées répondant à notre problématique, et permettant ainsi de réaliser un dimensionnement énergétique du kit hybride autonome, respectant le cahier des charges de l'étude lié essentiellement à l'encombrement disponible. Ensuite, nous avons identifié les deux sources de tension et de courant de la source d'énergie hybride embarquée après avoir évalué plusieurs technologies potentielles. Dans un deuxième temps, et après avoir défini l'architecture technique de la chaîne de traction de la locomotive électrique multi-tension à option du kit hybride, nous avons présenté la démarche de dimensionnement et de modélisation des ces deux sources d'énergie et de puissance. La structure étant définie, nous avons abordé enfin la dernière phase d'étude qui est le développement du contrôle-commande, et la mise en oeuvre de la gestion d'énergie entre les deux sources présentes à bord du véhicule, en tenant compte des limitations énergétiques du système de stockage et du dimensionnement du système. Le but de ces stratégies d'énergie est de maximiser par exemple le rendement global de la chaîne de traction. Les dimensions et choix en termes de stratégie de gestion issus de cette thèse seront directement exploités dans le projet au moment de sa construction.