SAMMANFATTNING Undertrycksbehandling eller den internationella benämningen NPWT (Negative pressure wound therapy) har under de senaste åren snabb ökat i användande då den har visat sig vara effektiv som behandlingsmetod vid svårläkta sår. Då det saknas kunskaper och erfarenheter kring patientens smärtupplevelse och undertrycksbehandling har syftet med denna studie varit att undersöka förekomsten av smärta hos dessa patienter. Utgångspunkten var fyra frågeställningar: patientens egna upplevelser av smärta, patientens smärtupplevelser utifrån vårdpersonalens perspektiv, vid vilka moment i sårbehandlingsprocessen upplever patienten smärta och hur smärtan påverkar livskvalitén och den psykiska hälsan. Som metod i den här studien har använts litteraturöversikt där datainsamlingen gjorts på ett systematiskt vis utifrån genomtänkta sökord med hjälp av PICO modellen. Femton artiklar valdes ut och analyserades för att samla in ett resultat som svarar på syftet. Dataanalysen genomfördes i sex olika steg. Där det plockades ut olika kodord som sedan kategoriserades. Huvudtema skapades utifrån dessa kategorier som sedan låg till grund för rubrikerna i resultatet vilka överensstämde med frågeställningarna i syftet. Till sist sammanställdes resultatet utifrån dessa rubriker. Resultatet visade på att patienter upplevde smärta i samband med NPWT. Vissa moment i behandlingen var dock mer smärtsamma än andra. Vid svampbaserad behandling mättes, med hjälp av VAS mer smärta än vid gasvävsbaserad. Nyanläggningen av förbandet upplevdes mer som ett pirrande obehag utifrån patienterna medan en del vårdpersonalen uppfattade det som ett smärtsamt moment. När det gällde applicering och borttagande av ytterförband var borttagandet mer smärtsamt än appliceringen utifrån patienternas uppfattning. Vid fysisk aktivitet eller vid infektioner kunde smärta också förekomma. Det var dock inte alltid smärtan som var det mest besvärliga för patienterna. Utan en del studier hade kommit fram till att det var smärtans påverkan på livskvalitén och den psykiska hälsan som gjorde patienterna stressade och begränsade dem mest. Slutsatsen som kunde dras utifrån denna studie var att trots förekomsten av smärta var patienternas inställning till NPWT positiv. De trodde att behandlingen hjälpte dem att läka deras sår både snabbare och effektivare. Patienterna upplevde dock ofta någon form av smärta under behandlingen. Det har framkommit i resultatet att bristande teknik vid förbandsbytet och nyanläggningen var en av orsakerna till smärta. Smärtan kunde också bidra till en begränsning av patientens sociala liv.

Our objective was to compare cefazolin concentrations in biopsied tissue samples collected from surgically created wounds treated with negative pressure wound therapy to those collected from surgically created wounds treated with nonadherent dressings. The study design was a prospective, controlled, experimental study. The animal population included 12 female spayed beagles. We hypothesized there would be a difference between the cefazolin concentrations of wounds treated with negative pressure wound therapy when compared to the cefazolin concentrations of wounds treated with nonadherent dressings. Surgical methods were as follows: Full thickness cutaneous wounds were created on each antebrachium (n=24). Following surgery, cefazolin (22 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to each of the dogs and continued every 8 hours during the study. The right wound was randomly assigned to group I or group II while the wound on the contralateral antebrachium was assigned to the other group. Group I wounds were treated with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and group II wounds were treated with nonadherent dressings for 3 days. Dressings were changed and tissue biopsies obtained from wound beds at 24-hour intervals for both groups. Cefazolin wound tissue and plasma concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Blood samples for measuring plasma cefazolin concentrations were collected prior to biopsy sampling. At the time of surgery and at each bandage change, wound beds were swabbed and submitted for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Our results revealed that after initiating cefazolin treatment, wound tissue antibiotic concentrations between treatment groups were not significantly different at any sampling time. Similarly, after initiating cefazolin treatment, plasma cefazolin concentrations were not significantly different at any sampling time for individual dogs. We concluded that using a canine experimental model, NPWT treatment of surgically created wounds does not statistically impact cefazolin tissue concentrations when compared to conventional nonadherent bandage therapy / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) using reticulated open-cell foam (ROCF) in the adjunctive management of abdominal wounds with exposed and known infected synthetic mesh. A non randomised, retrospective review of medical records for 21 consecutive patients with infected abdominal wounds treated with NPWT was conducted. All abdominal wounds contained exposed synthetic mesh [composite, polypropylene (PP), or knitted polyglactin 910 (PG) mesh]. Demographic and bacteriological data, wound history, pre-NPWT and comparative post-NPWT, operative procedures and complications, hospital length of stay (LOS) and wound healing outcomes were all analysed. Primary endpoints measured were (1) hospital LOS prior to initiation of NPWT, (2) total time on NPWT, (3) hospital LOS from NPWT initiation to discharge and (4) wound closure status at discharge. A total of 21 patients with abdominal wounds with exposed, infected mesh were treated with NPWT. Aetiology of the wounds was ventral hernia repair (n = 11) and acute abdominal wall defect (n = 10). Prior to NPWT initiation, the mean hospital LOS for the composite, PP and PG meshes were 76 days (range: 21-171 days), 51 days (range: 32-62 days) and 19 days (range: 12-39 days), respectively. The mean hospital LOS following initiation of NPWT for wounds with exposed composite, PP and PG mesh were 28, 31 and 32 days, respectively. Eighteen of the 21 wounds (86%) reached full closure after a mean time of 26 days of NPWT and a mean hospital LOS of 30 days postinitiation of NPWT. Three wounds, all with composite mesh left in situ, did not reach full closure, although all exhibited decreased wound dimensions, granulating beds and decreased surface area exposure of mesh. During NPWT/ROCF, one hypoalbuminemic patient with exposed PP mesh developed an enterocutaneous fistula over a prior enterotomy site. This patient subsequently underwent total mesh extraction, takedown of the fistula and PP mesh replacement followed by reinstitution of NPWT and flap closure. In addition to appropriate systemic antibiotics and nutritional optimisation, the adjunctive use of NPWT resulted in successful closure of 86% of infected abdominal wounds with exposed prosthetic mesh. Patient hospital LOS (except those with PG mesh), operative procedures and readmissions were decreased during NPWT compared with treatment prior to NPWT. Future multi-site prospective, controlled studies would provide a strong evidence base from which treatment decisions could be made in the management of these challenging and costly cases.

Gabriel A, Shores J, Bernstein B, de Leon J, Kamepalli R, Wolvos T, Baharestani MM, Gupta S. A Clinical Review of Infected Wound Treatment with Vacuum Assisted Closure ® (V.A.C. ®) Therapy: Experience and Case Series. ABSTRACT Over the last decade Vacuum Assisted Closure ® (KCI Licensing, Inc., San Antonio, TX) has been established as an effective wound care modality for managing complex acute and chronic wounds. The therapy has been widely adopted by many institutions to treat a variety of wound types. Increasingly, the therapy is being used to manage infected and critically colonized, difficult-to-treat wounds. This growing interest coupled with practitioner uncertainty in using the therapy in the presence of infection prompted the convening of an interprofessional expert advisory panel to determine appropriate use of the different modalities of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) as delivered by V.A.C. ® Therapy and V.A.C. Instill ® with either GranuFoam ™ or GranuFoam Silver ™ Dressings. The panel reviewed infected wound treatment methods within the context of evidence-based medicine coupled with experiential insight using V.A.C. ® Therapy Systems to manage a variety of infected wounds. The primary objectives of the panel were 1) to exchange state-of-practice evidence, 2) to review and evaluate the strength of existing data, and 3) to develop practice recommendations based on published evidence and clinical experience regarding use of the V.A.C. ® Therapy Systems in infected wounds. These recommendations are meant to identify which infected wounds will benefit from the most appropriate V.A.C. ® Therapy System modality and provide an infected wound treatment algorithm that may lead to a better understanding of optimal treatment strategies.

Bakgrund: Undertrycksbehandling eller Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) är en sårbehandling som ofta används när andra behandlingar inte lyckats med läkningen av det kroniska såret. Flera forskningsstudier stödjer metodens effektivitet gällande sårläkning och bildande av granulationsvävnad, men behandlingens påverkan på patienten och dennes upplevelse av att använda behandlingen är bristfällig.Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patientens upplevelse av att genomgå undertrycksbehandling av ett sår och om behandlingen påverkar patientens livskvalitet.Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på kvalitativa artiklar som svarade på huvudsyftet och kvantitativa artiklar som svarade på frågeställningen.Resultat: Informanterna upplevde att NPWT-enheten var ett fokus i behandlingen. Behandlingen var smärtsam och påverkade det dagliga livet och informantens självbild. Informanterna upplevde en brist på information och stöd och en inkonsekvens i vårdpersonalens kunskap och kompetens. Ingen signifikant skillnad i livskvaliteten påvisades vid jämförelse av NPWT och standard sårbehandling.Konklusion: NPWT-behandlingen upplevdes som en krävande sårbehandling där patienten utmanades både fysiskt och psykiskt. Behandlingen innebar mycket eget ansvar, var starkt förknippad med smärta och oro och ångest överskuggade målet med behandlingen. / Background: Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is a wound therapy, often used, when other therapies fail to heal the chronic wound. Several research studies support the effectiveness of the method regarding wound healing and granulation tissue formation, but the effect of treatment on the patient and his experience of using the treatment is lacking. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the patient´s experience of undergoing negative pressure wound therapy and if the treatment affects the patient´s quality of life. Method: Literature review based on qualitative articles that responded to the main objective and quantitative articles that answered the research question. Results: The informants felt that the NPWT device was a focus in the treatment. The treatment was painful and affected the daily life and the informant´s self-image. The informants experienced a lack of information and support, and an inconsistency in the nursing staffs knowledge and skills. No significant difference in the quality of life were proved by comparing NPWT and standard wound treatment.Conclusion: NPWT treatment was perceived as a demanding wound treatment where the patient was challenged both physically and mentally. Treatment entailed a lot of own responsibility, was highly associated with pain and worry and anxiety overshadowed the goal of treatment.

Baharestani M, Amjad I, Bookout K, Fleck T, Gabriel A, Kaufman D, McCord SS, Moores DC, Olutoye OO, Salazar JD, Song DH, Teich S, Gupta S. V.A.C. ® Therapy in the management of paediatric wounds: clinical review and experience. ABSTRACT Usage of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the management of acute and chronic wounds has grown exponentially in the past decade. Hundreds of studies have been published regarding outcomes and methods of therapy used for adult wounds. This treatment is increasingly being used to manage difficult-to-treat paediatric wounds arising from congenital defects, trauma, infection, tumour, burns, pressure ulceration and postsurgical complications in children, although relatively few studies have been aimed at this population. Given the anatomical and physiological differences between adults and children, a multidisciplinary expert advisory panel was convened to determine appropriate use of NPWT with reticulated open cell foam (NPWT/ROCF) as delivered by Vacuum Assisted Closure® (V.A.C.® Therapy, KCI Licensing, Inc., San Antonio, TX) for the treatment of paediatric wounds. The primary objectives of the expert advisory panel were to exchange state-of-practice information on paediatric wound care, review the published data regarding the use of NPWT/ROCF in paediatric wounds, evaluate the strength of the existing data and establish guidelines on best practices with NPWT/ROCF for the paediatric population. The proposed paediatrics-specific clinical practice guidelines are meant to provide practitioners an evidence base from which decisions could be made regarding the safe and efficacious selection of pressure settings, foam type, dressing change frequency and use of interposing contact layer selections. The guidelines reflect the state of knowledge on effective and appropriate wound care at the time of publication. They are the result of consensus reached by expert advisory panel members based on their individual clinical and published experiences related to the use of NPWT/ROCF in treating paediatric wounds. Best practices are described herein for novice and advanced users of NPWT/ROCF. Recommendations by the expert panel may not be appropriate for use in all circumstances. Decisions to adopt any particular recommendation must be made by the collaborating medical team, including the surgeon and wound care specialist based on available resources, individual patient circumstances and experience with the V.A.C.® Therapy System.

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