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American and Canadian Indian policy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally focused on "civilizing" Indian peoples. In other words, the government wanted a more sedentary, less dispersed Indian population who would likewise require less land for traditional hunting and gathering activities and might be more easily assimilated when time and circumstance required. Such policy, however, was best suited to agricultural regions. In forested regions or other areas which were not suitable for commercial cultivation, conflict arose as Aboriginal groups tried to maintain their traditional practices while other interest groups sought to access the same resources. Increasing use of these non-agricultural areas by sport hunters, commercial fishing industries, logging enterprises, tourists, and in some cases prospectors and land speculators, grew in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These interests not only competed for the same resources from which the Indian population secured its subsistence, but they also influenced the governments of the United States, Canada, Wisconsin, and Saskatchewan to regulate traditional Indian hunting and gathering activity. Conservation commissions in both the United States and Canada went about the business of re-shaping the public perception of the acceptable use of fish and game. Traditional subsistence activity had little, if any place in these new fish and game management strategies. This was the case even though Indians in both northern Saskatchewan and Wisconsin negotiated treaties which they believed upheld their access to vital resources. The conflict over resources became acute in the early twentieth century when governments in both places actively interfered with traditional activities. Such interference had the most dire consequences for the Indian people in both areas. The case studies presented here illustrate the historical antecedents of conflicts which still exist today. The Indian concern for continued access to natural resources has rarely been heard in its historical context. This study places the historic confrontation between Indian subsistence resource users and government resource-managing agencies in the context of the early twentieth century conservation movement. The two areas studied here have striking similarities. The governments refused to uphold treaty promises and rarely listened to the Indians' demands for continued access to natural resources. This study explains how governments managed resources in their own interest and relates not only the struggle for access to resources, but also how Indians responded to government interference in their way of life. It is important to move beyond a comparative analysis of two similar tribal populations in a cross-border analysis. By examining two disparate tribal groups who negotiated similar treaties in two different eras but in distant geographic locations, a better understanding of governmental conservation motives and actions, as well as the impact of such governmental activity on Indian people, may be achieved. This study is a unique look at the impact of the early conservation movement on the subsistence needs of Indian peoples in North American non-agricultural regions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-220). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Diabetic rats exhibit decrease in plasma arginine, NO synthesis and tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial cells (EC). Treatment with L-arginine may be beneficial for enhancing NO synthesis in diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction. However, little is known about the mechanism responsible for the stimulatory effect of arginine on endothelial NO synthesis. We hypothesized that dietary arginine supplementation increases BH4 for NO synthesis in EC of diabetic rats, thereby preventing endothelial dysfunction. In experiment I, streptozotocin (STZ) induced-diabetic male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (a model of type-I diabetes) were individually pair-fed a casein-based diet on the basis of feed intake (per kg body weight) of non-diabetic SD rats. Addition of arginine-HCl or alanine to drinking water for the rats were adjusted daily to ensure isonitrogenous provision per kg body weight. In non-diabetic rats, arginine supplementation increased plasma arginine (144%), plasma insulin (44%), EC arginine (88%), EC BH4 (106%) and EC NO synthesis (80%), compared with alanine treatment. In diabetic rats, arginine supplementation reduced body weight loss (36%), and plasma glucose (54%), and increased plasma arginine (110%), plasma insulin (209%), EC arginine (173%), EC BH4 (128%) and EC NO synthesis (125%), compared with alanine treatment. In experiment II, male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (a model of type-II diabetes) were individually pair-fed a Purina 5008 diet on the basis of feed intake by alanine-treated diabetic rats (per kg body wt). Addition of arginine-HCl or alanine to drinking water for the rats was adjusted daily to ensure isonitrogenous provision per kg body weight. Arginine supplementation to ZDF rats did not affect plasma glucose and insulin, reduced epidididmal fat (30%), abdominal fat (43%) and body weight gain (18%), and increased plasma arginine (273%), EC arginine (197%), EC BH4 (120%) and EC NO synthesis (122%), compared with alanine-treated ZDF rats. These results show that dietary L-arginine supplementation increases BH4 and NO synthesis in EC of both STZ-diabetic and ZDF rats. Strikingly, arginine treatment prevented hyperglycemia in STZ-diabetic SD rats and reduced obesity in ZDF rats. Collectively, results demonstrate that oral administration of arginine is beneficial for both type-I and type-II diabetic rats.

Since the events of 9-11, aviation security has become a mounting concern for both the American and Canadian government. Because of the alleged “threats to security,” the Canadian government has followed in American footsteps and enacted the Passenger Protect Program, otherwise known as the “no fly list.” This thesis will examine the emergence of the Canadian version of the no fly list in the context of the U.S. “Secure Flight” program in order to analyze the claim that the Canadian list is unique and distinct from the American version. Drawing from the literature on surveillance and risk, this thesis suggests that both lists are operating on the precautionary principle and are thus not distinct in purpose, process or overall outcome, and that a “made in Canada” approach is a misleading notion. In fact, this thesis will show that the Canadian and U.S. governments continue to share no fly lists, use the same criteria and sources for placing an individual’s name on the list, and handle redress issues in the same manner. Most importantly, the consequences for ordinary citizens are the same regardless of whether one finds themselves on the Canadian or the American list. This thesis will (a) describe the origins of the no fly list in Canada and the USA, (b) examine the ways in which personal data are obtained from the Passenger Name Record (PNR), how these are used to construct the list(s) and how they are mined for further purposes and (c) what the consequences are for specific classes of persons, especially minorities, refugee and asylum claimants, civil libertarians, peace activists and others. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2009-01-14 18:08:51.773

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Text in Afrikaans / The aim of this study was to design a therapeutic programme for families with a chronically ill parent(s). The literature study explored the nature of chronic disease and its effect on the family. Chronic disease affects every family member. The impeding effect of chronic disease detectable in maladjusted family role and in relational and communication problems between family members. A decrease in the general functioning of the family also became evident. An empirical investigation, in which twenty families with a chronically ill parent (or parents) were involved, was carried out. The empiric study confirms that family members need support and that chronic disease has a negative effect on the family system. It also verifies that these families do not make use of available support services. The possibility that one or more of the family members may be traumatised, should be a strong diagnostic consideration for the therapist. Based on the literature study and the results of the empirical investigation, a therapeutic programme was designed for a family. The programme empowers family members to deal with the disease more effectively and enables them to gain insight in dealing with its trauma.

Piaget and Freudenthal advocated thinking levels. In the 1950's the van Hieles developed a five level model of geometric thought. Judith Land adapted the model in 1990, utilising four levels to teach the concept of functions. These four levels have been considered here In the formation of concepts of sequences and series. The origin and relevance of sequences and series have been studied and the importance of visualisation, patterning and generalisation in the instructional process investigated. A series of lessons on these topics was taught to a group of six higher grade matriculation students of mixed ability and gender. Questionnaires related to student progress through the various levels were answered, categorised, graphed and analysed. Despite the small number of students, results seem to indicate that emphasising visualisation, exploring patterns and generalisation and teaching the topics as a reinvention had made a positive contribution towards progress through the various thought levels.

The study examined research writing. The aim was to establish the nature of the relation between the quality of article and report writing in occupational therapy and the density of hedges in such writing. The texts comprised undergraduate reports, which were divided into two achievement groups, namely high and low achievers, and journal articles by occupational therapists. Articles were included because it was assumed that they exemplify good writing, and accordingly, would be appropriately hedged, and would provide a reliable basis for comparing the student groups. Hyland's (1998b) analytical framework was used. While statistical tests revealed no differences between the student groups, overall, the tests revealed significant differences in the use of hedges between the professional and student writers. In light of these findings, it is suggested that hedging in research writing be studied and taught to students in order to assist them in their studies and careers.