Parmi les biopolymères, le poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) fait l’objet d’un grand intérêt de la part des chercheurs et des industriels. Cependant, sa sensibilité thermique et son comportement mécanique fragile restreint son utilisation dans certaines applications. Ainsi pour améliorer ses propriétés, deux grandes stratégies ont été suivies au cours de cette thèse. La première consiste à incorporer une argile de type halloysite (HNT), issue du gisement de Djebel Debbagh à Guelma (Algérie). À cet effet, des nanocomposites PHBV/HNT ont été élaborés par voie fondue. Les résultats de la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et STEM ont montré une distribution relativement homogène de l’HNT avec la présence de larges agrégats. En conséquence et dans le but, d’améliorer la dispersion de ces nanotubes, il a été nécessaire de procéder à la modification des interfaces polymère-argile, soit par la modification chimique de l’halloysite, soit par l’incorporation d’un compatibilisant de type PHBV-g-MA dans le système binaire. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence la coexistence d’agrégats et de nanotubes individualisés. La seconde approche consiste à mélanger le PHBV avec un autre biopolymère comme le polybutylène succinate (PBS). Celui-ci a été choisi pour sa bonne stabilité thermique et ses bonnes propriétés mécaniques. Des systèmes hybrides ont été préparés par voie "fondue" en incorporant l’HNT et le PHBV-g-MA comme compatibilisant. L’étude révèle à travers le MEB que l’ajout de 5% en masse de PHBV-g-MA améliore la morphologie du mélange PHBV/PBS 80/20 qui se traduit par une diminution de la taille des nodules de PBS. L’ajout de 5% en masse de l’HNT dans le mélange favorise aussi la diminution de la taille des nodules de PBS. Cependant, la combinaison du PHBV-g-MA et de l’HNT limite l’effet émulsifiant de l’agent compatibilisant dû à l’agrégation de l’HNT. Les résultats de DSC et d’ATG montrent que le PHBV-g-MA n’a aucun effet sur les propriétés et la stabilité thermiques du mélange PHBV/PBS. Toutefois, la présence de l’HNT joue un rôle positif dans la diminution du pic de dégagement de chaleur (HRR). Les propriétés mécaniques du mélange ternaire PHBV/PBS/HNT avec ou sans compatibilisant sont comparables à celles du mélange pur PHBV/PBS 80/20.Une dernière partie des travaux a été menée sur le recyclage thermomécanique à travers une évaluation des effets du nombre de cycles d'excursion répétés sur le PHBV, le PBS, les nanocomposites PHBV/HNT et PBS/HNT, le mélange binaire PHBV/PBS 80/20 et ternaire PHBV/PBS 80/20+HNT avec et sans compatibilisant. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que la recyclabilité de ces systèmes est possible du fait que la nanostructure du matériau recyclé soit améliorée et que les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques ne sont pas affectées après 5 cycles d’extrusion. / Among biopolymers, the poly (hydroxybutyrate-Co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) has attracted the attention of researchers and industry. However, its thermal sensitivity and its fragility limited its use for some applications. Thus, to improve its properties, two great strategies were considering during this thesis. The first consists in incorporating halloysite (HNT), type of clay, collected from Djebel Debbagh in Guelma (Algeria). For this purpose, nanocomposites PHBV/HNT were prepared by melt compounding. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and STEM showed a relatively homogeneous distribution of the HNT with the presence of large aggregates. Consequently and in the aim to improve the dispersion of these nanotubes, it was necessary to carry out the modification of interfaces polymer-clay, either by the chemical modification of halloysite, or by the incorporation of compatibilizer like PHBV-g -MA in the binary system. The results obtained highlight the coexistence of individualized and aggregated nanotubes.The second approach consists in mixing the PHBV with another biopolymère like polybutylene succinate (PBS). This one was selected for its good thermal stability and its good mechanical properties. Hybrid systems were prepared by melt compounding by incorporating HNT and PHBV-g-MA as compatibilizers. The SEM analysis reveals that the addition of 5wt.% of PHBV-g-MA improves morphology of PHBV/PBS 80/20 blend inducing a reduction in the size of PBS nodules. The addition of 5wt.% of the HNT in the blend favorites also the reduction in the size of PBS nodules. However, the combination of PHBV-g-MA and the HNT limits the emulsifying effect of the compatibilizer due to the aggregation of the HNT. DSC analysis and TGA show that PHBV-g-MA has no effect on the thermal properties and the thermal stability PHBV/PBS blend. However, the presence of the HNT plays a positive role in the reduction in the peak of heat release rate (HRR). The mechanical properties of ternary mixture PHBV/PBS/HNT with or without compatibilisant are comparable with those of PHBV/PBS 80/20 pure blend.Another study came supplemented this work from thesis while being focused on the thermomechanical recycling of the PHBV, the PBS, nanocomposites PHBV/HNT and PBS/HNT, the PHBV/PBS 80/20 binary blend and PHBV/PBS 80/20+ HNT ternary blend with and without compatibilization. The results of this study showed that the recyclability of these systems is possible owing to the fact that the nanostructure of recycled material is improved and that the thermal and mechanical properties are not affected after 5 cycles of extrusion.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de la morphologie et des différentes propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et barrières à la vapeur d’eau des nanobiocomposites à base de poly acide lactique (pla). La première partie est consacrée au greffage de l’anhydride maléique (am) sur le poly acide lactique plagma et à la mise en oeuvre de nanobiocomposites pla/cloisites, plagma/cloisites et pla/plagma/cloisites en utilisant deux cloisites® différentes (c20a et c30b), préparés par voie fondue. Au travers des différentes techniques utilisées, les résultats révèlent que les nanobiocomposites pla/cloisites élaborés se caractérisent par une morphologie mixte intercalée-exfoliée. L’ensemble des échantillons élaborés indiquent une meilleure dispersion de la cloisite apolaire c20a en présence de l’anhydride maléique et la réagrégation de la cloisite polaire c30b et par conséquent, l’amélioration à la fois des propriétés mécaniques et barrières à la vapeur d’eau des nanobiocomposites à base de la c20a. La seconde partie traite l’influence des groupements fonctionnels d’oxyde de graphène synthetisé au laboratoire et de graphène fonctionnalisé époxy commercialisé et fournit par nanovia (france) sur la dispersion des nanofeuillets de graphène au sein de la matrice pla, en présence ou en absence du compatibilisant plagma. L’étude révèle que la présence du compatibilisant améliore la dispersion de deux nanocharges étudiées. Le maximum des performances rhéologiques indiquant la meilleure dispersion de la nanocharge est enregistré pour une faible quantité d’oxyde de graphène possédant plus de groupements fonctionnels contenant l’atome d’oxygène. Les propriétés thermiques et barrières ont été considérablement améliorées avec l’incorporation des deux nanocharges et en présence de l’agent compatibilisant plagma. L’étude montre aussi que les propriétés mécaniques en traction des nanobiocomposites à base de graphène fonctionnalisé époxy (gfe) ont été améliorées en présence du plagma. / The thesis focuses on the study of the morphology and thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of the nanobiocomposites based on poly lactic acid (pla). The first part is devoted to the grafting of maleic anhydride (ma) on the poly lactic acid plagma and the elaboration of the nanobiocomposites pla/cloisites, plagma/cloisites and pla/plagma/cloisitres using two different cloisites (c20a and c30b), prepared by melt intercalation and the characterization of the main properties. The results indicate that the pla/cloisites nanobiocomposites exhibit a mixed intercalated-exfoliated morphology. All the prepared samples showed an improvement in both thermal, mechanical and barrier properties in the presence of the nanofiller. All prepared samples show better dispersion of apolar cloisite (c20a) in the presence of maleic anhydride and reaggregation of the polar cloisite (c30b) and therefore, the improvement of both the mechanical and barrier properties of the nanobiocomposites based on c20a. The second section discusses the effect of the functional groups of graphene oxide synthetized in the laboratory and the graphene fonctionnalized epoxy marketed and supplied by nanovia (france) on the dispersion of the graphene nanofillers in the pla matrix. The study reveals that the presence of compatibilizer improves the dispersion of two studied nanofillers. Maximum rheological performance indicating better dispersion of the nanofiller is registered for a small amount of graphene oxide (og) with more functional groups containing oxygen atom. The thermal and barriers properties have been considerably improved with the incorporation of two nanofillers and in the presence of plagma compatibilizer. The study also shows that the tensile properties of the pla containing graphene functionalized epoxy (gfe) were improved in the presence of plagma.

A convergência entre a biotecnologia e a nanotecnologia tem levado ao desenvolvimento de novos nanobiocompósitos híbridos com funções sinérgicas que incorporam as propriedades de reconhecimento dos biomateriais com as propriedades eletrônicas, ópticas e catalíticas únicas das nanopartículas. Apesar do recente desenvolvimento na síntese de nanobiocompósitos, a aplicação biomédica destes materiais ainda apresenta muitos desafios, já que não apenas uma conjugação apropriada é requerida, mas também outros importantes aspectos relacionados à biocompatibilidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo expandir o campo da síntese e caracterização de nanoparticulas funcionalizadas com biomoléculas. Em especial, visamos o entendimento e caracterização das interações entre nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) e proteínas, por meio do estudo de dois sistemas distintos: AuNPs funcionalizadas com Jacalina, e AuNPs funcionalizadas com a proteína BeCen1. No primeiro sistema, o interesse advém da capacidade da lectina Jacalina de reconhecer o dissacarídeo (Galβ1-3GalNAc) associado a tumores. Neste caso, AuNPs formadas na presença do dendrímero poli(amidoamina) geração 4.0 (PAMAM G4) foram conjugadas com a Jacalina marcada com o fluóroforo Isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC). A formação do complexo AuNP-PAMAM G4/Jacalina foi confirmada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), Espalhamento de Luz Dinâmico (DLS), Espectroscopia de Absorção no UV-VIS e vibracional (FTIR). A interação entre as AuNP-PAMAM G4 e a Jacalina parece ser um processo dirigido por entropia com afinidade moderada e formação de complexo, segundo os resultados de Calorimetria de Titulação Isotérmica (ITC) e supressão da fluorescência. Os resultados de Dicroísmo Circular (CD) mostraram que a conjugação da Jacalina com as AuNP-PAMAM G4 não alterou sua estrutura secundária. Testes realizados em cultura de células revelaram que o complexo apresenta maior afinidade e citotoxicidade pelas células de carcinoma do colo de útero humano (HeLa) se comparadas com fibroblastos saudáveis de adipócitos de camundongo (L929). Estes resultados são relevantes uma vez que demonstram o potencial do complexo AuNP-PAMAM G4/Jacalina-FTIR para aplicações biomédicas incluindo diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer. O segundo sistema é interessante devido a habilidade da proteína BeCen1 em formar filamentos nanométricos em função da temperatura. As AuNPs foram formadas na presença da proteína utilizando ácido fórmico diluído como agente redutor e o excesso de proteína foi separado por Cromatografia de Exclusão Molecular. Análises de CD revelaram uma pequena diminuição no conteúdo de α-hélices, confirmado por FTIR, o que pode estar relacionado à interação das AuNPs com os grupamentos amida desta proteína. Medidas de espalhamento de luz revelaram um aumento da turbidez da suspensão do complexo AuNP-BeCen1 com o aumento da temperatura e imagens de TEM, com e sem aquecimento, confirmaram uma mudança de padrão no arranjo das AuNPs. Estes resultados revelam a possibilidade de fabricação de nanobiocompósitos termorresponsivos, o que pode ser muito importante para aplicações em nanodispositivos. / The convergence between biotechnology and nanotechnology has led to the development of new hybrid nanocomposites that conjugate the bio-recognization properties of biomaterials and the unique electronic, optic and catalytic properties of the nanoparticles. Despite the recent advances in the development of nanobiocomposites, the biomedical applications of these materials are still limited, among other factors, by the low efficiency of functionalization and biocompatibility. The present study was aimed at developing proteinconjugated nanoparticles for application in nanomedicine. Our main focus were the understanding and characterization of the interactions between proteins and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which was accomplished using two distinct systems, viz.: Jacalin-functionalized AuNPs, and Becen1-functionalized AuNPs. In the former, the interest is due the capability of the protein Jacalin of recognize the disaccharide (Galβ1-3GalNAc), largely expressed in some tumors cells. AuNPs were synthesized in the presence of the polyamido amine generation 4.0 (PAMAM G4) and conjugated with a Jacalin target with the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The excess of protein was removed by centrifugation and the complex formation was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV-VIS Absorption and Vibrational Spectroscopy (FTIR). The interactions between AuNP-PAMAM G4 and Jacalin seemed to be driven by an entropic process with moderate affinity and complex formation, as revealed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and quenching fluorescence measurements. Furthermore, Circular Dichroism (CD) analyses revealed that protein maintained its secondary structure upon conjugation with the nanoparticles. In vitro tests revealed that the AuNPs/Jacalin complexes presented higher affinity and cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell (HeLa) compared to healthy mouse fibroblasts (L929). These results are relevant, since the AuNP-PAMAM G4/Jacalin-FITC complex may be used for biomedical applications including cancer treatment and diagnostics. The second nanocomplex, comprising AuNPs and BeCen1, was chosen due to the ability of BeCen 1 to polymerize in the form of nanometric filaments as a function of temperature. The AuNPs were formed in the presence of the protein using diluted formic acid as reducing agent and the excess of protein was removed by Molecular Exclusion Chromatography. CD analysis showed a decrease in the -helix structures confirmed by FTIR, which may be related to the interaction between the AuNPs and the amide groups of the protein. Light scattering measurements revealed an increase in the turbidity of the dispersions upon increasing the temperature, indicating a change in the arrangement of the AuNPs. Such BeCen-1 induced alignment was confirmed by TEM images. The latter results point to the possibility of fabrication of novel thermoresponsive nanobiocomposites, which are of great relevance for nanodevices applications.

A convergência entre a biotecnologia e a nanotecnologia tem levado ao desenvolvimento de novos nanobiocompósitos híbridos com funções sinérgicas que incorporam as propriedades de reconhecimento dos biomateriais com as propriedades eletrônicas, ópticas e catalíticas únicas das nanopartículas. Apesar do recente desenvolvimento na síntese de nanobiocompósitos, a aplicação biomédica destes materiais ainda apresenta muitos desafios, já que não apenas uma conjugação apropriada é requerida, mas também outros importantes aspectos relacionados à biocompatibilidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo expandir o campo da síntese e caracterização de nanoparticulas funcionalizadas com biomoléculas. Em especial, visamos o entendimento e caracterização das interações entre nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) e proteínas, por meio do estudo de dois sistemas distintos: AuNPs funcionalizadas com Jacalina, e AuNPs funcionalizadas com a proteína BeCen1. No primeiro sistema, o interesse advém da capacidade da lectina Jacalina de reconhecer o dissacarídeo (Galβ1-3GalNAc) associado a tumores. Neste caso, AuNPs formadas na presença do dendrímero poli(amidoamina) geração 4.0 (PAMAM G4) foram conjugadas com a Jacalina marcada com o fluóroforo Isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC). A formação do complexo AuNP-PAMAM G4/Jacalina foi confirmada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), Espalhamento de Luz Dinâmico (DLS), Espectroscopia de Absorção no UV-VIS e vibracional (FTIR). A interação entre as AuNP-PAMAM G4 e a Jacalina parece ser um processo dirigido por entropia com afinidade moderada e formação de complexo, segundo os resultados de Calorimetria de Titulação Isotérmica (ITC) e supressão da fluorescência. Os resultados de Dicroísmo Circular (CD) mostraram que a conjugação da Jacalina com as AuNP-PAMAM G4 não alterou sua estrutura secundária. Testes realizados em cultura de células revelaram que o complexo apresenta maior afinidade e citotoxicidade pelas células de carcinoma do colo de útero humano (HeLa) se comparadas com fibroblastos saudáveis de adipócitos de camundongo (L929). Estes resultados são relevantes uma vez que demonstram o potencial do complexo AuNP-PAMAM G4/Jacalina-FTIR para aplicações biomédicas incluindo diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer. O segundo sistema é interessante devido a habilidade da proteína BeCen1 em formar filamentos nanométricos em função da temperatura. As AuNPs foram formadas na presença da proteína utilizando ácido fórmico diluído como agente redutor e o excesso de proteína foi separado por Cromatografia de Exclusão Molecular. Análises de CD revelaram uma pequena diminuição no conteúdo de α-hélices, confirmado por FTIR, o que pode estar relacionado à interação das AuNPs com os grupamentos amida desta proteína. Medidas de espalhamento de luz revelaram um aumento da turbidez da suspensão do complexo AuNP-BeCen1 com o aumento da temperatura e imagens de TEM, com e sem aquecimento, confirmaram uma mudança de padrão no arranjo das AuNPs. Estes resultados revelam a possibilidade de fabricação de nanobiocompósitos termorresponsivos, o que pode ser muito importante para aplicações em nanodispositivos. / The convergence between biotechnology and nanotechnology has led to the development of new hybrid nanocomposites that conjugate the bio-recognization properties of biomaterials and the unique electronic, optic and catalytic properties of the nanoparticles. Despite the recent advances in the development of nanobiocomposites, the biomedical applications of these materials are still limited, among other factors, by the low efficiency of functionalization and biocompatibility. The present study was aimed at developing proteinconjugated nanoparticles for application in nanomedicine. Our main focus were the understanding and characterization of the interactions between proteins and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which was accomplished using two distinct systems, viz.: Jacalin-functionalized AuNPs, and Becen1-functionalized AuNPs. In the former, the interest is due the capability of the protein Jacalin of recognize the disaccharide (Galβ1-3GalNAc), largely expressed in some tumors cells. AuNPs were synthesized in the presence of the polyamido amine generation 4.0 (PAMAM G4) and conjugated with a Jacalin target with the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The excess of protein was removed by centrifugation and the complex formation was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV-VIS Absorption and Vibrational Spectroscopy (FTIR). The interactions between AuNP-PAMAM G4 and Jacalin seemed to be driven by an entropic process with moderate affinity and complex formation, as revealed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and quenching fluorescence measurements. Furthermore, Circular Dichroism (CD) analyses revealed that protein maintained its secondary structure upon conjugation with the nanoparticles. In vitro tests revealed that the AuNPs/Jacalin complexes presented higher affinity and cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell (HeLa) compared to healthy mouse fibroblasts (L929). These results are relevant, since the AuNP-PAMAM G4/Jacalin-FITC complex may be used for biomedical applications including cancer treatment and diagnostics. The second nanocomplex, comprising AuNPs and BeCen1, was chosen due to the ability of BeCen 1 to polymerize in the form of nanometric filaments as a function of temperature. The AuNPs were formed in the presence of the protein using diluted formic acid as reducing agent and the excess of protein was removed by Molecular Exclusion Chromatography. CD analysis showed a decrease in the -helix structures confirmed by FTIR, which may be related to the interaction between the AuNPs and the amide groups of the protein. Light scattering measurements revealed an increase in the turbidity of the dispersions upon increasing the temperature, indicating a change in the arrangement of the AuNPs. Such BeCen-1 induced alignment was confirmed by TEM images. The latter results point to the possibility of fabrication of novel thermoresponsive nanobiocomposites, which are of great relevance for nanodevices applications.