Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health within specified territories from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases through trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) developed an agreement on the application of SPS measures. South Africa is a member of both the WTO and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In SADC, SPS measures are provided for in the SADC Sanitary and Phytosanitary Annexure to the Protocol on Trade of 1996. International Standard Setting Bodies (ISSBs) facilitate the effective application of the main elements of the relevant SPS agreements, especially harmonization and equivalence by establishing scientifically justified standards on which members may base their SPS measures. The relevant ISSB’s in terms of SPS measures are the OIE, IPPC and Codex Alimentarius. SPS measures have the potential to become or be used as non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs). The SADC Protocol on Trade 1996 stipulates that policies and measures are to be implemented by members to eliminate existing forms of NTBs. Additionally members may not enforce new NTBs affecting or related to intra-SADC trade. The most relevant South African legislation in the context of SPS measures and this study is as follows: Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983, the Agricultural Products Act 119 of 1990; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947, the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989, Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000, Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54 of 1972, Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965 and National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications Act 5 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the South African legal framework complies with its obligations in terms of the SADC SPS Annexure to the Protocol on Trade / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health within specified territories from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases through trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) developed an agreement on the application of SPS measures. South Africa is a member of both the WTO and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In SADC, SPS measures are provided for in the SADC Sanitary and Phytosanitary Annexure to the Protocol on Trade of 1996. International Standard Setting Bodies (ISSBs) facilitate the effective application of the main elements of the relevant SPS agreements, especially harmonization and equivalence by establishing scientifically justified standards on which members may base their SPS measures. The relevant ISSB’s in terms of SPS measures are the OIE, IPPC and Codex Alimentarius. SPS measures have the potential to become or be used as non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs). The SADC Protocol on Trade 1996 stipulates that policies and measures are to be implemented by members to eliminate existing forms of NTBs. Additionally members may not enforce new NTBs affecting or related to intra-SADC trade. The most relevant South African legislation in the context of SPS measures and this study is as follows: Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983, the Agricultural Products Act 119 of 1990; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947, the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989, Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000, Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54 of 1972, Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965 and National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications Act 5 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the South African legal framework complies with its obligations in terms of the SADC SPS Annexure to the Protocol on Trade / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The diploma thesis deals with detailed look at the project Education 21 and so the teaching using new technologies, especially interactive whiteboards and netbooks, in Czech schools. The objective was observation of teaching mathematics, methods of using interactive whiteboards and netbooks in mathematics lessons at secondary schools participating project Education 21. Evaluation and conclusions are based on analyzes of lessons recorded in the academic year 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, which were investigated and further divided into shorter stories in case that interactive whiteboard or netbook was used in some way. I watched purpose and the way of use of interactive whiteboard or netbook in the episodes, then the material which this technology was used with the aid of and who worked with interactive whiteboard. Some episodes can serve as an example of "good" or interesting way of working with the IWB and NTB in mathematics lessons, or they can be an inspiration for other mathematics teachers but also teachers of other subjects. Keywords: interactive whiteboard (IWB), netbook (NTB), interactive textbook - e- books, applet, mathematics, Education 21, smart notebook, videos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lediany Freitas de Campos.pdf: 3464899 bytes, checksum: 6b61a4fce28905968ba8f24bbfed3c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze the impact of trade barriers on the inclusion of Paraná s agriculture in foreign market in the period 2000-2011, with emphasis on the effects of the international crisis of 2008. For the development of the research object, one opted for a quantitative approach, using descriptive statistical method and the gravity model. It was found that Paraná has, on average, about 50% of its exports based on agricultural products and it increased to 64.01% in 2011. Twelve major products represent around 90% of agricultural exports and in 2011 were responsible for 56.42% of general exports. Over the last decade, the target markets migrated from the European Union to Asia, with great emphasis to China. As for trade barriers, it was found that the agriculture of Paraná faces tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) by all importing countries analyzed. The tariff applied varies greatly in relation to the country and products. The NTB faced are diverse, and the most frequently applied are sanitary and phytosanitary barriers, followed by technical barriers. Agricultural subsidies applied by OECD countries have high variance around the average and tended to decrease over the period. In the year immediately following the 2008 international crisis, its repercussions were: declines in agricultural exports by volume and value of exports; declines for 10 of the top 12 products analyzed; variations in tariffs, both for more and for less; increase in agricultural subsidies; and the incidence of more BNT on agricultural products. By gravitational model, one evidenced that there is a negative relationship of Paraná s agricultural exports with trade tariffs, converging with the theory of international trade. A trade liberalization through tariffs, as a tariff reduction of 1%, would be positive at 3.7% for greater inclusion of state agriculture in the foreign market. / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a incidência de barreiras comerciais sobre a inserção da agricultura paranaense no mercado externo, no período de 2000 a 2011, com destaque para os reflexos da crise internacional de 2008. Para o desenvolvimento do objeto de pesquisa, optou-se por uma abordagem metodológica quantitativa, utilizando o método estatístico descritivo e o modelo gravitacional. Constatou-se que o Paraná tem, em média, cerca de 50% das suas exportações baseadas em produtos agrícolas, tendo aumentado para 64,01% em 2011. Doze principais produtos representam em torno de 90% da exportação agrícola e em 2011 foram responsáveis por 56,42% da exportação geral. Ao longo da última década, os mercados de destino migraram da União Europeia para a Ásia, com grande destaque para a China. Quanto às barreiras comerciais, constatou-se que a agricultura paranaense enfrenta tarifas e Barreiras Não Tarifárias (BNT) por parte de todos os países importadores analisados. O valor da tarifa aplicada varia muito em relação ao país e aos produtos. As BNT enfrentadas são diversas, sendo que as mais aplicadas são barreiras sanitárias e fitossanitárias, seguidas das barreiras técnicas. Os subsídios agrícolas aplicados pelos países da OCDE têm alta discrepância em torno da média e apresentaram tendência de queda ao longo do período. No ano imediatamente posterior à crise internacional de 2008, os seus reflexos foram: quedas nas exportações agrícolas, em volume e valor exportado; quedas para 10 dos 12 principais produtos analisados; variações nas tarifas, tanto para mais quanto para menos; aumento nos subsídios agrícolas; e a incidência de mais BNT sobre os produtos agrícolas. Pelo modelo gravitacional, evidenciou-se uma relação negativa das exportações agrícolas paranaenses com as tarifas comerciais, convergindo com a teoria do comércio internacional. Uma liberalização comercial por meio de tarifas, como uma redução tarifária de 1%, seria positiva em 3,7% para maior inserção da agricultura paranaense no mercado externo.

Les terres agricoles ont été durablement contaminées à la fois par les pesticides mis à la disposition des agriculteurs pour lutter contre les charançons et autres insectes nuisibles, et par les engrais azotées pour augmenter la productivité chez les plantes.Des recherches récentes concernent des cultures alternatives écologiques utilisant les plantes de service qui fournissent les nutriments aux plantes principales. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette perspective, d'un point de vue modélisation.L'accent est mis sur la résolution de problèmes de contrôle du phénomène d'absorption de nutriments, par les racines dans la rhizosphère (partie proche des racines), en considérant les deux cas de sols : sol sain et sol pollué.Ces phénomènes d'absorption sont modélisés par des systèmes d'advection-diffusion de type Nye-Tinker-Barber (NTB). La concentration de nutriments absorbée, solution du problème, est une fonction du temps et de l'espace.On étudie l'existence de solution du système NTB dans les deux cas où la fonction d'absorption de nutriments à la frontière (surface de la racine) appelée fonction de Michealis-Menten, est linéaire et/ou non linéaire, à l’aide des outils d’analyse fonctionnelle. On étudie ensuite les problèmes de contrôle optimal associés au système NTB, en considérant les deux cas linéaire et non linéaire, en application pour les deux cas d’absorption de nutriments en sol non pollué puis en sol pollué. Pour le premier cas, on utilise les techniques classiques de recherche d'un contrôle pour les systèmes distribués, tandis que, pour le second cas, on fait appel aux notions de contrôle sans regret et contrôle à moindres regrets de J.-L. Lions. Les contrôles obtenus pour les différents problèmes sont caractérisés chacun par un système d'optimalité (SO) cas sans pollution, et système d’optimalité singulier (SOS) dans le cas avec pollution.= / Agriculture soils were highly contaminated for a long time by pesticides which were widely used by producers to fight against weevils. Soils where also contaminated by the use of fertilizers to increase the plant development. An ecological alternative using service plants is encouraged following recent research. The aim of this work is to give a mathematical and a modelling point of view as we study the mecha- nisms of nutrient transfer to plants using the mathematical analysis and optimal control theories. The two cases of polluted and non-polluted soils are considered. The nutrient transfer and uptake processes are modeled by an advection-diffusion system derived from the Nye-Tinker-Barber (NTB) model. The absorbed nutrient concentration represented by the Michaelis-Mention function at the root surface of the principal plant, depends on time and space. We study the existence of a solution for the linear and nonlinear NTB systems, then we characterize the opti- mal control which corresponds to the added nutrients from the service plant. For the pollution case, we use the concept of low-regret and no-regret control of J.-L. Lions.