Nano-ESI mass spectrometry is an attractive analytical technique due to its high sensitivity and small sample consumption, which is especially important for research areas such as proteomics. However, current nano-ESI emitters become a bottleneck for nano-ESI to be widely applied because of problems such as clogging, poor robustness, large flow resistance, and poor spray efficiency for highly aqueous solutions. The objective of this thesis study is to address the problems associated with tapered emitters and provide alternative solutions by developing advanced nano-ESI emitters. Two strategies that were explored to improve the clogging resistance and robustness while maintaining comparable electrospray performances include the development of emitters with larger apertures and multiple channels. Following these strategies, five types of emitters were fabricated without tapering either internal or external diameters, which include a roughened open tubular emitter, a porous membrane-assisted emitter, a microstructured multiple channel photonic crystal fiber (MSF) emitter, a packed ODS bead emitter, and an entrapped ODS bead emitter. The successful transformation of MSF fibers to nanoelectrospray emitters demonstrates a new practical approach to expand the application of nano-ESI because of its availability, compatibility, precisely controlled channel dimensions, variety of channel patterns, and feasibility for surface modification. The fundamental mechanism of non-tapered emitters was studied at nano flow rates. The fact that a plume of mist, instead of single Taylor cone, is generated from multiple channel emitters at nano flow rates suggests multiple Taylor cones may be formed. The calculated sensitivity gains from a MSF emitter compared to a single-tip tapered emitter are related to the number of the orifices containing on a MSF emitter. The characterization of impacts of operational parameters on nanoelectrospray performances shows that non-tapered emitters are more robust and less dependent on the emitter’s fine positioning. It was also found that unlike tapered emitters, non-tapered emitters can be positioned ten times further from the orifice of a mass spectrometer, which is greatly beneficial to online sample manipulation and purification. Furthermore, the electrospray efficiency of spraying highly aqueous solutions (e.g. 90%) was greatly improved through the hydrophobic modification of a MSF emitter exit. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-17 19:07:12.847

Electrospray ionization (ESI) has been an invaluable technique to mass spectrometry (MS) especially for analyzing large bio-molecules with unparalleled sensitivity, robustness, and simplicity. Great effort in the development of ESI technique has been devoted in the emitter design, as its shape and geometry have proved pivotal to the electrospray performance and further MS detection. Intrinsic problems for the traditional single-hole emitters including clogging and low throughput limit the applicability of the technique. To address this issue, the current project is focused on developing multiple electrospray (MES) emitters for improved ESI-MS analysis. In this thesis, joint work of both computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations for electrospray and offline electrospray experiments for spray current measurement were performed. Numerical simulations were used to test the effect of various emitter designs on electrospray performance and the laboratory results serve as a guide and validation. The CFD code was based on Taylor-Melcher leaky dielectric model (LDM) and the transient electrospray process was successfully simulated. The method was first validated via a 750 μm inner diameter (i.d.) emitter and further applied to a 20 μm i.d. model. Different stages of the electrospray process were visually demonstrated and the quantitative investigations for the change of spray current under various applied electric fields and flow rates share good agreement with previous simulations and measurements. Based on the single-aperture prototype, MES simulations were performed with 2-hole and 3-hole emitters. Simulation predictions compared favorably with the experimental results. Evidence from this work has proved that CFD simulation can be used as an effective numerical tool to test emitter designs for MES. The benchmarking result on the successful simulation of a microscale emitter electrospray achieved in this work is believed to be the smallest scale of the dynamic simulation for electrospray published to date. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2011-12-23 13:36:08.754

No description available.

Esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos. O capítulo I descreve o desenvolvimento do método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS para a determinação simultaneamente de fármacos psicotrópicos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos. A politerapia é uma prática comum no tratamento da esquizofrenia. Portanto, a monitorização terapêutica destes fármacos tem sido realizada para o ajuste das doses e individualização da terapia farmacológica. O método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade na faixa de concentração de 0,025 a 1,25 ng mL-1 com R2 acima de 0,9950 e a falta de teste de ajuste (p > 0,05); precisão com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 12% e exatidão com erro padrão relativo inferior a 14%. Este método foi aplicado com sucesso para determinação de fármacos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. No capítulo II, o desempenho cromatográfico de colunas C18 superficialmente e totalmente porosas com diferentes tamanhos de partícula foi avaliado para a análise de fármacos psicotrópicos por LC-MS/MS e LC-DAD. Com o sistema LC-MS/MS foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros cromatográficos: altura do prato reduzido vs velocidade linear reduzida, impedância vs velocidade linear reduzida, tempo da corrida cromatográfica vs vazão, pressão vs vazão, resolução, capacidade de pico, assimetria e fator de retenção. Já com o sistema LC-DAD foram avaliados a hidrofobicidade, atividade silanol e impurezas metálicas também foram avaliadas. As colunas com superfície carregada apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos em sua forma ionizada. Já as colunas com partículas menores que 2 µm (Cortecs 1,6 µm, Acquity 1,7 µm, e Kinetex 1,7 µm) apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos na forma parcialmente ionizada. Os modelos matemáticos gerados foram capazes de prever a pressão e o tempo da corrida cromatográfica em diferentes vazões para todas as colunas. Considerando a eficiência, impedância, resolução, capacidade de pico, fator de retenção e hidrofobicidade, as colunas Cortecs 1,6 µm e Acquity 1,7 µm apresentaram melhor desempenho durante a análise dos fármacos em amostra de plasma. O capítulo III descreve o desenvolvimento e validação dos métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS para a determinação dos endocanabinóides (AEA e 2-AG) em amostras biológicas. Para a otimização do processo SPME foram avaliadas as fases SPME (C18, C30 e HLB) e os solventes para dessorção (metanol, acetonitrila e isopropanol). Os aditivos modificadores de matriz, como cloridrato de guanidina, ácido trifluoroacético e acetonitrila foram avaliados por planejamento experimental. Os métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS, com a fase HLB biocompatível, apresentaram para ambos endocanabinóides valores de LOQs de 1 ng mL-1 e 50 ng mL-1, respectivamente. O método Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS permitiu o direto acoplamento da fibra SPME ao espectrômetro de massas via dessorção/ionização nanoeletrospray que resultou em rápida determinação quantitativa dos endocanabinóides em amostras biológicas. / This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter I describes the development of a column switching UHPLCMS/MS method to determine psychotropic drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples simultaneously. Polytherapy is a common practice in schizophrenia treatment. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring has been applied to adjust doses and to customize pharmacological therapy. The column switching UHPLCMS/MS method developed here is linear at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 1.25 ng mL-1 with R2 above 0.9950 and presents lack of fit test (p > 0.05), precision with coefficients of variation lower than 12%, and accuracy with relative standard error lower than 14%. This method was successfully applied to determine drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. In chapter II, the chromatographic performance of C18 superficially porous columns and of C18 fully porous columns with different particle sizes were evaluated for analysis of psychotropic drugs by LC-MS/MS and LC-DAD. Within the LC-MS/MS system, the following chromatographic parameters were assessed: reduced plate height vs reduced linear velocity, impedance vs reduced linear velocity, chromatographic run time vs flow rate, backpressure vs flow rate, resolution, peak capacity, asymmetry, and retention factor. Within the LC-DAD system, hydrophobicity, silanol activity, and metal impurities were also examined. Columns with charged surface displayed improved chromatographic efficiency for drugs in the ionized form. Columns with particles smaller than 2 µm (Cortecs 1.6 µm, Acquity 1.7 µm, and Kinetex 1.7 µm) presented higher chromatographic efficiency for the drugs, which were in their partially ionized form. The generated mathematical models were able to predict the backpressure and the chromatographic run time at different flow rates for all the columns. Considering efficiency, impedance, resolution, peak capacity, retention factor, and hydrophobicity, columns Cortecs 1.6 µm and Acquity 1.7 µm provided the best performance during analysis of drugs in plasma samples. Chapter III describes the development and validation of the SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods for determination of endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG) in biological samples. To optimize the SPME process, SPME coatings (C18, C30, and HLB) and solvents for desorption (methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol) were evaluated. Matrix modifier additives, such as guanidine hydrochloride, trifluoroacetic acid, and acetonitrile, were assessed by experimental design. The SPME-UHPC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods with HLB biocompatible coating provided LOQ values of 1 ng mL-1 and 50 ng mL-1, respectively, for both endocannabinoids. The Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS method allowed direct coupling of SPME fibers to the mass spectrometer by desorption/ionization nanoelectrospray, which resulted in rapid quantitative determinations of endocannabinoids in biological samples.

Esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos. O capítulo I descreve o desenvolvimento do método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS para a determinação simultaneamente de fármacos psicotrópicos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos. A politerapia é uma prática comum no tratamento da esquizofrenia. Portanto, a monitorização terapêutica destes fármacos tem sido realizada para o ajuste das doses e individualização da terapia farmacológica. O método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade na faixa de concentração de 0,025 a 1,25 ng mL-1 com R2 acima de 0,9950 e a falta de teste de ajuste (p > 0,05); precisão com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 12% e exatidão com erro padrão relativo inferior a 14%. Este método foi aplicado com sucesso para determinação de fármacos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. No capítulo II, o desempenho cromatográfico de colunas C18 superficialmente e totalmente porosas com diferentes tamanhos de partícula foi avaliado para a análise de fármacos psicotrópicos por LC-MS/MS e LC-DAD. Com o sistema LC-MS/MS foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros cromatográficos: altura do prato reduzido vs velocidade linear reduzida, impedância vs velocidade linear reduzida, tempo da corrida cromatográfica vs vazão, pressão vs vazão, resolução, capacidade de pico, assimetria e fator de retenção. Já com o sistema LC-DAD foram avaliados a hidrofobicidade, atividade silanol e impurezas metálicas também foram avaliadas. As colunas com superfície carregada apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos em sua forma ionizada. Já as colunas com partículas menores que 2 µm (Cortecs 1,6 µm, Acquity 1,7 µm, e Kinetex 1,7 µm) apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos na forma parcialmente ionizada. Os modelos matemáticos gerados foram capazes de prever a pressão e o tempo da corrida cromatográfica em diferentes vazões para todas as colunas. Considerando a eficiência, impedância, resolução, capacidade de pico, fator de retenção e hidrofobicidade, as colunas Cortecs 1,6 µm e Acquity 1,7 µm apresentaram melhor desempenho durante a análise dos fármacos em amostra de plasma. O capítulo III descreve o desenvolvimento e validação dos métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS para a determinação dos endocanabinóides (AEA e 2-AG) em amostras biológicas. Para a otimização do processo SPME foram avaliadas as fases SPME (C18, C30 e HLB) e os solventes para dessorção (metanol, acetonitrila e isopropanol). Os aditivos modificadores de matriz, como cloridrato de guanidina, ácido trifluoroacético e acetonitrila foram avaliados por planejamento experimental. Os métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS, com a fase HLB biocompatível, apresentaram para ambos endocanabinóides valores de LOQs de 1 ng mL-1 e 50 ng mL-1, respectivamente. O método Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS permitiu o direto acoplamento da fibra SPME ao espectrômetro de massas via dessorção/ionização nanoeletrospray que resultou em rápida determinação quantitativa dos endocanabinóides em amostras biológicas. / This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter I describes the development of a column switching UHPLCMS/MS method to determine psychotropic drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples simultaneously. Polytherapy is a common practice in schizophrenia treatment. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring has been applied to adjust doses and to customize pharmacological therapy. The column switching UHPLCMS/MS method developed here is linear at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 1.25 ng mL-1 with R2 above 0.9950 and presents lack of fit test (p > 0.05), precision with coefficients of variation lower than 12%, and accuracy with relative standard error lower than 14%. This method was successfully applied to determine drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. In chapter II, the chromatographic performance of C18 superficially porous columns and of C18 fully porous columns with different particle sizes were evaluated for analysis of psychotropic drugs by LC-MS/MS and LC-DAD. Within the LC-MS/MS system, the following chromatographic parameters were assessed: reduced plate height vs reduced linear velocity, impedance vs reduced linear velocity, chromatographic run time vs flow rate, backpressure vs flow rate, resolution, peak capacity, asymmetry, and retention factor. Within the LC-DAD system, hydrophobicity, silanol activity, and metal impurities were also examined. Columns with charged surface displayed improved chromatographic efficiency for drugs in the ionized form. Columns with particles smaller than 2 µm (Cortecs 1.6 µm, Acquity 1.7 µm, and Kinetex 1.7 µm) presented higher chromatographic efficiency for the drugs, which were in their partially ionized form. The generated mathematical models were able to predict the backpressure and the chromatographic run time at different flow rates for all the columns. Considering efficiency, impedance, resolution, peak capacity, retention factor, and hydrophobicity, columns Cortecs 1.6 µm and Acquity 1.7 µm provided the best performance during analysis of drugs in plasma samples. Chapter III describes the development and validation of the SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods for determination of endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG) in biological samples. To optimize the SPME process, SPME coatings (C18, C30, and HLB) and solvents for desorption (methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol) were evaluated. Matrix modifier additives, such as guanidine hydrochloride, trifluoroacetic acid, and acetonitrile, were assessed by experimental design. The SPME-UHPC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods with HLB biocompatible coating provided LOQ values of 1 ng mL-1 and 50 ng mL-1, respectively, for both endocannabinoids. The Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS method allowed direct coupling of SPME fibers to the mass spectrometer by desorption/ionization nanoelectrospray, which resulted in rapid quantitative determinations of endocannabinoids in biological samples.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.