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This article considers the earliest evidence of complex societies in sub-Saharan Africa. The evidence derives from two archaeological entities located in Nigeria, West Africa: the Gajiganna Culture of the Chad Basin and the Nok Culture of Central Nigeria. Studies of both cultures, carried out by the author’s team during the last years, indicate a significant cultural change during the 1st millennium BC. The change concerns social, economic, and technological aspects, described and discussed for each of the two mentioned cases. It is supposed that the change was a nucleus of social complexity that triggered further developments up to the great West African empires emerging from the end of the 1st millennium AD onwards. / El presente artículo trata acerca de las evidencias más tempranas de sociedades complejas en el África subsahariana procedentes de dos entidades arqueológicas ubicadas en Nigeria, en la parte occidental de este continente: la cultura Gajiganna, localizada en la cuenca del Chad, y la cultura Nok, del área central de este país. Los estudios realizados acerca de estas dos sociedades por parte del equipo dirigido por el autor durante los últimos años indican una transformación cultural significativa durante el primer milenio a.C. Este cambio se relaciona con aspectos sociales, económicos y tecnológicos particulares que se describen y discuten para cada uno de los casos mencionados. Se postula que ese proceso constituyó el núcleo de la complejidad social que desencadenó desarrollos posteriores hasta llegar a los grandes imperios del África Occidental que surgieron hacia fines del primer milenio d.C. y en adelante.

The topic of the Master‘s thesis focuses on NOK pieces which are produced during the production of components. NOK pieces and their rework significantly increase the company‘s costs. In the individual chapters there is an analysis of the company and the definition of a critical point. The FPY indicator was used for the analysis of the company, from which the component was identified. Three improvement concepts have been created for this component. These concepts may reduce the rate of NOK products in the company. The conclusion of the Master‘s thesis presents the evaluation and implementation of the selected change.

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The aim of this thesis is to find out a way of applying the modern methods of quality control in the industrial company and suggestion of some recommendations for small and medium-sized enterprises. The thesis is composed of theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part of this work are compiled notions relevant to the issue. The practical part of the work consists of the results of the analysis of the applied methods of quality controls in the business, which with a kind of a way of service controls the product quality in other businesses. The end of the thesis contains suggestions and recommendations resulting from the practical part.