The role of NUMB, a protein important for cellular differentiation and endocytosis in non-placental cells, was investigated in syncytiotrophoblast development and function in the human placenta. The BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line was used as a model for villous cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblast to investigate NUMB’s involvement in differentiation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis. NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 were found to be the predominant isoforms and were upregulated following forskolin-induced differentiation. Overexpression of NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 did not mediate differentiation or EGFR signaling. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that NUMB colocalized with EGFR at perinuclear late endosomes and lysosomes following EGF stimulation. We have demonstrated for the first time that NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 are expressed in BeWo cells, are upregulated in forskolin-differentiated BeWo cells and are involved in ligand-dependent EGFR endocytosis in BeWo cells.

The role of NUMB, a protein important for cellular differentiation and endocytosis in non-placental cells, was investigated in syncytiotrophoblast development and function in the human placenta. The BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line was used as a model for villous cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblast to investigate NUMB’s involvement in differentiation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis. NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 were found to be the predominant isoforms and were upregulated following forskolin-induced differentiation. Overexpression of NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 did not mediate differentiation or EGFR signaling. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that NUMB colocalized with EGFR at perinuclear late endosomes and lysosomes following EGF stimulation. We have demonstrated for the first time that NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 are expressed in BeWo cells, are upregulated in forskolin-differentiated BeWo cells and are involved in ligand-dependent EGFR endocytosis in BeWo cells.

The role of NUMB, a protein important for cellular differentiation and endocytosis in non-placental cells, was investigated in syncytiotrophoblast development and function in the human placenta. The BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line was used as a model for villous cytotrophoblast cells and syncytiotrophoblast to investigate NUMB’s involvement in differentiation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis. NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 were found to be the predominant isoforms and were upregulated following forskolin-induced differentiation. Overexpression of NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 did not mediate differentiation or EGFR signaling. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that NUMB colocalized with EGFR at perinuclear late endosomes and lysosomes following EGF stimulation. We have demonstrated for the first time that NUMB isoforms 1 and 3 are expressed in BeWo cells, are upregulated in forskolin-differentiated BeWo cells and are involved in ligand-dependent EGFR endocytosis in BeWo cells.

CRMP5 appartient à la famille des Collapsin Response Mediator Protein. Ces protéines sont très exprimées dans le cerveau en développement et les zones de neurogénèse chez l'adulte. Dans un contexte tumoral, l'expression des messagers de CRMP5 émergent dans un cluster de gènes associés à la plus faible survie des 20 patients suivis, et à la prolifération (Liang et al., 2005). Nous avons confirmé ces résultats dans une série rétrospective de 183 GBM où la forte expression protéique de CRMP5 est corrélée à une plus faible survie des patients (7.14 mois vs 10 mois) ; de plus les tumeurs exprimant fortement CRMP5 présentent un index mitotique 2 fois plus important (p = 0.0009) que les tumeurs exprimant faiblement CRMP5. Dans des cultures primaires ou lignées cellulaires de GBM nous montrons que la prolifération des glioblastomes est dépendante de l'expression de CRMP5 et de la voie de signalisation Notch. Des analyses en western blot démontrent que CRMP5 protège les récepteurs Notch de la dégradation lysosomale. Nous avons approfondi ce mécanisme et montré une nouvelle voie de régulation de Notch par CRMP5 qui par une interaction protéique avec Numb, l'inhibiteur de Notch empêche la dégradation du récepteur. Parallèlement, l'analyse en immunohistochimie sur les biopsies de GBM montrent une forte expression Notch et sa cible Hes1 dans les tumeurs exprimant fortement CRMP5. Ces résultats montrent la corrélation entre l'expression de CRMP5 dans les GBM, l'activation de la voie Notch et la faible survie des patients. Le ciblage de l'interaction CRMP5-Numb est une stratégie potentielle pour un traitement ciblé des glioblastomes / CRMP5 belongs to the Collapsin Response Mediator Protein family, highly expressed in the developing brain and in adult brain neurogenesis areas. In pathology, we identified CRMP5 as a marker of aggressivity in neuroendocrine lung tumors (Meyronet et al, 2008) while Liang et al (2005) using transcriptomic analysis of 20 Glioblastomas, revealed CRMP5 in a cluster of genes related to proliferation correlated with a poor overall survival. We confirmed these results at the protein level in a retrospective serie of 183 GBMs and correlated higher CRMP5 expression with a significantly lower median survival (7.14 months) than those with negative expression (10 months) (p=0,026).Furthermore, GBM with higher CRMP5 expression were characterized by a higher mitotic index. CRMP5 knockdown (siRNA) in primary culture from GBM xenograft and in the GBM cell line GL15 showed a dependence of GBM cell proliferation for CRMP5 expression. Notch signaling pathway expression and activation was found post-translationally dependent of CRMP5 expression. These results are enlightened by a clinical study showing a poor expression of Notch 1 and Hes1 in CRMP5-negative tumours compared to CRMP5-positive GBM. Mechanistically, we show a novel regulation of the Notch signaling pathway in GBM by CRMP5 counteracting Numb-dependent Notch receptors degradation by a direct protein interaction. These results show that CRMP5 expression in GBM activates Notch signalling pathway to promote proliferation and poor survival. Targeting CRMP5-Numb interaction is a promising strategy for future glioblastoma treatment

Cell polarity is fundamental to numerous cellular processes including migration, molecular transport, and cell division. The establishment and organization of polarity is crucial to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in mammalian systems. Deregulation of cell polarity is observed in disease states, including cancer. Numb is an adaptor protein that functions in regulating endocytic trafficking events. Numb was originally identified in Drosophila as an asymmetrically localized cell fate determinant, and was subsequently found to be conserved in vertebrates. In mammalian polarized epithelial cells, Numb is distributed asymmetrically along the basolateral membrane domain. The work herein describes phosphorylation of Numb by the Par complex protein, atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC), as a means of regulating membrane localization and asymmetric distribution of Numb. A mutant of Numb that cannot be phosphorylated by aPKC accumulates on the plasma membrane and localizes to both apical and basolateral membranes. In aPKC-depleted cells, endogenous Numb is unable to achieve polarized distribution and localizes around the entire cell cortex. We demonstrate that this mechanism is conserved in Drosophila as mutation of the corresponding phosphorylation sites disrupts Numb asymmetric localization in dividing sensory organ precursor cells. In polarized epithelial cells, one function of Numb is to promote epithelial morphology when cells are challenged with external stimuli that disrupt cell-cell adhesion. For example, depletion of Numb results in enhanced sensitivity of cells to lose cell-cell contacts when treated with calcium chelating agents. Loss of Numb potentiates hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced lamellipodia formation and cell dispersal – early steps in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In Numb-depleted cells, Rac1-GTP loading is enhanced, which corresponds with increased rate in loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased lamellipodia formation, following depletion of extracellular calcium and HGF stimulation, respectively. Together, this work identifies a mechanism that regulates polarized distribution of Numb and provides insight into its function in polarized epithelial cells.

Cell polarity is fundamental to numerous cellular processes including migration, molecular transport, and cell division. The establishment and organization of polarity is crucial to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in mammalian systems. Deregulation of cell polarity is observed in disease states, including cancer. Numb is an adaptor protein that functions in regulating endocytic trafficking events. Numb was originally identified in Drosophila as an asymmetrically localized cell fate determinant, and was subsequently found to be conserved in vertebrates. In mammalian polarized epithelial cells, Numb is distributed asymmetrically along the basolateral membrane domain. The work herein describes phosphorylation of Numb by the Par complex protein, atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC), as a means of regulating membrane localization and asymmetric distribution of Numb. A mutant of Numb that cannot be phosphorylated by aPKC accumulates on the plasma membrane and localizes to both apical and basolateral membranes. In aPKC-depleted cells, endogenous Numb is unable to achieve polarized distribution and localizes around the entire cell cortex. We demonstrate that this mechanism is conserved in Drosophila as mutation of the corresponding phosphorylation sites disrupts Numb asymmetric localization in dividing sensory organ precursor cells. In polarized epithelial cells, one function of Numb is to promote epithelial morphology when cells are challenged with external stimuli that disrupt cell-cell adhesion. For example, depletion of Numb results in enhanced sensitivity of cells to lose cell-cell contacts when treated with calcium chelating agents. Loss of Numb potentiates hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced lamellipodia formation and cell dispersal – early steps in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In Numb-depleted cells, Rac1-GTP loading is enhanced, which corresponds with increased rate in loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased lamellipodia formation, following depletion of extracellular calcium and HGF stimulation, respectively. Together, this work identifies a mechanism that regulates polarized distribution of Numb and provides insight into its function in polarized epithelial cells.

Mitglieder der Numb Protein-Familie in Vertebraten haben vielfältige Funktionen während der frühen Embryogenese, einschließend einer essentiellen Rolle in der Entwicklung des Nervensystems. Numb Proteine interagieren als Gerüst-Proteine mit vielen Interaktionspartnern und können demnach mehrere Funktionen haben, wie zum Beispiel die Inhibition des Notch Signalweges. Die exakte Funktion während der Entwicklung in Vertebraten ist jedoch unklar. Im Gegensatz zu Numb wird NumbL ist ausschließlich im entstehenden Nervensystem von Xenopus exprimiert und wird durch die proneuralen Faktoren der Neurogenin Familie induziert und durch Notch inhibiert. Während die Überexpression von NumbL zu einer leichten Zunahme postmitotischer Neuronen führt, inhibiert ein Knockdown von NumbL alle molekularen Marker stromabwärts von Neurogenin und führt zu einer Zunahme von Vorläufer-Markern. Weiter werden in dieser Arbeit Beweise für die Interaktion von NumbL mit dem endocytotischen AP-2 Komplex erbracht und das diese Interaktion essentiell für die Funktion von NumbL während der primären Neurogenese ist. Interessanterweise scheint die Inhibition der Neurogenese bei einem Knockdown von NumbL nicht auf einer Deregulierung des Notch Signalweges zu beruhen.

CRMP5 appartient à la famille des Collapsin Response Mediator Protein. Ces protéines sont très exprimées dans le cerveau en développement et les zones de neurogénèse chez l'adulte. Dans un contexte tumoral, l'expression des messagers de CRMP5 émergent dans un cluster de gènes associés à la plus faible survie des 20 patients suivis, et à la prolifération (Liang et al., 2005). Nous avons confirmé ces résultats dans une série rétrospective de 183 GBM où la forte expression protéique de CRMP5 est corrélée à une plus faible survie des patients (7.14 mois vs 10 mois) ; de plus les tumeurs exprimant fortement CRMP5 présentent un index mitotique 2 fois plus important (p = 0.0009) que les tumeurs exprimant faiblement CRMP5. Dans des cultures primaires ou lignées cellulaires de GBM nous montrons que la prolifération des glioblastomes est dépendante de l'expression de CRMP5 et de la voie de signalisation Notch. Des analyses en western blot démontrent que CRMP5 protège les récepteurs Notch de la dégradation lysosomale. Nous avons approfondi ce mécanisme et montré une nouvelle voie de régulation de Notch par CRMP5 qui par une interaction protéique avec Numb, l'inhibiteur de Notch empêche la dégradation du récepteur. Parallèlement, l'analyse en immunohistochimie sur les biopsies de GBM montrent une forte expression Notch et sa cible Hes1 dans les tumeurs exprimant fortement CRMP5. Ces résultats montrent la corrélation entre l'expression de CRMP5 dans les GBM, l'activation de la voie Notch et la faible survie des patients. Le ciblage de l'interaction CRMP5-Numb est une stratégie potentielle pour un traitement ciblé des glioblastomes

Increased production of amyloid beta (A-beta) peptide, via altered proteolytic cleavage of amyloid protein precursor (APP), and abnormalities in neuronal calcium homeostasis play central roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Notch1, a membrane receptor that controls cell fate decisions during development of the nervous system, has been linked to AD because it is a substrate for the gamma-secretase protein complex in which mutations cause early-onset inherited AD. Numb is an evolutionarily conserved endocytic adapter involved in the internalization of transmembrane receptors. Mammals produce four Numb isoforms that differ in two functional domains, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) and a proline-rich region (PRR). Recent studies showed that the PTB domain of Numb interacts with the cytoplasmic tails of APP and Notch but the functional relevance of these interactions with respect to AD pathogenesis is not clear. In the current studies, we proposed to investigate the biological consequences of the interaction of the Numb proteins with APP and Notch in neural cells stably overexpressing each of the four human Numb proteins. In the first part of our studies, we found that expression of the Numb isoforms lacking the insert in the PTB (SPTB-Numb) caused the abnormal accumulation of cellular APP in the early endosomes, and increased the levels of C-terminal APP fragments and A-beta. By contrast, expression of the Numb isoforms with the insert in PTB (LPTB-Numb) leads to the depletion of cellular APP and coincides with significantly lower production of APP derivatives and A-beta. The contrasting effects of the Numb isoforms on APP metabolism were not attributed to differences in the expression of APP nor the activities of the various APP-processing secretases. In the second part of our studies, we found that expression of SPTB-Numb protein enhances neuronal vulnerability to serum deprivation-induced cell death by a mechanism involving the dysregulation of cellular calcium homeostasis. Neural cells expressing SPTB-Numb exhibited enhanced Notch activity, which markedly upregulated the expression of transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channels enhancing calcium entry in response to store depletion. We also found that serum deprivation increased TRPC6 expression, mediating the serum deprivation-induced death in neural cells. Interestingly, expression of LPTB-Numb protein suppressed serum deprivation-induced activation of Notch and the subsequent upregulation of TRPC6 and cell death. Finally, we showed that the Numb proteins differentially impact Notch activation by altering the endocytic trafficking and processing of Notch. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that aberrant expression of the Numb proteins may influence APP metabolism and Notch-mediated cellular responses to injury by altering their endocytic trafficking and processing.