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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

Nonlinear control system based on variable structure and sliding modes for two beam optical interferometry /

Martin, Roberta Irma. January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo teórico e experimental de um sistema de controle não linear baseado em estrutura variável e modos deslizantes desenvolvido para interferômetro de dois feixes. O sistema proposto apresenta alta precisão, robustez e, além disso, é simples e de baixo custo, aumentando a capacidade de medição para diferentes aplicações de sensores interferométricos. Comparado a outras técnicas de controle aplicadas a interferometria óptica, esta técnica apresenta importantes vantagens e leva em consideração a característica não linear do interferometro, aumentando seu poder de medição. Consequentemente, um circuito de reset não é necessário, o interferometro pode trabalhar em ambientes com grandes perturbações, a montagem e ajuste dos parâmetros é mais simples (fácil implementação), com simples configuração e custo efetivo, atingindo alta robustez e acurácia. Comparado as técnicas de demodulação baseado no espectro do sinal (J1..J4), o sistema proposto tem faixa dinâmica e resolução maiores, podendo medir atraso no tempo e operar com formas de onda arbitrárias. Além disso, aperfeiçoa os métodos de demodulação temporais aumentando a precisão para sinais de baixa amplitude, mantendo a condição de quadratura (ponto máximo de sensibilidade) e, portanto, elimina o efeito do desvanecimento do sinal, mesmo diante de grandes perturbações ao redor do sistema como, vibrações, variações de temperatura e correntes de ar. A estabilidade do sistema linearizado foi estudada atr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents the theoretical and experimental study of a nonlinear control system designed for two beam optical interferometry based on variable structure and sliding modes. The proposed system presents high accuracy, robustness and, furthermore, is simple and low cost, increasing the measurement capability for different applications of interferometric sensors. Compared with other control techniques applied in optical interferometry, this control technique presents important features and takes in account the nonlinear characteristic of the interferometer, increasing its measurement capability. Consequently, a reset circuit is not necessary, the interferometer can work in harsh environments, the assembly and adjustment of the parameters is simpler (easy implementation), with simple setup and the effective cost, achieving high robustness and accuracy. Regarding demodulation techniques based on signal spectrum (J1..J4), the proposed system has a higher dynamic range, resolution, can measure time delay and operate with arbitrary signal waveforms. Also, it improves the temporal demodulation methods increasing the accuracy for small amplitude signals, maintaining the quadrature condition (maximum point of sensitivity) and, therefore, eliminates the effect of signal fading, even under strong external disturbances around the interferometer setup such as vibration, temperature variation and air current flow. The stability of the linearized system was studied through the Lyapunov... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
322

Flight guidance along 3D+T trajectories and space indexed traffic management / Guidage du vol le long des trajectoires 3D+T et gestion du traffic de l'espace référence

Ab Wahid, Mastura 08 December 2015 (has links)
Avec la forte augmentation actuelle et future du trafic aérien, les questions relatives à la capacité, la sécurité et les effets environnementaux du transport aérien vont se poser de façon chaque fois plus critique. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'amélioration de l'opération et de l'organisation du trafic aérien dans cette perspective de croissance. Le premier objectif spécifique de cette thèse est de faire la synthèse d'une loi de commande permettant aux avions de transport de suivre avec précision une trajectoire 3D+T. Le deuxième objectif spécifique de cette thèse est d'introduire une organisation particulière des corridors aériens, les airstreams, compatible avec la loi de guidage développée et permettant d'utiliser au mieux la capacité du corridor. Ainsi dans une première étape est introduite la dynamique de guidage des avions de transport, ainsi que les systèmes de guidage et de gestion du vol des avions modernes. Ensuite les principaux éléments de l'organisation de la gestion et du contrôle du trafic aérien sont introduits. La loi de guidage 3D+T est développée, simulée et ses performances sont analysées. L'étude d'une manœuvré de changement de voie dans un airstream est alors menée et mise en œuvre dans le cadre de la gestion du trafic à l'intérieur de celui-ci. Finalement les conclusions et perspectives de cette étude sont présentées / With the increase in air traffic, surely a question of flight efficiency (delays), environment impact and safety arise. This calls for improvements in accuracy of spatial and temporal trajectory tracking. The first main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the synthesis of a space-indexed nonlinear guidance control law for transportation aircraft presenting enhanced tracking performances and to explore the performances and feasibility of a flight guidance control law which is developed based on a space-indexed reference to track a 3D+T reference trajectory using nonlinear dynamic inversion control. The proposed guidance control law present reduced tracking errors and able to meet more easily overfly time constraints. Before presenting the main approaches for the design of the 3D+T guidance control laws; the modern flight guidance and flight dynamics of transportation aircraft, including explicitly wind components are first introduced. Then, a description of the current and modern air traffic organization including the organization of air traffic in high density flow will be shown and this will lead to a description of the Airstreams concept. This proposed concept is to organize main traffic flows in congested airspace along airstreams which are characterized by a three dimensional (3D) common reference track (ASRT). Finally, a scenario to perform basic maneuvers inside the airstream following a 3D+T trajectory using a common space-indexed will be developed and will be used to illustrate the traffic management along an airstream.
323

Dinâmica não linear de sistemas de levitação magnética

Arbex, Hassan Costa [UNESP] 05 July 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arbex_hc_me_bauru.pdf: 6292419 bytes, checksum: 8c3b08ad3eb377db975bacb303c4ceda (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O propósito deste trabalho foi estudar as não linearidades na dinâmica de sistemas mecânicos e eletromecânicos. Entre eles inclui-se um corpo em levitação. As não linearidades levam o movimento da estrutura para o Efeito Sommerfeld. Por este fato, o trabalho do motor fica próximo ou na frequência de ressonância. Quando a estrutura atinge a condição de ressonância, a melhor parte da energia é consumida para gerar vibrações de grande amplitude sem nenhuma mudança sensível na frequência do motor. Neste trabalho, foi verificado o fenômeno para alguns sistemas não ideais inclusive o sistema com levitação magnética, discutindo uma forma de conduzir o sistema à condição de ressonância e evitar o absorvedor de energia que ocorre com o efeito Sommerfeld / This paper studies the nonlinearities in dynamics of mechanics and electro mechanics non ideal systems. One of them is a magnetically levitated body. These nonlinearities lead the motion of the structure to the Sommerfeld Effect. For this reason the motor's near or in resonance frequency. When the structure achieves resonance condition, the best part of the energy is consumed to generate large amplitude vibration, with no sensitive change in the motor frequency. In this paper, is checked whether the phenomenon in some non ideal systems and also, if occurs with magnetic levitation. Will be discussed how to drive the system to ressonance condition and to avoid the energy sink that occurs with the Sommerfeld effect
324

Nonlinear control system based on variable structure and sliding modes for two beam optical interferometry / Sistema de controle não linear baseado em estrutura variável e modos deslizantes para interferômetros de dois feixes

Martin, Roberta Irma 21 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Roberta Irma Martin (robertagortan@gmail.com) on 2018-04-10T11:54:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Roberta_Martin_FINAL.pdf: 33647313 bytes, checksum: 7d8c8a7a029acf674e2e269e15cb1251 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-10T17:39:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ri_dr_ilha.pdf: 33647313 bytes, checksum: 7d8c8a7a029acf674e2e269e15cb1251 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T17:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ri_dr_ilha.pdf: 33647313 bytes, checksum: 7d8c8a7a029acf674e2e269e15cb1251 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo teórico e experimental de um sistema de controle não linear baseado em estrutura variável e modos deslizantes desenvolvido para interferômetro de dois feixes. O sistema proposto apresenta alta precisão, robustez e, além disso, é simples e de baixo custo, aumentando a capacidade de medição para diferentes aplicações de sensores interferométricos. Comparado a outras técnicas de controle aplicadas a interferometria óptica, esta técnica apresenta importantes vantagens e leva em consideração a característica não linear do interferometro, aumentando seu poder de medição. Consequentemente, um circuito de reset não é necessário, o interferometro pode trabalhar em ambientes com grandes perturbações, a montagem e ajuste dos parâmetros é mais simples (fácil implementação), com simples configuração e custo efetivo, atingindo alta robustez e acurácia. Comparado as técnicas de demodulação baseado no espectro do sinal (J1..J4), o sistema proposto tem faixa dinâmica e resolução maiores, podendo medir atraso no tempo e operar com formas de onda arbitrárias. Além disso, aperfeiçoa os métodos de demodulação temporais aumentando a precisão para sinais de baixa amplitude, mantendo a condição de quadratura (ponto máximo de sensibilidade) e, portanto, elimina o efeito do desvanecimento do sinal, mesmo diante de grandes perturbações ao redor do sistema como, vibrações, variações de temperatura e correntes de ar. A estabilidade do sistema linearizado foi estudada através do método de linearização de Lyapunov e a estabilidade local dos pontos de equilíbrio foram provadas. Através do método do plano de fase, todas as não linearidades do sistema foram consideradas, e provou-se que para qualquer condição inicial, o sistema não linear é estável e converge para o ponto de equilíbrio. Como resultado, o sistema é globalmente assintóticamente estável e não tende a um ciclo limite ou à intabilidade. Finalmente, foi obtido a equação de Lyapunov do sistema não linear considerando a análise do plano de fase, provando novamente a estabilidade do sistema de controle. Portanto, essa abordagem pode compensar o comportamento não linear do interfometro, mantendo-o na condição de quadratura e eliminando o efeito do desvanecimento do sinal para formas de onda arbitrárias, senoidais ou sem sinal de entrada, mesmo diante de grandes perturbações externas. O sistema provou ser eficiente para operações dinâmicas em diferentes aplicações como: caracterização de atuadores piezoelétricos, caracterização da resposta da fibra à temperatura, detecção de ultrassom e detecção de ondas longitudinais geradas por um laser Q-switched em amostras de alumínio e aço, conforme mostrado neste trabalho. A alta robustez oferecida pelo controlador permite que o sistema seja embarcado e opere em ambientes com grandes perturbações como fábricas, trazendo a interferometria para fora do laboratório. / This work presents the theoretical and experimental study of a nonlinear control system designed for two beam optical interferometry based on variable structure and sliding modes. The proposed system presents high accuracy, robustness and, furthermore, is simple and low cost, increasing the measurement capability for different applications of interferometric sensors. Compared with other control techniques applied in optical interferometry, this control technique presents important features and takes in account the nonlinear characteristic of the interferometer, increasing its measurement capability. Consequently, a reset circuit is not necessary, the interferometer can work in harsh environments, the assembly and adjustment of the parameters is simpler (easy implementation), with simple setup and the effective cost, achieving high robustness and accuracy. Regarding demodulation techniques based on signal spectrum (J1..J4), the proposed system has a higher dynamic range, resolution, can measure time delay and operate with arbitrary signal waveforms. Also, it improves the temporal demodulation methods increasing the accuracy for small amplitude signals, maintaining the quadrature condition (maximum point of sensitivity) and, therefore, eliminates the effect of signal fading, even under strong external disturbances around the interferometer setup such as vibration, temperature variation and air current flow. The stability of the linearized system was studied through the Lyapunov’s linearization method and the local stability of the equilibrium points were proved. Through the phase plane method, we considered all the nonlinearities from the system, and we proved that for any initial condition, the nonlinear system is stable and converges to the equilibrium point. As a result, the system is globally asymptotically stable and it does not tend to a limit cycle nor to instability. Finally, we obtained the Lyapunov equation for the nonlinear system taking into account the phase plane analysis, proving the system’s stability. Therefore, this approach can fully compensate the nonlinear behavior of the interferometer, keep it in the quadrature point and suppress the signal fading for arbitrary signal waveforms, sinusoidal signals or zero input signal, even under strong external disturbances. The system proved to be suitable for dynamic operations, in different applications as: characterization of piezoelectric actuators, characterization of fiber response to temperature, ultrasound detection and the detection of longitudinal waves generated by a Q-switched laser on aluminum and steel samples, as shown in this work. The high robustness allows the system to be embedded and to operate in harsh environments such as factories, bringing the interferometry outside the laboratory.
325

Desenvolvimento e análise de controle híbrido preditivo por lógica fuzzy de processos de polimerização / Development and analysis of predictive hybrid control by fuzzy logic for polymerization processes

Lima, Nádson Murilo Nascimento 17 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:36:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_NadsonMuriloNascimento_D.pdf: 3180060 bytes, checksum: f741044cb982f1d0e9d33a4f7aba7597 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A síntese de controladores representa uma importante vertente dos desenvolvimentos atuais no campo da pesquisa acadêmica e industrial. Um controlador bem projetado pode significar sucesso no que se refere aos objetivos de produção, sendo gerados materiais com as especificações desejadas e proporcionando que o sistema opere sob certas restrições, levando em consideração aspectos relativos à operabilidade, segurança e minimização de resíduos. Para tanto, sabe-se que as etapas de modelagem são fundamentais para a delineação de estratégias de controle. Contudo, a obtenção de representações matemáticas precisas e, ao mesmo tempo, aplicáveis para o controle da maioria dos processos de interesse da engenharia química é uma tarefa árdua, devido à presença de comportamentos dinâmicos não lineares e variantes ao longo do tempo e, por vezes, do espaço. Deste modo, busca-se a obtenção de modelos mais simples, porém dotados da imprescindível representatividade inerente aos sistemas de produção, a fim de serem projetadas estruturas de controle adequadas para cada necessidade específica. Esta tese enfoca o desenvolvimento de quatro controladores avançados híbridos preditivos não lineares multivariáveis, baseados em modelos nebulosos (fuzzy) funcionais não lineares multivariáveis, para processos de polimerização. Tais sistemas apresentam dinâmicas altamente complexas e de difícil modelagem matemática, dificultando, assim, a aplicação, com sucesso, de metodologias clássicas de controle ou avançadas baseadas em modelos convencionais. Foram considerados dois casos de estudo para a análise de desempenho das configurações de controle propostas: o processo de copolimerização em solução do metacrilato de metila com o acetato de vinila, e a copolimerização industrial do eteno/1-buteno com catalisador Ziegler-Natta solúvel. Os modelos fenomenológicos de ambos os processos já se encontram descritos na literatura, sendo considerados como plantas virtuais para a geração de dados dinâmicos e implementação dos desenvolvimentos sugeridos. A partir de simulações computacionais, os modelos nebulosos dinâmicos funcionais não lineares multivariáveis foram construídos ¿ os quais demonstraram excelentes capacidades para a predição das saídas dos processos como uma função dos dados dinâmicos de entrada ¿ sendo, posteriormente, acoplados à estrutura de controle preditivo MPC (Model-based Predictive Control). A escolha da metodologia MPC como base para o desenvolvimento das estratégias propostas deve-se ao fato de sua notória aplicabilidade industrial a processos químicos multivariáveis, além de possibilitar a incorporação de restrições operacionais nas variáveis controladas e manipuladas. Por fim, foram comparados os desempenhos entre os controladores híbridos delineados e duas estratégias de controle preditivo bastante difundidas na literatura. Os problemas regulatório e servo foram analisados, observando-se resultados satisfatórios em ambas as condições. Isto demonstra o alto potencial dos algoritmos propostos para o controle multivariável de sistemas não lineares. / Abstract: Controllers design has currently a great importance in the field of açademic and industrial research. A well-projected controller may mean the success regarding the aims of production, and it also provides the production of materials with desirable specifications and it allows that the system operates under specific restrictions, considering aspects related to operability, safety and minimization of residue. Then, it is known that modeling stages are fundamental for delineation of controller strategies. However, the obtaining of precise and applicable mathematical representations to the control of most of relevant process in chemical engineering is a challenging task, because of the presence of nonlinear dynamic behaviors and space-time mutable. Therefore, an effort is done to obtain the simpler models, but provided with the essential representativity inherent to production systems. Thus, suitable control structures could be designed for each specific necessity. This work focus on the development of four multivariable nonlinear predictive hybrid advanced controllers, based on multivariable nonlinear functional fuzzy models, to polymerization processes. Such systems present high complex dynamic and hard mathematical modeling, making difficult to apply classic controllers or advanced control methodologies based on conventional models. Two study cases for the performance analysis of the proposed controllers were considered: the copolymerization process of methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, and industrial copolymerization of ethene/1 butene with Ziegler-Natta catalysis. The phenomenologic models of the two processes already are described in relevant literature, and they are considered as virtual plants to create dynamic data and to implement the suggested developments. Based on computational simulations, multivariable nonlinear functional dynamic fuzzy models were made - they demonstrated excellent capacity for outputs prediction from input dynamic data - and they were, subsequently, inserted in the MPC (Model-based Predicitve Control) control structure. The choice of MPC methodology to develop the proposal structures is because of its wellknown industry applicability to multivariable chemical processes, beyond it makes possible the incorporation of restrictions in controlled and manipulated variables. Finally, the performance among outlined hybrid controllers and two predictive control strategies fairly widespread in the literature were compared. The regulatory and servo problems were analyzed and satisfactory results were observed in both conditions. This demonstrates the high potential of proposed algorithms to control multivariable nonlinear systems. / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química
326

Sobre caos homoclinico : aplicações a ciencia da engenharia e mecanica / Homoclinic chaos : applications to the science of engineering and mechanics

Cassiano, Jeferson 04 July 2005 (has links)
Orientadores: Jose Manoel Balthazar, João Mauricio Rosario / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cassiano_Jeferson_D.pdf: 8294948 bytes, checksum: b7318ea3e310db82a9fd5af926a9cb2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo a determinação analítica da ocorrência de um tipo de caos (irregularidade) determinístico denominado Caos Homoclínico em algumas aplicações da Ciência da Engenharia como, por exemplo, a Robótica e a Teoria de Controle (Controle de Bifurcações e Caótico). Para isto, faz-se uso da chamada Teoria de Poincaré - Mel¿nikov que fornece uma forma analítica para a determinação do tipo de comportamento do sistema (regular ou irregular) / Abstract: This work make the analytical determination of the occurrence of a type of deterministic chaos (irregularity) called Homoclinic Chaos in some applications of the Science of Engineering and mechanics as, for example, the Robotics and the Theory of Control (Chaotic Control of Bifurcations so on). For that purpose, the Theory of Poincaré - Mel¿nikov is used that supplies an analytical form for the determination of the type of the system behavior of the system (regular or irregular) / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
327

Algebraic derivative estimation applied to nonlinear control of magnetic levitation. / Estimação algébrica de derivadas aplicada ao controle não-linear de levitação magnética.

Matheus Schwalb Moraes 18 February 2016 (has links)
The subject of this thesis is the real-time implementation of algebraic derivative estimators as observers in nonlinear control of magnetic levitation systems. These estimators are based on operational calculus and implemented as FIR filters, resulting on a feasible real-time implementation. The algebraic method provide a fast, non-asymptotic state estimation. For the magnetic levitation systems, the algebraic estimators may replace the standard asymptotic observers assuring very good performance and robustness. To validate the estimators as observers in closed-loop control, several nonlinear controllers are proposed and implemented in a experimental magnetic levitation prototype. The results show an excellent performance of the proposed control laws together with the algebraic estimators. / O tema dessa dissertação é a implementação em tempo real dos estimadores algébricos de derivadas como observadores no controle não-linear de levitação magnética. Esses estimadores são baseados no cálculo operacional e implementados como filtros FIR, resultando em uma implementação viável em tempo real. O método algébrico permite estimar os estados do sistema de maneira rápida e não-assintótica. Para os sistemas de levitação magnética, os estimadores algébricos podem substituir os observadores assintóticos assegurando boas propriedades de robustez e performance. A fim de validar os estimadores como observadores no controle em malha fechada, vários controladores não-lineares são propostos e implementados em um protótipo experimental. Os resultados mostram uma excelente performance dos controladores propostos juntamente com os estimadores algébricos.
328

Commande d'un véhicule hypersonique à propulsion aérobie : modélisation et synthèse / Control of a hypersonic airbreathing vehicle : modeling and synthesis

Poulain, François 28 March 2012 (has links)
La propulsion aérobie à grande vitesse est depuis longtemps identifiée comme l'un des prochains sauts technologiques à franchir dans le domaine des lanceurs spatiaux. Cependant, les véhicules hypersoniques (HSV) fonctionnant dans des domaines de vitesse extrêmement élevées, de nombreuses contraintes et incertitudes entravent les garanties des propriétés des contrôleurs. L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier la synthèse de commande d'un tel véhicule.Pour commencer, il s'agit de définir un modèle représentatif d'un HSV exploitable pour la commande. Dans ce travail, nous construisons deux modèles de HSV. Un pour la simulation en boucle fermée, et le second afin de poser précisément le problème de commande.Nous proposons ensuite une synthèse de commande de la dynamique longitudinale dans le plan vertical de symétrie. Celle-ci est robuste aux incertitudes de modélisation, tolérante à des saturations, et n'excite pas les dynamiques rapides négligées. Ses propriétés sont évaluées sur différents cas de simulation. Puis, une extension est proposée afin de résoudre le problème de commande simultanée des dynamiques longitudinale et latérale, sous les mêmes contraintes.Ce résultat est obtenu par une assignation de fonction de Lyapunov, suite à une étude des dynamiques longitudinale et latérale. Par ailleurs, pour traiter les erreurs de poursuite dues aux incertitudes de modélisation, nous nous intéressons au problème de régulation asymptotique robuste par retour d'état. Nous montrons que cette régulation peut être accomplie en stabilisant le système augmenté d'un intégrateur de la sortie. Ceci constitue une extension de la structure de contrôle proportionnel-intégral au cas des systèmes non linéaires. / High speed airbreathing thrust has been known for a long time as one of the next technological step to be overcome in space launchers domain. However, HyperSonic Vehicles (HSV) speed operating ranges being extremely high, numerous constraints and uncertainties restrict the ensuring of control properties. The purpose of this thesis is to study control synthesis for such a vehicle.First, it concern the definition of a HSV model for controlling purpose. In this work is constructed two HSV models. One in order to effect closed loop simulation, and the other in order to precisely establish the control problem.Then, is proposed a control synthesis for the longitudinal dynamics restricted to the symmetric vertical plane. It is robust to modelling uncertainties, allows saturation, and does not excite neglected fast dynamics. Its properties are evaluated on different cases of simulation. Next, an extension is proposed in order to solve the problem of controlling simultaneously longitudinal and lateral dynamics, under the same constraints.This result is obtained by the use of control Lyapunov functions, following the study of longitudinal and lateral dynamics. Furthermore, in order to solve tracking errors due to modelling uncertainties, the problem of robust asymptotic regulation by state feedback has been addressed. It is shown that such a regulation can be achieved by stabilizing the system augmented by an output integrator. This constitutes an extension for nonlinear systems of the proportional-integral control structure.
329

Optimized Walking of an 8-link 3D Bipedal Robot / Optimisation de la marche d'un robot bipède 3D à 8 corps

Chen, Zhongkai 08 October 2015 (has links)
D'un point de vue énergétique, les robots marcheurs sont moins performants que les humains. Face à ce défi, cette thèse propose une approche pour contrôler et optimiser les allures de marche des robots bipèdes à la fois en 2D et 3D en considérant les fréquences propres du robot et par ajout de ressorts. L'étude porte essentiellement sur un robot bipède 2D à 5 corps et des pieds ponctuels ainsi qu'un robot bipède 3D à 8 corps avec des pieds sans masse à contact linéique. La commande en boucle fermée considérée est basée sur la méthode des contraintes virtuelles et la linéarisation par retour d'état. Suite à des études précédentes, la stabilité du robot bipède 2D est vérifiée par une section de Poincaré unidimensionnelle et étendue au robot bipède 3D à contact linéique avec le sol. L'optimisation est effectuée en utilisant la programmation quadratique séquentielle. Les paramètres optimisés incluent des coefficients de polynômes de Bézier et des paramètres posturaux. Des contraintes d'optimisation sont imposées pour assurer la validité de l'allure de marche. Pour le robot bipède 2D, deux configurations différentes de ressorts placés aux hanches sont étudiées. Ces deux configurations ont permis de réduire le coût énergétique. Pour le robot bipède 3D, les paramètres d'optimisation sont séparés en deux parties : ceux décrivant le mouvement dans le plan sagittal et ceux du plan frontal. Les résultats de l'optimisation montrent que ces deux types de paramètres doivent être optimisés. Ensuite, des ressorts sont ajoutés respectivement par rapport au plan sagittal, par rapport au plan frontal puis dans les deux plans. Les résultats montrent que l'ajout des ressorts dans le plan sagittal permet de réduire significativement le coût énergétique et que l'association de ressorts dans le plan frontal améliore encore plus la consommation d'énergie. / From an energy standpoint, walking robots are less efficient than humans. In facing this challenge, this study aims to provide an approach for controlling and optimizing the gaits of both 2D and 3D bipedal robots with consideration for exploiting natural dynamics and elastic couplings. A 5-link 2D biped with point feet and an 8-link 3D biped with massless line feet are studied. The control method is based on virtual constraints and feedback linearization. Following previous studies, the stability of the 2D biped is verified by computing scalar Poincaré map in closed form, and now this method also applies to the 3D biped because of its line-foot configuration. The optimization is performed using sequential quadratic programming. The optimization parameters include postural parameters and Bézier coefficients, and the optimization constraints are used to ensure gait validity. For the 2D biped, two different configurations of hip joint springs are investigated and both configurations successfully reduce the energy cost. For the 3D biped, the optimization parameters are further divided into sagittal parameters and coronal parameters, and the optimization results indicate that both these parameters should be optimized. After that, hip joint springs are added respectively to the sagittal plane, the coronal plane and both these planes. The results demonstrate that the elastic couplings in the sagittal plane should be considered first and that the additional couplings in the coronal plane reduce the energy cost even further.
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Approche thermodynamique pour la stabilisation des réacteurs chimiques / Thermodynamic approach for stabilization of chemical reactors

Hoang, Ngoc Ha 01 December 2009 (has links)
L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer de nouvelles stratégies de commande non linéaire pour la stabilisation des Réacteurs Parfaitement Agités Continus (RPAC). Pour cela, nous utilisons d’une part, l’approche thermodynamique entropique. Plus précisément, nous utilisons la notion de disponibilité thermodynamique et les propriétés de la thermodynamique irréversible pour définir une fonction de Lyapunov utilisable pour la stabilisation du système en boucle fermée. Nous proposons aussi une fonction disponibilité réduite afin d’obtenir des lois stabilisantes plus performantes en terme de sollicitation des actionneurs. D’autre part, nous proposons une extension du formalisme (pseudo) hamiltonien à ports dissipatifs aux réacteurs chimiques ouverts. Nous montrons que l’Hamiltonien est lié à l’enthalpie libre de Gibbs dans le cas isotherme et à l’ectropie (opposée de l’entropie) dans le cas non isotherme. Par ce formalisme, la dissipation du système représente la production irréversible d’entropie due à la réaction chimique. Nous appliquons ensuite les techniques de commande passive (modelage de l’énergie) pour la synthèse de lois de commande en choisissant la disponibilité thermodynamique comme fonction hamiltonienne à modeler en boucle fermée. Finalement, nous montrons que les commandes synthétisées par l’approche thermodynamique entropique et la formulation pseudo-hamiltonienne sont, dans certains cas, équivalentes. Certaines propriétés relatives à la stabilisation et l’admissibilité des commandes sont aussi considérées. Les développements théoriques sont mis en oeuvre sur des exemples différents de RPAC : un réacteur académique et l’hydrolyse par catalyse acide de l’oxirane-méthanol en glycérine. / The goal of this thesis is to propose new nonlinear control strategies for the stabilization of perfectly Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR). To achieve this goal, we use on the one hand, the entropic thermodynamic approach. More precisely, we use the thermodynamic availability concept and the properties of irreversible thermodynamics to define a Lyapunov function candidate for the stabilization of the closed loop system. We also propose a reduced availability function to design more efficient feedback laws in term of control variable solicitations. On the other hand, we propose an extension of the (pseudo) Hamiltonian formalism associated to dissipative systems to open chemical reactors. We show that the Hamiltonian is linked to the Gibbs free enthalpy in the isothermal case and to ectropy (opposed to entropy) in the non isothermal case. By this formalism, the dissipation of the system represents the irreversible entropy production due to chemical reaction. The Interconnection and Damping Assignment-Passivity Based Control (IDA-PBC) approach is then applied to synthesize feedback laws by choosing the thermodynamic availability as desired closed loop hamiltonian storage function. Finally, we show that feedback laws synthetized by the entropic thermodynamic approach and the pseudo-hamiltonian formulation are equivalent in some cases. Some stabilization properties and the control input admissibility are also considered. Theoretical developments are illustrated on some different CSTR examples : an academic case study and the acid catalyzed hydration of oxirane-methanol to glycerol.

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